ANDORRA

this little country has a population of 5,231 and an area of 191 square miles. the poorness of communi- cation remains the principal hindrance to the country’s develop- ment. a motor road from the french side runs as far as soldeu; and from the spanish side a road from seo de urgel reaches encamp, 5} m. beyond andorra la vella, the capital. a motor omnibus service is in operation between sco de urgel and andorra la vella. from soldeu to encamp, a distance of 8 m., there is only a mule track. the track passes between high cliffs containing valuable deposits of iron ore and occasional small veins of silver and lead. for the exploitation of these minerals a good road is essential; the construction of such a road has become andorra’s chief political issue, but at the end of 1925 the ques- tion remained unsettled. the tobacco crop is the main source of the wealth of the country. andrassy, julius, count (1860- ), hungarian states- man, was born june 30 1860, the son of count julius andrassyv (see 1.967). he was elected deputy in 1885, and in 1906 became minister of the interior, in the so-called coalition cabinet (see 13.921). at the collapse of this ministry in 1910, he refused to join the khuen-hedervary govt. but declared that he would not actively oppose it, and dissolved the constitutional party, of which he was leader. in 1913 he delivered three speeches in the hungarian delegation against the conduct of foreign affairs, advocating a policy of europein defenic, and in parliament he opposed the plan for the centralisation of the internal adminis- tration of hungary. at the outbreak of the world war he sup- ported the tisza ministry, but opposed burian on the polish and italian questions. in 1915 he pleaded for peace, and urged a wide extension of the franchise. upon the resignation of burian in oct. ror$, he became foreign minister in vienna and, in a note to president wilson, made a last attempt to conclude a separate peace. he then retired from office, but in jan. 1920 was returned for miskolcz to the vwungarian national assembly and later became leader of the christian national party. in oct. 1921, at king charles’s second attempt to regain his throne, he was taken prisoner with the king and was imprisoned for several months. in 1922 he was returned to the nationalist assembly as a legitimist deputy. his works include—ungarns ausgleich mit osterreich vom jahre 1867 (1897); die ursachen des bestandes des ungarischen staates und dessen verfassungsmdssiger fretheit (3 vols., budapest, 1901- [25 11); the development of hungarian constitunonal liberty (1908): wer hat den krieg verbrochen? (leipzig, 1915, eng. trans. by e. j, euphrat, new york, 1915); interessensolidartidt des deutschtums und ungartums (munich, 1916); diplomatie und weltkrieg (1920, eng. trans. by j. h. reece, 1921), and the antecedents of the hworld war, vol. 1, hungarian (1925). andree, richard (1835-1912), german geographer (see 1.971), died at leipzig feb. 22 1912. andrews, roy chapman (1884- ), american natural- ist and explorer, was born at beloit, wis., jan 26 1883. after his graduation from beloit college in 1906, he went to alaska on his first exploring trip. in r1o09-10, he accompanied, as a naturalist, the ‘“‘ albatross’ on its voyage to the dutch fast indies, borneo and celebes; in 1911-2 he explored northern korea; and in 19r3 was with the borden alaska expedition. from that date he devoted himself to the exploration of the lesser known portions of central asia, china and borneo. the fruits of his expeditions in 1921 and 1925 into central asia included the discovery of new geological formations, large fossil fields, dinosaur eggs and the skull and other parts of the baluchither- ium—the largest known land mammal. evidence was dis- covered also pointing to central asia as a place of origin and centre of distribution for much of the reptile and animal life of the world. mr. andrews became chief of the division of asiatic exploration of the american museum of natural jjistory and wrote: whale hunting with gun and camera (1916); camps and tratls in china, with yvette borup andrews (1018); across mongolian plains (1921) and numerous scientific bulle- iins of the american museum of natural history. andreyev, leonid nicolaievich (1871-19109), russian novelist, was born in orel june 18 1871. educated at the government school, in 1896 he received the diploma of the university of moscow. poverty and an unhappy heredity drove him in 1894 to an attempt on his own life, as a result of which he suffered from a weak heart which ultimately caused his death. for a long time andreyev was unable to find a place in literature, and he became a reporter on the paper tike couricr. in 1899, his story they lived appeared in the monthly ziign (life) and attracted universal attention. it is the only one of andreyev’s stories in which a happy love-story is told inan attractive manner. in 1901, when the first series of his stories appeared in a separate edition, n. kk. michailovsky, the most intluential critic of the time, paid a high tribute to the genius of the young author. this series included the stories the grand slam, the tocsin, the wall, in which andreyew’s creative genius and its char- acteristics were clearly visible. his subsequent works: the story of serguey petrovitch, thought, in the mist, the life of father vassilt [tveisky, ghosts, etc., are similar to his first werk in spirit and philosophical outlook. his works are permeated by a horror of life, which appeared to andreyev, 2s to james thomson, a “ city of dreadful night.” his manner is original and he follows the great precept that “ in literary works, there should be litle room for words and large space for ideas.”’ the same terror of life is expressed in andrey- ev’s plays the life of alan (1907), king hunger, anathema (1909). he was not a morbid pessimist who derided the misery of mankind, but a mournful humanist. he pities the sufferers and is filled with scorn for those who add nightmare to night- mare. andreyev’s best known works reflect this attitude: his protest against war, the red laugh (tr. 1905); against capital punishment, the seven that were hanged (tr. 1909), which ap- peared during the reign of the white terror in 1909; and the passionate s.o.s. (torg), directed against the red terror. andreyev refused to follow gorki’s example and to recognise the bolshevik regime, declined the honours offered by the bol- sheviks and fled to finland. he thus lost the fortune he had accumulated by his writings, and during the last years of his life he once again experienced poverty andeven want. s.o.s.,one of the most remarkable works of russian literature and an- dreyev’s swan song, was published in finland. he died in helsingfors sept. 12 r1oro. (i. w. 8s.) angell, james rowland (1860- ), american educa- tionalist, was born at burlington, vt., may 8 1869. he was a 126 son of james burrill angell (d.1o16), first president of the university of vermont and fourth president of the university of michigan (1871-1901). he was educated at the universities of michigan (a.b., 1890; a.m., 1891) and harvard (a.m., 1802), and spent a year in europe, chiefly at berlin and halle. in 1893 he was appointed instructor in philosophy at the university of minnesota. in 1894 he was called to the university of chicago as assistant professor of psychology and, after 19053, was pro- fessor and head of the department. he was dean of the university faculties after 1911, and acting president during ror8-9. in 1906 he was elected president of the american i’sychological assn., in 1914 exchange professor at the sorbonne, and in 1915 special lecturer on psychology at columbia. in rg21, on the resignation of arthur t. hadley (see 12.798), he was elected president of yale university. he was the author of psvchology (1904; 4th ed., revised, 1908); chapters from modern psychology (1912); and clu introduction to psychology (1918). anglicanism.—the years 1910-26 constituted a period of extraordinary interest and importance for the anglican com- munion, especially for the church of england. it is probable that future historians will register as the most important fact from the point of view of general church history the great acl- vance in the prestige of this communion im relation to christen- dom asa whole. this was largely duc to the circumstances of the world war and the post-war years and to the personal iniluence of the archbishop of canterbury. ethos and external relations.—but a still deeper cause may well be the peculiar ethos of the church of england itself—the riches of which are the more clearly shown the more that church comes into contact with other and especially foreign churches. most notable has been the growth in corciality and understand- ing between the anglican communion and the orthodox eastern church. from 1918 onwards appeals have come to the arch- bishop of canterbury from the leaders of the persecuted russian church, and there is no doubt that the strong moral support consistently given by the archbishop and others in the church of england proved of great value and encouragement to chris- tians in russia, besides having a decisive influence in the saving of the life of the patriarch of moscow (tikhon). similarly the church of england was regarded by the greek orthodox church and the eastern churches gencrally as their principal spiritual stay in face of the turkish attacks on ar- menians, assyrians and greek christians; and the archbishop's public appeal on behalf of the patriarch of constantinople dur- ing the treaty discussions at lausanne is generally held to have secured the promise then given that constantinople shoul<! continue to be the spiritual centre of the oecumenical patriar- chate. in a different field, it was during this period that the patriarchate of constantinople was oflicially represented for discussion on anglican-orthodox relations in connection with the lambeth conference of 1920. again, in 1922, the patriarch and holy synod of constantinople formally acknowledged the va- lidity of anglican ordinations, an acknowledgment subsequently endorsed by the churches of jerusalem and cyprus. in 1922, in pursuance of a resolution of the lambeth conference, the eastern churches’ committee was constituted by the archbishop of canterbury for maintaining regular relations with these churches under his supervision. christian unity.—it is perhaps even more remarkable, and an outcome of the ‘* appeal to all christian people ” on christian unity issued by the lambeth conference in 1920, that certain anglican divines, including bishop gore and the bishop of truro (dr. frere) from time to time since 1921 have held con- versations with roman catholic divines at malines’ under the presidency of the late cardinal mercier, for the purpose of elu- cidation of difficulties, and a better understanding of cach other's position. these conversations, from the second in 1923, were held with the “ cognisance ” of the archbishop of canterbury and pope pius xi.; but were in no sense negotiations, and in fact left the fundamental difficulties, spiritual and juridical, practically unsolved. anglicanism other illustrations of the widening range of the anglican communion are the recognition of anglican ordinations by the qld catholics of holland in 1925; the establishment of occasional intercommunion with the church of sweden in 1920; the par- ticipation of two anglican bishops in the consecration of two swedish bishops the same year; the liaison work carried on by the protestant episcopal church in the united states of america with european churches and their ‘‘ colonists’? in america; as well as the prominent part played by anglican bishops, clergy and laity in the world conference on faith and order which first proposed in rgro, was to hold its first meeting in 1927, and in the universal christian conference on life and work held at stockholm in 1925. the lambeth conference—the lambeth conference of 1920, the sixth of the series of decennial conferences of anglican bishops, provided a further evidence of the general mind of the anglican communion, and its report aroused wide-spread interest. the date of meeting, a year after the signing of the treaty of versailles, and the importance of the subjects treated, gave force to the discussions and freshness to the 80 resolutions adopted. in particular the “f appeal to all christian people ” created a profound impression throughout christendom; while the con- ference itself did much to strengthen the fcllowship between the different anglican provinces. the subject of reunion is treated elsewhere (see reunion); but it is essential to an appreciation of anglicanism to emphasise clearly the great part played in the reconciliation of the churches by the anglican communion, especially as a result of the lambeth conference. the breadth of the lambeth appeal is the more remarkable in view of the stir caused by the kikuyu controversy of 1913-4, when dr. weston, bishop of zanzibar, formally appealed to the archbishop of canterbury against a measure of intercommunion with protestant churches in east africa proposed by the bishops of uganda and mombasa. the archbishop had replied to the appeal that full intercommunion was for the present impossible; but that members of non- episcopal churches, isolated from their own, would be welcomed at holy communion in anglican churches. special attention should be directed to the joint conferences on the appeal held between anglican and free church representatives under the archbishop of york’s presidency at lambeth palace in 1921 and 1925, and to the changed spirit shown in such instances as the addresses given by both archbishops at annual assemblies of different free churches, and the occasional preaching of sermons in cathedrals and churches by free church ministers with episcopal sanction and in conformity with resolutions adopted by both convocations. amfodernism.—one grave issue, hardly if at all touched in the lambeth conference of 1920, which the anglican communion, like other churches, has been compelled to face since rg1o may be brietly but loosely described as modernism. the problem has been before the church for many years, largely in relation to biblical criticism. a good deal of interest was aroused by the publication of foundations in 1912, a volume of liberal (but hardly radical) essays by seven oxford theologians, edited by rev. b. if. streeter, whose article on the historic christ formed the principal target of criticism. but greater anxiety was caused a few months later, partly by the bishop of zanzibar’s letter to the bishop of st. albans on questions of faith and order, partly by dr. latimer jackson’s hulsean lectures on vhe eschatology of jesus. a critical debate took place in the upper house of canterbury convocation in april 1914, and the discussion closed with a resolution affirming ‘that the denial of any of the historical facts stated in the creeds gocs beyond the limits of legitimate interpretation, and gravely imperils that sincerity of profession which is plainly in- cumbent on the ministers of the word and sacraments ”; and “at the same time” in view of “ new problems raised by his- torical criticism ’? emphasising ‘“‘ the need of considerateness in dealing with that which is tentative and provisional in the thought and work of earnest and reverent students.”’ here the matter rested for a while. but in 1917 a serious crisis anglicanism was caused by the nomination by mr. lloyd george, as prime minister, of dr. hensley henson to the bishopric of hereford. the archbishop of canterbury was urged to refuse consecra- tion, on the ground of heresy, but after explaining the reasons of his disagreement with the objectors in a letter to the bishop of oxford, dr. gore (who later withdrew his objection), the arch- bishop consecrated dr. henson in feb, 1918. a further crisis was provoked in 1921 by certain addresses delivered at the conference of modern churchmen held at cambridge, but both canterbury and york convocations dealt with the situation with a reassuring effect. other provinces in the anglican communion have had similar problems, notably the protestant episcopal church in the united states of america, where special attention should be called to bishop lawrence’s autobiographical (modernist) sketch fifty years as well as to the bishops’ pastoral letter (anti-modernist) both appearing in 1923. on the whole it may be said that while particular dioceses or societies have had unusual difficulties, the anglican com- munion as a whole has handled the problem with a considerable measure of success. the services of the church.—qucstions of public worship have also aroused wide interest. the royal commission on ecclesi- astical discipline reported in 1906. the principal step taken as a result of the report was the issue of royal letters of business to the convocations of canterbury and york. from 1906 to 1920 the two convocations prepared their replies, which involved a general revision of the prayer book (see prayer book, revision or). the revision thus proposed was then brought before the church assembly and amended by the house of clergy and the house of laity; and in 1926 the house of bishops submitted a final revision to the church assembly for acceptance or re- jection en bloc. a new lectionary had already received legal sanction (1922) and is now in use as an alternative. the leading motive for revision at first, no doubt, was the need of introducing order into churches where illegal practices were alleged to prevail. but the work done has covered the whole field of divine service. the war gave a new impetus to de- votional practice and experiments of all kinds, and many in- teresting suggestions have been made with a view to greater freedom and variety by different groups, e.g., by the authors of a new prayer book. the chief experimenters in devotional practice have been the party known as anglo-catholic. many of their experiments have been of value. but keen controversy has arisen, especially with regard to reservation and “‘ devotions ” connected with the consecrated elements. the bishops in 1917 passed a resolution which, while recognising the need of reservation in certain circumstances, laid down the principle “ that the reserved sacrament is to be used for the communion of the sick and for no other purpose whatsoever.” it may be said that the two chief issues in prayer book revision are reservation, much the more acute, and the question of providing an alternative order of holy communion. the earlier problems, such as the ornaments rubric, the use of the athanasian creed and prayers for the dead, can no longer be considered central or, indeed, critically difficult. the results of the revision are eagerly awaited by various provinces of the anglican communion. canada has already issued a revised prayer book and the protestant episcopal church in the united states hopes to complete a similar revision in 1928. spiritual progress—the spiritual work of the church has naturally been much affected by the war. in the church of fngland 3,060 clergy were commissioned as naval or military chaplains, and 100 laid down their lives. many others served with the church army and the young men’s christian associ- ation. they learnt much of the religion of the ordinary english- man, and the results of an inquiry initiated by the young men’s christian association were published in a volume the calrmy and religion (1919). special attention was called to the wide- spread ignorance of ordinary religious truths and to the need of dealing afresh with the whole method of religious education. in 1916 a national mission of repentance and hope was organised in the church of england to deepen religious life at home, and 127 a number of useful reports on evangelistic work, christianity and industrial problems, etc., were published. increasing interest has been taken in social questions. cru- sades, in which labour plays a part, have been held, and the last sunday of april is observed in many churches as industrial sunday. the war has had a severe effect on the supply of or- dination candidates, though the numbers had been declining since the beginning of the 2oth century. over 1,500 ‘‘ service ” candidates have been ordained in the church of england since the war, but the total shortage for the years 1915-24, as com- pared with the preceding 10 years, was about 2,850. proposals for reviving the sub-diaconate as a means of relieving the short- age are under consideration. women in the church—the ministry of women has made a distinct advance. boards of women’s work are being formed. women messengers and pilgrims are increasingly used. pro- posals for admitting women to the priesthood were made in certain quarters, but received very little support. the most im- portant step taken was the resolution of the lambeth conference in 1920, recommending that ‘‘ the diaconate of women should be restored formally and canonically, and should be recognised throughout the anglican communion.” this recognition has been accorded in the church of england, and a form of ordina- tion of deaconesses approved. missionary work.—the missionary work of the church has gone steadily forward. there has been an increased recognition of the world call te the church. the church assembly now has a missionary council. further there is an increasing desire that the church itself should act as a missionary body. there has been a steady growth in indigenous churches, and for the first time native priests have been consecrated as bishops in india, china and japan. india has been the scene of very large mass movements. co-operation with other churches in the mission field has been a marked feature of modern anglican mission work, the result in part of the world missionary conference at edinburgh, 1910. the value of such co-operation is especially proved in education and in dealing with governments. church and state—important changes in the relation of church and state have taken place or are in contemplation in several provinces. thus, in australia the general synod is steadily considering the difficult question of the zexus between the church of england in australia and the home church. the indian church measure seeks to give a definite autonomy to the church in india. the disestablishment of the welsh church was effected in 1920, and the bishop of st. asaph (dr. edwards) was enthroned as archbishop of wales. two new dioceses have been added to the former four since disestablishment. in england a special committee on church and state was ap- pointed by the two archbishops at the request of the represent- ative church council in 1913, and its report, published in 1916, led to the passing of the church of england assembly (powers) actin 1gro, a great deal of popular support having been previously gained by the life and liberty movement and the bill being strongly pressed by the archbishop of canterbury. this act gives power to the church assembly, consisting of the house of bishops, the house of clergy and the house of laity (men and women), to pass measures “‘ relating to any matter concerning the church of england ”’; such measures to have the force and effect of an act of parliament after the passing of resolutions in both houses approving the measure and the receiving of the royal assent. up to date (1925) 15 measures have received the royal assent including measures dealing with the union of benefices, the sale of advowsons, ecclesiastical dilapidations and the formation of five additional bishoprics. church reform.—the two convocations have reformed their lower [tfouses. parochial church councils are required to be established in every parish, and have powers relating to property and finance. the total number of qualified electors in 1924 was 3,537,020. the church assembly, regarded as an instrument for church legislation, has done a great deal of necessary work which would not have been possible without it, and is steadily over- taking the arrears that have been long outstanding. 128 there has been a general overhauling of machinery through- out the church of england. a central and diocesan boards of finance have been created. five new dioceses (chelmsford, st. edmundsbury and ipswich, sheffield, coventry and bradford) were formed between 1913 and 1919. a commission on the property and revenues of the church of england reported in 1924, and its recommendations are being considered by the church assembly. it is hoped that these recommendations will in some measure deal with the pressing problem of clerical poverty. a similar commission is now engaged on the cathedrals. the ecclesiastical commissioners have agreed to augment benefices in public patronage to a minimum income of £300 (for parishes with a population of over 300 and under 1,000), £350 (under 4,000), {400 (over 4,000). in 1925 a tithe act was passed securing the complete redemption of ecclesiastical tithe in a period of 85 years, the tithe rent charge being fixed at £105, of which clerical tithe owners receive £100 free of rates. authorities.— official year book of the church af england; pro- ceedings of the church assentbiy; report of the archbishops’ coninztitee on church and state; report of luimtbeth conference (1920); arch- bishop r. t. davidson, character and call of the church of engiand (1912). (g. kk. a. b.) angling (sce 2.21).—since roto there has been little change in either the practice or theory of angling as a sport, though there has been some progress in knowledge, and a considerable widen- ing of scope due to the discovery of possibilities in remote seas and rivers, made chicily by anglers of the united states and of the british empire. there has also been further development of the resources of acclimatisation, the most interesting result, per- haps, being the ultimate success of the efforts, which began so long ago as 1868 and had been given up as hopeless, to introduce salmon to new zealand. in 1919 a genuine salmo salur from the waiau river was sent to england in a block of ice. since then the establishment of the species in new zealand has been con- firmed. the country, therefore, now possesses atlantic and pacific salmon, as well as brown and rainbow trout. in regard to the salmon, reference should be made to the new light on its history shed by what is known as scale-reading. the fact that the markings on fish scales gave a clue to the age and growth of the fish was suggested about the end of the 17th century by the dutch naturalist, leeuwenhoeck. the idea was applied to salmon by h. w. johnston in the ficld of oct. 20 1904, and has since been followed up with great zeal by various investigators. the result, summed up in the briefest form, is a general conclusion that the salmon usually spends one year or two in fresh water as a parr, and then feeds in the sea for two or three years before returning to spawn. the old notion of yearly spawning has been greatly modified, and it is now considered exceptional for a salmon to spawn more than twice in its hfe. scale-reading has had another result for 1t has led to the con- clusion that the sea trout is not essentially different from the river trout except in habit. salmon fishing—the only changes of note in methods of angling for the salmonidae have been: (a) increased popularity of the light-rod idea and its application to salmon fishing, to- gether with the extended use of the dry tly for salmon, especially in north america; (6) the restoration of the wet fly to typical dry-ily waters in the method known as nymph-iishing. for other forms of freshwater angling in the british is. there is nothing new to record, the most notable event, perhaps, being the authentication of a pike of 53 lb., caught on lough conn in 1920. before, 50 pounders, though possible, were legendary. legislation. fishery act for england and wales, passed in 1923, improves and consolidates previous legislation. the pollution of rivers has inspired a new movement of co-operation between industrial and fishing interests. the british govt. set up a pollution committee, which has been at work for several years, and from its labours some good results are apparent. a new source of danger is the dressing of roads made necessary by increased motor traffic. it has been established that tar, very largely used at first, may have disastrous effects when road washings get into streams. the trouble is in some cases being removed by the use of bitumen instead, and experiment is being angling—anglo-japanese alliance carried on by the pollution committee in regard to other safe- guards, big game fishing with species running to several hundred pounds is established now in many seas, america, africa, asia and australasia all offering great opportunities. several im- portant freshwater spccies have also become a regular part of angling enterprise, notably the dorado of south american rivers, the “ euphrates salmon” of the euphrates watershed, a fish resembling the mahseer in character but reaching much greater weights, and the nile perch and tiger fish of the big african rivers. brpliography.—\wv. l. calderwood, the life of the salmon (1907); c. f. holder, the game fishes of the world (1913); g. mi. la branche, the salmon and the dry fly (1924); h. t. sheringham, where to fish: the angler's diary (1926). this reference book gives a brief but complete survey of recent angling history and develop- ment, with a full bibliography of all books published since the war and a special list of works of geographical importance. g. i. m. sskues, wfinor tactics of the chatk stream (1924); w. j. m. menzies, the salmon, iis life story (edinburgh, 1925). a brdliography of fishes, american nuseum of natural elistory, edited by bashford dean, c. r. eastman, e. w. gudger and a. w. henan, 2 vol. (1916, 1917, 1923), is the most comprehensive work on the bibliography of fishing literature ever published. (h."e.s:) anglo-japanese alliance.—on jan. 30 10902, owing to the threat of russian aggression in the far east, great britain and japan concluded an alliance of a defensive character which provided for mutual assistance in the safeguarding of british interests in china and japanese interests in china and korea. the agreement was a valuable asset to japan in the war with russia, which broke out in 1904; but it did not involve great britain in active hostilities. in 1905 the agreement was revised; its scope was extended to india and eastern asia generally (see 18.241), and japan’s para- mount position in korea was more definitely emphasised. the gencral changes of situation in the orient after the russo- japanese war, notably the annexation of korea to the japanese empire in roto, led to a further revision. the negotiations in london between sir edward (viscount) grey and baron (vis- count) kato ended in the renewal of the alliance on july 13 ro1tr. animportant feature of the new agreement was the inclu- sion of an article exempting either high contracting party from the obligation to come to the armed assistance of the other in case of war against a power with whom either party had concluded a general arbitration treaty (article 4). at that particular time a treaty of such a description was under negotiation between the british and the united states governments, and it was with the particular object of excluding the united states from the possible application of the alliance that this article was inserted. the proposed general arbitration treaty, however, failed to obtain the consent of the united states senate to its ratification, but the british and japanese governments made it unmistakably clear that the spirit in which the article was conceived had not on that account been altered in the least; and the british govt. have held that the peace commission treaty with the united states, signed in 1914, constituted a general arbitration treaty within the meaning of article 4. the alliance of 1911 was to lost for ten years, and in the absence of a year’s notice from cither contracting party to terminate the agreement it would automatt- cally continue in existence, even after july, ro2r, until such denouncement was made. the treaty and the world war—the world war, into which japan readily entered on account of the anglo-japanese alliance, ended with the treaty of versailles, which brought forth the league of nations. the question was then mooted, though more academically than politically, whether the military clauses of the anglo-japanese alliance would not be in contravention with the letter of the covenant of the league (article 20) and on july 8 i920 the two high contracting parties addressed a joint note to the secretary-general of the leazue to the purport that the agree- ment would, in case of its renewal, take a form which would not be inconsistent with the covenant. the renewal of the alliance was discussed at the british imperial conference in london in june 1921; and it was then announced that, under the terms of the angola—angora_ treaty, 1t could continue without definite renewal. at the same time a second note was addressed to the league of nations (july 7 1921) stating that the covenant should prevail over the agreement on points where there might be inconsistency between them. but, apart from doubts as to whether the alliance was not inconsistent with the obligations of the covenant, both great britain and japan were becoming aware that it was increasingly unpopular in the united states and in china. so, at the washington conference (g.v.) in dec. 1921, the agreement made for a four-power pacilic treaty (united states, france, british empire, japan) provided for the anglo-japanese alliance being brought to an end. the alliance, therefore, ceased to exist on the deposition of the ratifications of the above treaty on aug. 17 1923. for 21 years tt had been the most stable influence in the i’ar eastern position, and a cardinal factor in british and japanese policy. (see japan: hisrory.) biirliography.—anglo-japanese agreement of jan. 30 1902— cd. 911: japan no. 1 (1902): do. of aug. 12 1905—cd. 2,735: treaty no. 25 (1905); do. of july 13 1911 —cd, 5,733: lreaty no. 18 (1911). anglo- japanese declaration made to the le ague of nations, dated july 8 1920—state papers, 1920, vol. 113, p. 370; do. dk ited july 7 192t—see tie dimes (london) of july 12 1921. for w vninerat four-power treaty, see conference on limitation of armament at washington—cmd. 1,627; misc. no. 1 (1922). angola (sce 2.38), the name commonly given to the portu- guese possessions on the west coast of africa south of the equator. although large areas of southern angola have proved to be suitable for european colonisation and for stock-raising, the progress of the colony has been very slow. the population (1925) was approximately 4,000,000 natives and 10,000 euro- peans. loanda (sao paulo de loanda), the capital, had about 18,000 inhabitants. production.—up to 1911 the manufacture of rum was the leading industry. in that year the govt. closed the fac- tories, compensating the owners and the planters who grew sugar and sweet potatoes for the production of alcohol. coffee, rubber, maize and sugar became the chief exports, followed by palm oil and palm kernels, wax and dried fish. in 1916 diamonds, usually small, but of good quality, were discovered in the extreme northeast of angola near the belgian congo frontier, and 161,000 carats had been mined by the end of 1920. in 1921 the production was over 100,000 carats; in 1925 it had risen to 150,000. imports are mostly cotton and hard- ware goods and foodstuffs. in consequence of a highly protec- tive tariff, trade is chiefly with portugal and in portuguese ships. from 1920, however, germany took an increasing share of the trade. of the tonnage of vessels entering loanda in 1923, a total of 465,000, portugal's share was 261,o00 and germany’s 121,000. the average annual value of the external trade in rg10-24 was from £3,000,c00 to £4,000,000. the value of exports had reached {1,210,000 by 1913; in 1923 it was £1,237,000, exclusive of diamonds worth £730,000. improvements and reforms.—a measure granting angola a degree of autonomy was passed by the portuguese parliament in 1914, followed in 1920 by a more liberal measure. in 1920, also, senhor norton de mattos, a former governor, rcturned to angola as high commissioner with an ambitious programme of development and colonisation. chief attention was to be paid to harbour improvements and railways, the deficiency of means of communication being a leading cause of the backward state of the country. for two years there was much activity, but then a crisis arose, due in part to the lack of sufficient produce for export to pay for the imports of the govt. and the trading community, and in part to the inability of angola to raise more than about a sixth of the authorised loan of 60,000 gold contos (about £13,300,000). the crisis was acute throughout 1924. in 1925 the portuguese govt. voted 9,000 gold contos ({£2,000,c00) to enable the colony to carry out the most needed public works. these included the reconstruction of the loanda railway, which had been bought by the state in 1918 and serves valuable coffee areas. apart from the cost of development works, public expenditure frequently exceeded revenue. between 1910 and 1925 the revenue increased from 129 about £500,000 a year to over {1,000,000. the 1924-5 budget showed revenue {1,080,000 and expenditure {1,580,000. the public debt was approximately £4,500,000. a native affairs dept. was created in 1913 and it effected various reforms, but the principle of compulsory labour was maintained. irom 1918 to 1921 the authorities took an active part in the recruitment of labour for private enterprise. the system led to abuses and was abolished in ro2r. continual complaints that labour was not procurable resulted, however, in 1925 in a partial return to the old system, chiefs being required to produce the men and both chiefs and officials receiving payment per head for the labour obtained. the bengucila railway, which starts at lobito bay, was intended primarily to serve the copper fields of katanga, belgian congo, but in crossing the plateau of southern angola it opened up the territory best suited to european settlement. by 1914 the railway had reached chingwari, 323 m. from lobito. construction then stopped till 1922-3, when the line was extended another 60 m. to silva porto (bihe), while in 1925 additional funds were forthcoming. the company owning the railway then entered into an agreement with portugal to complete the line to the congo frontier by the end of 1928. the railway, upon which over £7,000,0c0 has been spent, is a british enterprise. germany, whose colony of southwest africa adjoined angola on the south, had for many years looked upon angola as a field for economic, and ultimately for political, exploitation. a treaty with great britain recognising german economic interests as supreme in the greater part of angola was nego- tiated in 1913-4 and would have been signed but for the outbreak of the world war (see arrica). the loss of southwest africa, conquered in 1915, deprived germany of a base for penetration; nevertheless after the war german influence and trade within the colony steadily grew, so that by 1925 germans exceeded in number all other european residents combined with the exception of the portuguese. british capital in the benguella railway represents about 90% of the whole, and unsuccessful efforts to buy this stock were made by the germans both before and after the war. brsliography.—british foreign office handbooks, angola (1920); if. marquardsen, angola (1920); col. j. c. statham, through a seen a coming colony (1922) and with my wife across africa (1924); a. b. hutcheon, report on the economic situation in angola (1925). angora (see 2.40) the capital of the turkish republic had an estimated population in 1924 of about 35,000. the turkish nationalist movement, which was organised by mustafa kem- al in rgtg, led to the setting up of a nationalist govt. at angora in april 1920, the city being chosen owing to the fact that, while it was far enough from the coast to be reasonably safe from attack by the greeks, or the principal allied powers, it was in touch with other parts of the interior of anatolia, and was the railhead of the northeastern branch of the anatohan railway. the ability of the surrounding area to supply the food requirements of the population and the raw materials needed by local industry was also of importance. on oct. 13 1923, by a decision of the great national assembly, angora was declared the capital of turkey. the city 1s connected by the anatolian railway with con- stantinople, and a line to sivas was nearing completion at the end of 1925. in view of its increased importance and growing population, angora was badly equipped as regards accommoda- tion for its population and for the govt., and as regards sanitary arrangements, etc. during 1925, however, considerable progress was made by the municipality in house building, road construc- tion and sanitation. a beginning was made with the drainage of the swampy fields between the station and the town, a breeding ground for the malarial mosquito, and with the construction of a public park; modern systems of drainage and of water supply were commenced. a new parliament ijouse and buildings for the ministry of finance, courts of justice, general post office, etc., were approaching completion at the end of the year, and a 130 modern hotel was being built. the industrial development of the city was being actively encouraged, and german engineers were called in to erect factories and workshops for the produc- tion of tiles, cotton and flax goods, etc. the installation of a power station capable of furnishing electric light throughout the city was completed, sawmills constructed, and a flourmill equipped with modern machinery. the government decided in 1925 to install a telephone exchange and erect a powerful wireless station. by the end of 1925 certain foreign legations had moved their headquarters from constantinople to angora, and the others were represented by secretaries. animals, distribution of: see distribution of ani- mals. ankylostomiasis: see hook worm. _ anson, sir william reynell (1843-1914), british jurist (see 2.84), died at oxford june 4 1914.