WRESTLING

the popularity of this sport among amateurs has increased considerably since the institution of the modern olympic games, as is proved by the extension of the number of nations entering competitors for these games. at the games held in paris, 1924, no fewer than 25 countries were represented. at the same time, the catch-as-catch-can (free) style, the inclusion of which in the games was secured by great britain in 1914, has made great strides. at antwerp, in 1920, of the four weights contested, two championships were secured by finns and one by a swiss. in 1914, the weights were increased to seven. switzerland captured two, finland one, the four others went to the united states. great britain’s solitary success was third place in the heavy weight. iconographie i115 the pre-eminence in the graeco-roman style that france once held has been transferred to the scandinavian countries. the finnish wrestlers have proved the most successful. finland and sweden shared the championships in the games at stock- holm, 1912, repeated the success at antwerp, 1920 and won four of the six weights at paris, 1924, france and estonia respectively taking the heavy and bantam weights. in 1924, turkey, egypt and japan were represented for the first time, with results indicating that the western styles of wrestling are being well studied throughout the east. the inauguration, in 1921, of an international federation of amateur wrestling will certainly lead to a yet wider development of the sport. in great britain, apart from professional tournaments encouraged by local associations in the northern and western counties, it seems probable the sport would have disappeared altogether but for the exertions of the national amateur wres- tling association. this organisation has kept the sport alive by the holding, except during the war, of annual championships at various weights in the cumberland and westmoreland and catch- as-catch-can styles. bibliography.—h. leonard, handbook of wrestling (1897); g. bothner, sczentifie wrestling (1912); cann and hastings, manual of wrestling (1912); p. longhurst, wrestling (1917). (p. lo.) wright, sir almroth edward (1861- ), british bac- teriologist, was born at middleton tyas, yorks., aug. 10 1861. he was educated at dublin university, and afterwards studied law, subsequently obtaining his scientific and medical training at the universities of leipzig, strasbourg and marburg. in 1887 he became a demonstrator of pathology at cambridge, in 1889 went to sydney as lecturer in physiology and from 1892 to 1902 was professor at the army medical school at netley, being then appointed professor of experimental pathology in the university of london. he was in addition principal of the institute of pa- thology and research at st. mary’s hospital, and was attached to the medical research service under the national insurance act. he was knighted in 1906 and was elected f. r. s. in the same year. sir almroth wright came into prominence primarily by his remarkable researches into the problems of parasitic diseases (see 20.775; 783). heintroduced thesystem of anti-typhoid inocu- lation and also did much valuable work on the preparation of other vaccines and toxins, while he carried out many important experiments in bacterial infection and in measuring the protec- tive matter of human blood. he acted as consulting physician to the army in france from 1914-9 and was in 1919 created kk. b. e. he wasa member of many learned societies and received numerous british and foreign awards and honours including the gold medal of the royal society of medicine in 1920. he pub- lished a short treatise on anti-typhoid inoculation (1904); principles of microscopy (1906) and studies in immunisation (1909) besides many papers in medical and scientific journals. in 1913 appeared the unexpurgated case against woman suffrage which provoked much discussion. (see humanity.) wright, wilbur (1867-1912), american inventor, was born near millville, ind., april 16 1867, the son of milton wright, a bishop of the united brethren in christ. after a high school education in richmond, ind., and dayton, o., together with his brother orville, he opened a shop for repairing bicycles at dayton. the wright brothers early became inter- ested in the problem of flying, and from about 1900 made many experiments with gliding machines at kittyhawk, north caro- lina. on dec. 17 1903, such a machine with a petrol motor attached flew 260 yd., the first successful flight of an aeroplane; and on oct. § 1905, near dayton, they accomplished their first success{ul long flight, more than 24 m., at the speed of 38 m. an hour. in spite of this proof of the practicability of flight in heavier-than-air machines, they were unsuccessful in enlisting financial support in america. in r908 wilbur wright went to france, and on sept. 21 won the michelin prize by a flight of 56 miles. this brought him international fame. in dec. of the same year he made from le mans, france, a flight of 77 m. in 2 hr. and 20 minutes. in ro09, during the hudson-fulton iil16 exposition in new york city, he flew from governor’s is. up the hudson river to grant’s tomb and back, travelling 21 m. in 33 minutes and 33 seconds. on march 3 1909, congress awarded the wright brothers a special medal. later the u.s govt. purchased a machine for $30,000, and afterwards the invention was officially adopted by the u.s. army. the french patents were sold for $100,000. after rg10 wilbur wright gave up public flying and devoted his time to mechanical improvement of the wright machine. [le received many medals and honours from european countries. he died at dayton may 30 1012. his brother, orville wricut (1871- ), was born at dayton, o., aug. 18 1871. he was educated in the dayton schools, worked with his brother wilbur in the bicycle-repairing business, and was closely associated with him in all his experi- ments in developing a practicable aeroplane. he shared in the many honours awarded by foreign countries, and after the death of his brother became director of the wright aeronautical laboratory at dayton. in rg9r3 he received the collier trophy for developing the automatic stabiliser. in 1915 he was ap- pointed a member of the u.s. naval consulting board. the same year the wright acroplane co. sold its patents to a new york syndicate, orville wright remaining chief engineer. wright, william aldis (1836-10914), british man of letters (see 28.847), dicd at cambridge may 19 1914. his last publica- tion was the hexaplar psalter (1911). wundt, wilhelm max (1832-1920), german philosopher (see 28.855) died near leipzig aug. 3t 1920. itis latest work was die nationen und ihre philosophen (1918). wu pei fu (1873- ), chinese general, was born at shan- tung. he graduated from the kai ping military academy, near tientsin, in 1808, after a brilliant scholastic career, and, after a short spell of service, entered a military school of which marshal tuan chi-jui was director. he joined the third army division, commanded by tsao kun, distinguished himsclf in several minor campaigns, and was rewarded by tsao kun in 1916 with the com- mand of a division. the civil wars that followed the death of yuan shih-k’ai in that year gave ample opportunities toasoldicr of wu pei-fu’s ability and by 1917 he was the peking govern- ment’s chief bulwark against the monarchists, sun yat-sen’s independent republic at canton and the ambitions of marshal chang tso-lin, the governor general of manchuria. sun yat-sen was not in a position to take the offensive, but chang tso-lin in- vaded chihli in the spring of 1922 and, being defeated by the forces of wu pei-fu launched another attack in 1924. wu pei- fu was defeated in a great battle near tientsin in oct. and fled after which he remained in retirement at yochow. wurttemberg (see 28.856), a free state and territory of the german reich (volkstaat wiirttemberg). its area is 7,534 sq. m. and its population (1921) 2,591,340. (see germany.) political ihistory.—up to 1918 wiirttemberg was a monarchy. its ancient constitution was somewhat out of date, but king william ii. was universally popular. differences were rather acute between the conservatives and catholic centre (“ black and blue d/oc ’”’) and the left. the general tendency was, how- ever, liberal. the weizsicker ministry, which held office during the war, resigned in oct. 1918 in consequence of the alterations in the constitution of the reich introduced by its chancellor, prince max of baden. a new coalition parliamentary govt. was about to meet when revolution broke out on nov. 9. the first revolutionary government was formed solely of socialists, but iis extreme members left it on nov. 11, and members of the catholic centre, the democrats and the national liberals en- tered the cabinet. the king abdicated nov. 30. in jan. 1910, there were industrial disturbances, soon suppressed, after which the independent socialists left the ministry. after this date the social democrats and the liberal parties co-operated without friction. constiiution.—the new constitution was adopted on sept. 25 1919. the powers of the state proceed from the pcople, which transfers them to the diet, retaining, however, the right of dis- solving the diet or giving a popular vote on a law. the diet wright, william aldis—wyndham, george transfers the executive power to the government. at the head of the government there is the minister-president, who has the title of president of the state but is not independent of the dict. the dict elects the president of the state, who selects the minis- try in accord with the diet. a peculiarity of the wiirttemberg constitution is that councils (beirdte), formed from the different classes according to occupations (berufssidende), are attached to the ministries. elections for the diet take place every four years. no provision is made for a dissolution of the diet except that, as already mentioned, the diet can be dismissed by a vote of the people. after the elections of 1920 the government was formed by the centre and democrats, supported by the social democrats; it passed several important laws, especially that regulating the relations of church and state. the elections of 1924, on a new franchise, brought a more conservative ministry, formed by the “ biirgerpartei ”’ and catholic centre, under herr bazitte, leader of the biirgerpartei. cw. v. b.) wyndham, sir charles (1837-19109), british actor (sce 28.872), died in london jan. 12 1919. in 1916 he married, as his second wife, miss mary moore, who had been for many years his leading actress and his partner in management. wyndham, george (1863-1913), british politician and man of letters, was born aug. 2g 1863, the eldest son of percy scawen wyndham, and grandson of the 1st lord leconfield. his mother was madeline caroline frances eden, daughter of sir guy campbell, bart., and through her he was great-grandson of lord edward fitzgerald, the irish rebel. ife was educated at eton and sandhurst, obtained a commission in the coldstream guards in 1883, and served through the suakin campaign of 1885. but, interested as he was in soldicring, his eager tempera- ment impelled him still more to adventure into politics and letters. ile left the army in 1887, married sibell mary, daughter of the oth earl of scarborough, widow of far] grosvenor, mother of the 2nd duke of westminster, and became private secretary to mr. balfour, at the time irish secretary. in 1889 he entered parliament as conservative member for dover and retained the seat till his death. after serving, from 1898-1900, as financial secretary to the war office, he was appointed in 1900 chief secretary for ire- land. having been private secretary for four or five years to the most successful chief secretary of modern times, he started with a large store of experience; and his appointment was re- garded with benignity even by the nationalists on account of his descent from lord edward fitzgerald. his early work in ireland met with general approval. he developed enormously the conservative policy of land purchase; and the act which he carried in 1903 for that end was the most comprchensive measure of the kind ever submitted to parliament. he entertained hopes of arranging some form of local government which should suffi- ciently meet nationalist demands, and with this in view ap- pointed in 1902 an eminent anglo-indian, sir antony (after- wards lord) macdonnell, who was known to be a decided home ruler, to the under-secretaryship, giving him at the same time greater authority and wider scope than is usually conferred on a civil servant. the unionist party, both in ireland and in england, became suspicious of the tendencies of his administra- tion, and he was driven in 1905 to resignation. he never held office again, but he was very active in support of the causes which he had at heart, such as tariff reform and woman suf- frage; he was a keen critic of lord haldane’s army reforms, and threw himself vigorously into the ‘‘ diehard ” campaign against the parliament bill in tort. this varied political activity was, however, but a portion of his life. he was also a man of letters, possessed of fine taste and a graceful style. here his genius was stimulated by his friend- ship for w. e. henley, who dedicated a book to “ george wynd- ham, soldier, courtier, scholar.” his principal published work was an edition of shakespeare’s poems (1898); but he wrote also on north’s plutarch and ronsarvd. the admirable crichton of his day, handsome and debonair, he was keen alike on field sports and the arts, the friend and admirer equally of cecil rhodes and of rodin, a working railway director and an efficient wyoming colonel of yeomanry, the pet of society and the recipient of honorary distinctions from several universities. on june 8 1913, at the comparatively early age of 50, he died in paris of con- gestion of the lungs, after only a few hours’ illness. (g.e.b.) wyoming (sce 28.873).—the population according to the state census of 1925 was 206,381. in 1920 it was 194,402, an increase of 33:2% in the decade 1910-20, as against an increase of 57°7% in the preceding decade. the density of population was two per sq. m. in 1920. the rural population in 1920 was 137,054; the urban population (in places having 2,500 or more) was 57,348 or 29:5%. the principal cities are:— (state census) 23,288 13,202 9,629 in 1920 there were 25,255 foreign-born whites, 1,375 negroes, 1,343 indians and 1,538 asiatics. in 1922 wyoming ranked lowest among the states of the union in its death rate (9-3 per 1,000 population). agriculture —in 1924 there were 15,687,833 ac. of unappro- priated public lands. the area of national forests was 8,426,027 acres. the period following the world war was once of depres- sion for the ranching and agricultural interests. the open range and the old-time cattle ranch were giving place to a more varied agriculture, and experiments, such as dairying and honey pro- duction, became increasingly prominent. the number of farms in 1920 was 15,748. the acreage for all crops for 1923 was 1,- 784,000. wyoming ranks second among the states in number of sheep. the estimate for jan. 1 1924 was 2,700,000, valued at $24,300,000. the wool product for 1923 was 19,520,000 ib., an average weight of 8 lb. per fleece. on jan. 1 1924, there were 825,000 cattle, valued at $25,891,000; 190,000 horses, valued at $5,700,000; 3,000 mules, valued at $165,000 and 129,000 swine, valued at $1,290,000. important agricultural products in 1923 were: caspar cheyenne laramie acres ean production value crop 1,409,000 short tons | $13,526,000 331,000 short tons 2,979,000 5,610,000 bu. 2,637,000 2,785,000 bu. 2,228,000 4,050,000 bu. 2,835,000 840,000 bu. 546,000 1,800,000 bu. 1,674,000 730,000 315,060 165,000 175,000 150,000 28,000 18,000 hay, tame . hay, wild oats. wheat corn barley potatoes sugar beets have been important in the last few years; in 1924 the acreage sown was 25,000 which produced 260,000 tons, valued at $1,950,000. the irrigated area in 1924 was 1,007,083 acres. the area capable of irrigation under completed systems was 2,035,000 acres. there were 874,615 ac. of dry farm land and 16,872,152 ac. of grazing land privately owned. in t1g10 89% of the farms were operated by owners; in 1920, 85-1 °%%. afining.—the total value of wyoming’s mineral products for 1923 was $77,664,547. wyoming ranked tenth in the output of bituminous coal with 7,575,031 short tons valued at $20,916,000. other items were: gypsum, 33,644 short tons valued at $176,701; sand and gravel, 1,377,271 short tons valued at $403,911; stone, 186,150 short tons valued at $281,595; and clay products valued at $136,493. copper and iron mining declined. most important in mining development after 1912 was the petroleum industry. the total production to the end of 1921 was 80,356,000 barrels. in 1923 wyoming ranked fourth among the states in oil pro- i ee, duction, with an output of 44,785,000 bbl. valued at $48,900,000, at the wells, the greater part from the salt creek field in natrona county. there were some 50 pipe lines varying from 3 to 104 m. in length. there were 19 oil refineries with a capacity per day of 94,000 bbl. and 11 gasoline plants. natural gas became im- portant after 1916. in 1923 wyoming ranked eighth with an output of 35,523,000 million cu. ft., valued at $4,222,000. it ranked sixth in production of natural gas gasoline with an output of 21,292,000 gal., valued at $1,992,000. manufactures and railways—manufactures are of little importance aside from railway shops and the petroleum-refining industry. the increase shown in the table is due chiefly to the latter. 1921 iqiq 1909 number of establish- . ments ; 254 576 268 persons engaged 83347 8,095 3,393 value of products $80,246,919 | $81,445,394 | $6,249,078 value added by manu- facture : . 31,927,000 | 39,194,866 3,640,889 railway mileage in 1909 was 1,623 m., in 1922 1,959 miles. education.—there has been considerable progress in educa- tion. in 1914 the school enrolment was 29,301, in 1924, 50,581. the total expenditure for schools in 1914 was $1,265,750; in 1924, $5,761,655. the permanent common school fund in 1914 was $632,855; in 1924, $10,955,373. the percentage of illiteracy among persons ten years of age and over was 2-19 in 1920. the state university exhibited a remarkable growth. in 1913-4 there were 411 students in residence; in 1923-4, 1,726. history. wyoming was the first state to provide for woman suffrage, and the first to elect a woman as governor. the nine amendments to the constitution and the legislation of recent years indicate a gradual development from frontier conditions and an increasing measure of public control of business and of social welfare. a workmen’s compensation law, a mothers’ pen- sions law, an cight-hour day for underground work in mines, a 56-hour week for women and a child labour law, illustrate the latter. in 1915 a public service commission was established, in ro19 a “ blue sky ” law was passed, in 1921 a system of rural credits was begun and a dept. of oil and gas conservation pro- vided for, in 1923 a state dept. of agriculture was created and laws passed to facilitate co-operative marketing and to prevent price discriminations in the sale of coal, oil and other products of the soil. the problem of fair distribution of the waters of interstate rivers has been a vexing one to wyoming as to other states dependent on irrigation. the direct primary was adopted in 1911, the executive budget system in 1919. the state debt was $99,000 in 1918, $4,133,000 in 1922, $2,937,000 in 1924, the increase being due chiefly to road building. wyoming has been normally a republican state in politics, but since 1910 opposing parties have won frequent victories. a combination of progressives and democrats won in r910. francis e. warren (rep.) was re-elected to the u.s. senate in 1912, 1918, 1924, but john b. kendrick (dem.) was elected as his colleague in 1916 and 1922. the presidential vote in rg12 was 15,310 for wilson, 14,560 for taft, 9,232 for roose- velt; in 1916, 28,316 for wilson, 21,698 for hughes; in 1920 35,091 for harding, 17,429 for cox; in 1924, 41,858 for coolidge 25,174 for la follette, 12,868 for davis. governors since 1911 have been: joseph m. carey (prog.), 1911-5; john b. kendrick (dem.), 1915-7; f. l. houx (acting, dem.), 1917-9; robert d. carey (rep.), 1919-23; william b. ross (dem.), 1923-5; nellie taylor ross (dem.), 1925- (l. a. w.) 1118 achting (sce 28.890 and 12.916). — much of the finest rac- ing in the whole history of yachting took place from 1g1o until 1913. the international yacht racing union was well established, and its rule of measurement and rating had produced and was still producing very sound and seaworthy boats in many classes. british yacht building was flourishing, german yachting was at its zenith under the kaiser. international regat- tas on a big scale were held at spithcad in rgrr, at kielin 1912 and at le havre in 1913. the number of racing yachts, steam yachts and cruisers sailing about the coast exceeded all records. the history of yachting for nearly roo years shows that when racing is successful the whole pastime benefits. america was attracted to european yachting during this halcyon period and in rgto a wonderful american racing schooner came to europe, the ““ westward,” 323 tons, designed and built by herreshoff. she started in 11 races and won them all. sir thomas lipton’s 23- metre cutter ‘shamrock’ remained the best british cutter during these seasons. in 1910 there was a remarkable class of 15-metre yachts about so tons. sir william burton’s ‘f osturu ” led it, followed by “vanity,” the king of spain’s “ hispania,” “‘ mariska,” “ tri- tonia ”’ and “‘ ma’oona.” in 1911 the 19-metre class made their appearance. there were four cutters of exactly 100 tons, “ octavia,” “ mariquita,” ‘ corona” and ‘“ norada.” they were almost exactly equal in speed, and it was only the clever- ness of sir wilham burton as a helmsman that enabled the “octavia” to lead the flect by the narrowest margin, just as his “ ostava ” had been at the top of the ‘‘15’s” in the previous year. both were designed by alfred mylne. nicholson’s “ isiria”’ design.—the season of 1912 was chiefly notable for the appearance of a new 15-metre yacht, the “istria,” designed on novel lines by c. nicholson for sir charles allom, and the first of a series of yachts by the same clever de- signer which quickly began to defeat the purpose of the “ in- ternational racing rule” (sce 28.894). in ror2 and 1913 his great schooners ‘‘ margherita,” “ istria,” ‘‘ pamela,” ‘ paula iii.” and others were of most undesirable type, but so efficient as racers that they outsailed the yachts of all other designers. the features of these yachts were huge sails, shallow heavy bodies, high freeboard, short water line and great overall length. it was in connection with the “istria”? that the term ‘* marconi topmast ” was first used, her topmast having a large number of small wire stays to support its enormous height. nicholson defeated all comers in the last stages of the inter- national rule of 1907-17 and may be said to have killed it. an interesting experiment was effectively carried out by the mar- quess of ailsa from 1909-14. he repurchased his old 4o-tonner ‘‘ bloodhound,” built in 1874, and gave her new rigging, spars, sail plan and keel. he started her in 217 races and, sailing with modern yachts, she crossed the winning line first on 32 occasions. she won 64 first prizes—a remarkable achievement. the new rating rule-——on the eve of cowes week, ro14, the war put an end to all yacht racing. the pastime was only revived in 1919-20, after much difficulty, by the yacht racing association. at the end of the war the scandinavian nations, having amassed great wealth, purchased nearly all the best british racing yachts. the cost of building new yachts was pro- hibitive and the high wages of sailors raised the running ex- penses to nearly treble the pre-war rate. at the instance of the y.r.a. the international yacht racing union was re- formed and a new rating rule was adopted. the new rule reduced the sails of racing yachts to about two-thirds of the pre-war size and prescribed a more compact form of hull, measures which enabled crews to be reduced and thus effected a substantial saving in running costs. as more normal conditions returned many of the old british yachts were repurchased from scandi- navia. the greatest encouragement of all, however, was that the king took the lead in the sport and fitted out the old “ bri- yachting—yale university tannia ”’ for racing. this royal yacht, built in 1893, by a pecu- liar coincidence of events, had a hull-form very similar to the shape favoured by the new rating rules of 1920, and after some alterations raced successfully against “‘ westward,” “shamrock.” “ nyria,”’ “ white i[cather ” and many modern vessels. in new classes naturally smaller craft have been built since the war. the 92-ton cutter ‘* moon-beam” (fife), built in 1920, is a model of the new compact form. the new 12-metre class about 35 tons (20 tons displacement,42 ft. lwl and 2,000 sq. ft. of sail) is the latest pattern of compact racing yacht, with good cabins for living and a paid crew limited to four men. the greatest sport internationally was from 1921-4 between britain and america in a series of races called the british ameri- can cup. w. fife and i’. j. stephen were the chief british de- signers for this race which was for 6-mctre class yachts. the britisk defeated the americans in the 6-metre team racing. w. fife has been the most successful designer. from 1921 to 1926 the most marked development in the design of sailing yachts has been the change from the gaff-mainsail rig to the triangular or bermudian rig. no cutter-rigged yacht bclow 35 tons has been successful against a new vessel with a bermudian sail. (b h-s) united states —in america, since the war, the sport of yacht racing has increased materially. during these years the racing fleet has grown steadily in size, both on the atlantic and on the pacific coasts. it has developed especially in two divisions— that which includes the smaller yachts which may be raced by men of moderate means, and that which takes in the schooncrs which are a combination racing and cruising type. there is a constantly enlarging group of racing yachtsmen who are devotees of long-distance contests which bring into play not only a knowledge of sail handling but of navigation. these men own scorcs of staunch, seagoing vesscls which arc not in any sense of the word racing machines. this is a certain indication that the sport is developing along most durable lines. at what might be called the other extreme, the small boat classes are flourish- ing. as an example, the international star class is now the largest racing division in the world, numbering almost 400 boats. the stars, on which it is said * the sun never scts,”’ are only 22 ft. long overall, and 15% ft. long on the waterline, but they have provided some of the keenest sport that has ever been scen in yacht racing and have done a great deal to popularise small boat competition. each year, when the star class championships are held, the competitors come from the far ends of the earth to try for the international trophy. in the old days, when races for the amcrica’s cup were the great events of the yachting world, the conception became firmly fixed that yacht racing was a sport only for the wealthy. this has largely been lived down during the growth in recent years of the numcrous small boat classes. (s. la.) yakub khan (1849-1923), ex-amir of afghanistan (sce 28.898), died at dehra, united provinces, nov. 15 1923. yale university (sce 28.899).—in 1919 president arthur t. hadley announced his decision to resign the presidency of yale at the close of the university year; and on june 22 1921 his successor, james rowland angell, was inaugurated. in 1920 the university underwent a thorough reorganisation in its admin- istrative and educational system to meet modern conditions. a school of nursing was established in 1923 through a gift from the rockefeller foundation. the course of 28 months lead- ing to a degree or diploma includes public health and com- munity work as well as hospital service. the laura spelman rockefeller memorial in 1924 granted a contribution for a period of five years for an institute of psychology. a group of spe- cialists was in 1925 engaged in the study of fundamental prob- lems of human and animal behaviour and in the training of personnel for the further pursuit of new studies in the field of teaching research and of practical applications. yamagata—yeats developments.—many changes were effected in the curriculum; a new course of study in yale college, designed to provide for substantial mastery of some one field of study, while giving rea- sonable assurance that no student will be graduated without an intelligent acquaintance with the major subdivisions of the mod- ern world of arts, letters and science; in the shefheld scientific school changes were made with a view to increasing the flexibil- ity of the course of study and to emphasising basic scientific and humanistic material as contrasted with purely technical speciali- sation; the schedules of work in administrative and chemical engineering were definitely crystallised, and through the gift of mr. and mrs. louis j. horowitz a new group of courses in build- ing construction was offered in the department of civil engineer- ing; changes in the requirements for degrees in the school of law were introduced as well as a summer session, designed for those who desire to pursue graduate law study and for those who wish to save an academic year in the completion of their course by attending three such sessions; a department of the drama was established in the school of the fine arts in 1924, funds for the department and for the erection of a university theatre being provided by edward s. harkness (b.a., yale, 1897); in the school of music the changes were designed to adapt the curriculum in a greater degree to the special talents and interest of the individual student; the curriculum of the school of forestry was broadened and liberalised and facilities for experimental and research work on a scale heretofore impossible were provided in sage hall, com- pleted in 1923 (gift of william h. sage, b.a., yale, 1865); a chair in transportation was founded in the graduate school and named in honour of t. de witt cuyler (b.a., yale, 1874); also the dudley chair, service of the railroads, established in 1923 by receipt of a bequest from lucy b. dudley, added to by be- quest of plimmon h. dudley. benefactions —through the bequest of john w. sterling (b.a., yale, 1864) 14 professorships were established; two buildings were erected; the sterling chemistry laboratory, which provides for instruction and research in every branch of chemistry, and the sterling hall of medicine, which contains the administrative offices of the school, and teaching and laboratory facilities for the departments of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, psychology and pharmacology and toxicology; the sterling scholarships established by a fund of $1,000,000; and $250,000 was received towards a total of $1,000,000 for the sterling fellowship fund. at the same time the university’s property holdings were aug- mented and several important buildings constructed, including the osborn memorial laboratories, the sloane physics labora- tory, the dunham laboratory of electrical engineering, the mason laboratory of mechanical engineering, sprague memorial hall (music), the brady memorial laboratory (pathology), artillery hall and the artillery armory, and the magnificent memorial quadrangle, the gift of mrs. stephen v. harkness, of new york city. the university library, containing over 1,600,000 vol. and pamphlets, received many important accessions, notably the edward m. house collection of historical papers and the penni- man memorial library of education, besides numerous addi- tions to collections previously announced. the new peabody museum, which is french gothic in design. was formally dedi- cated on dec. 29 1925. a complete plan was announced in jan. 1924, for the archi- tectural development of the university during the next 100 years. this includes a new cross campus, designed to unify the yale college campus and adjacent grounds, and the indication of sites for future buildings, which will tend to control the direction of growth of the university. edwin mcclellan hall, a new dormi- tory, following closely in size and style connecticut hall (1752), was opened for yale college students in sept. 1925, and another dormitory under construction will be completed in the spring of 1926. the total university enrolment in the autumn of 1925 was 5,294, including 572 who were not candidates for degrees or cer- tificates. the faculty numbered 575 and there were 428 assist- ants in instruction and administration. (j. ry as) yamagata, aritomo prince (1838-1922), japanese soldier and statesman (sce 28.902), died at odawara feb. 1 1922. ii19