TORPEDO

in the world war of 1914-8 the tor- pedo played a most important part, especially as employed by the german submarines during the submarine campaign. apart from the use of the torpedo by capital ships, light cruisers, torpedo boat destroyers, submarines and coastal motor boats, torpedoes are also carried by flying machines specially con- structed for the purpose. the torpedoes are carried slung under the fuselage, and released at the will of the observer. during the war a number of specially adapted vesseis were fitted to carry torpedo planes, their construction enabling the machines to “ take off’ and “alight ” on the flying deck (see aircraft carriers; seaplane). coastal motor boats, small- vessels of great speed were also used for the discharge of torpedoes. 794 construction.—in the british navy 21 in. and 18 in. torpedoes are carried, the former by capital ships, light cruisers and destroyers, and the latter by submarines, coastal motor boats and aircraft. the torpedo is divided into six compartments viz., head, air vessel, balance chamber, engine room, buoyancy chamber and tail. these may be described as follows:— there are two types, the war head containing the explosive, and the collision head used for practice. ‘the former carries a charge of high explosive which is detonated on contact by a device known as the pistol. the collision head used for practice is a stecl shell partially filled with cork to ensure buoyancy—it is brought up to approximately war head weight by filling it with water. on impact with target the forepart collapses, thereby lessening the blow on the target and shock to the torpedo itself. to facilitate recovery an indicating light is fitted in a pocket in the head, consisting of phosphide of calcium which on contact with water spontaneously bursts into flame, indi- cating position of torpedo at the end of the run. the air vessel consists of a special nickel steel forging containing highly compressed air which provides the motive power of the torpedo. the balance chamber is a watertight compartment, which con- tains the depth-keeping mechanism and the heater apparatus and the supply of fuel (petroleum in a special flask). the depth-keeping mechanism consists of a pendulum weight so interlinked with a hydrostatic valve that the weight corrects departure from the hori- zontal, whilst the valve maintains the set depth, their joint action operating the horizontal rudders through the medium of a small air engine termed the servomotor. the engine room is the next compartment abaft the balance chamber; it is watertight and together with the buoyancy chamber to which it is attached, forms what is known as the afterbody. this pomon of the torpedo is secured to the balance chamber by a num- er of screwed bolts which allow of the torpedo being parted for examination of mechanism in the engine room. it consists of (a) the engines of the four cylinder single acting brotherhood type; ()) the stecring engine or scrvomotor; (c) the starting valve and counter gear; (d¢) the reducing valve which maintains an approximately con- stant working pressure at the engine irrespective of air vessel pres- sure; (e) oil bottles for lubricating working parts. the starting valve is operated by an air lever which projects through the shell of the torpedo and 1s thrown aft on discharge by a downward projecting bolt in the torpedo tube. in addition to open- ing the actin: valve, it releases the gyroscope. e the counter- gear, a piece of mechanism driven off the engines for stopping the torpedo at a cdlefinite range, or permitting it to run away. off the counter is driven the ignition gear, whose function is to fire the cordite ignitres in the “ heater” at a pre-determined moment and start the combustion of air and fuel. this gear can be set to float for practice or sunk for action; in the latter case a small valve is lifted at the end of the run admitting water to the buoyancy chamber, thus sinking the torpedo which might otherwise remain a floating mine. the buoyancy chamber provides a large portion of the buoyancy of the torpedo. it consists of thin sheet steel, strengthened up inter- nally to enable it to withstand external pressure, (@) impulse pres- sure on discharge, (2) immersion at great depth. the engines are secured to the foremost bulkhead of this compartment, and two watertight tubes run through it, one carrying the propeller shaft an: the other carrying a rod connecting the servomotor and horizontal rudders. the sinking valve is on the bulkhead. the gyroscope is fixed to suitable brackets in this compartment, and connected to the vertical rudders. this piece of mechanism is a comparatively heavy bronze whecl mounted horizontally and vertically in gimbals. the gyroscope is released when the air lever is thrown aft, the whcel being initially spun to a high rate of revolution, due to the release of a strong spiral spring in torsion. on discharge the whole system is freed from external constraint, and following the dynamical laws of rotating bodies the spinning axis tends to maintain its direction in space. it will be seen the axis of the spinning wheel provides a datum line, the direction of the gyro wheel on release. subsequent deviations of the torpedo are corrected by the relative movements of the spinning axis and the fore and aft line of the torpedo. these relative movements control the air supply to a small steering engine which operates vertical rudders, so bringing the torpedo back to its original direction. the tail carries the horizontal and vertical rudders which are mounted on corresponding fins; it also contains gearing to enable two four-bladed propellers to be driven in opposite directions off the engine and this ensures that the torpedo keeps its upright condition without heel, the turning effect of one propeller being balanced by the other. (see submarine warfare.) cw. m. m. rb.) tosti, sir francesco paolo (1846-1916), italian com- poser and teacher of singing, was born at ortona, abruzzi, april 9 1846. at the age of 14 he began his musical studies at naples, where he studied under mercadante and carlo conti. in the course of time he was appointed teacher of music to queen margherita, then a princess of savoy and later became keeper tos ti—tractors of the musical archives of the italian court. in 1876 he paid his first visit to england; five years later he was appointed teacher of singing to the royal family and settled in england. he published many songs, which from the first had a wide suc- cess, the most famous being “ goodbye,” “ ask me no more ” and ‘‘ for ever.”’ he was knighted in 1908 and died in rome decicautaro. totemism: see antitropology. tourneux, jean maurice (1849-1916), french man of letters (sce 27.107), died in paris jan. 13 1916. town planning: see city planning. townsend, meredith white (1831-1011), british jour- nalist was born at bures, suffolk, april 1 1831, and eclucated at ipswich grammar school. in 1848 he went out to india, and four years later became editor of the friend of india, acting also for some years as the times london, correspondent. in 1860 he returned to england and in the following year purchased the weekly spectator (see 19.562). with r. h. hutton he was joint-editor until 1879, and he was largely instrumental in making it an established success, writing most of the political articles and the opening paragraphs every week. hs two chief publications were the great governing familics of england (1865), written in conjunction with j. l. sanford and asia and europe ath ed. (torr). [le died at little bookham, surrey, oct. 24 igii. toy, crawford howell (1836-1919), american eebrew scholar (see 27.114), died at cambridge, mass., may 12 1919. in 1913 he published introduction to the history of religions. tozzi, federigo (1883-1920), italian novelist, was born-at siena jan. 1 1883, the son of an innkeeper. his childhood and early youth are described in congli ochi chiusi (1919). his father died in 1908, and tozzi married the same year, and j! podere (1921) isa record of his experiences at this time. he learnt latin and studied old tuscan, his first book being an a nfologia @antichi scrittort senest (1913). but tre croci (1920) translated into eng- lish as three crosses (1921), the only one of his books which is not autobiographical, is considered his nest work. he died in rome on march 21 1920, before he was able to reap the fame which the success of his latest work brought him. tozzi, although all his work centres round his native place, siena, does not speak witha provincial accent; his spirit is a universal spirit. he uses with success the curious power of presenting objectively a subtly psychological drama, and the nearest parallel to his methods is to be found in chekhov. tracklaying: see railways. tractors.—the petrol tractor for agricultural and kindred purposes is a development of the steam traction engine, widely used for operating grain threshers and to a small extent for ploughing. steam ploughs were used toward the end of the 19th century on the large ranches of the northwestern section of the united states, in canada and in egypt. their usefulness was limited, however, owing to their great weight, which resulted in the packing of the soil and in rather inefficient operation. when the weight of the petrol engine was greatly reduced by motor- car engincers, about 1900, the idea of substituting that type for the heavy steam plant naturally suggested itself. i. production and mechanism the first petrol tractors seem to have been those built by the huber m[fg. co., of marion, ohio, in 1898. these were not success- ful and only 30 were completed. in 1901 the hart-parr mfg. co., of charles city, lowa, engaged in the manufacture of petrol tractors, and, although it met with many difficulties, this company was suc- cessful. there are two general types of agricultural tractor, the wheeled and the crawler or caterpillar, types. the crawler type, in which the weight is spread over a large supporting surface on the ground, can pass over marshy land where the wheeled tractor would be mired, and when used for pulling harrows, seeders and other im- plements over ploughed ground, does not pack the soil as a wheeled tractor would. early technical development was chietly toward large tractors, designed to operate from 6 to 12 plough bottoms, be- cause the only farmers who then took an interest in tractors owned large ranches in western america. the largest producers of petrol tractors in the united states be- tween 1905 and 1913 were manufacturers whose main line was gen- eral agricultural machinery and steam traction engines, such as the tractors international harvester co., the j. i. case t. m. co. and emerson- brantingham company. the large petrol tractors of that period were crude in design and very heavy; their frames were built up of heavy rolled channels, and they had driving wheels of enormous diameter. their great weight naturally rendered them inefficient, for a large proportion of the engine power was consumed in moving the tractor itself. the tractor shown in fig. 1 is characteristic of trac- tors of an earlier period. tees ore as sonne: me xh 4 2 oop, . $ se terete : ee ee fic. 1.—petrol tractor of a type now obsolete. agricultural tractors—tractors are usually rated in terms of the number of 14-in. plough bottoms they will pull. in 1925, of 104 models on the american market pulling two or more bot- toms, 12 were two-plough tractors; 42 three-plough; 28 four- plough, and the rest were capable of pulling five or more ploughs up to a dozen. however, the tractors in the two-plough class were produced on the largest scale by far. of a total of 134,590 tractors produced in the united states in 1923, 102,126 had a belt horse-power rating of 15-19, which corresponds to the two- plough class. table i. shows the production of tractors in the united states from roro to 1923. table i. tractor production in the united staies i910 : : 4,500 1qi9 . 136,162 i912 : ; 11,400 1920, 203,300 1914 10,400 192i ‘ 73,195 1916 29,670 1922 : 99,692 1918 132,697 1923 134,590 according to statements of the minister of transport, between jan. 1 and march 31 1g2t, there were registered in great britain 10,161 motor-ploughs and similar machines, for each of which an annual tax of 5s. was paid. for the same period in 1925 the figure was 14,079. according to the ministry of agriculture, from jan. to nov. 1921, there were registered in this class 18,100 machines, and from jan. to nov. 1924, 16,040. these figures, however, do not give an accurate idea of the number of agricultural trac- tors in service in great britain because the 5s. tax class includes other types of machines and, besides, as some of the tractors never use the public roads, their owners do not bother to register them. of the tractors manufactured in the united states 14,854 (23-7%) were exported in 1917; 29,143 (14°3%) in 1920 and 16,643 (12°4%) in 1923. in r9r2 the business in the large trac- tors of 6 to 12 plough capacities reached its zenith, and thereafter it declined rapidly. the first popular small tractor, the bull, was brought out the following year, and in 1914, no fewer than 3,000 tractors of this make were sold. although smaller, it was still of the same crude design as the larger machines, with exposed gears, plain bearings and similar features. about 1916 a number of engincers with motor-car experience entered the tractor field, and as a result of their efforts tractor design was greatly improved. many farm tractors were designed to use paraflin as fuel, because parailin was considerably cheaper than petrol, and the conditions of engine operation on a tractor (constant speed and steady, heavy load) made it comparatively easy to burn paraffin with a moder- ate degree of success. petrol, however, proved much more satis- factory in the average engine, and when in ro1g the price of paraffin advanced sharply, tractor users generally turned to ee (99 petrol. the consumption of petrol in gallons per acre is less, there is less difliculty in cold weather, and the oil in the crank- case does not lose its lubricating value so quickly. typical design.—for the sake of economical manufacture many of the earlier small tractors were made with only three wheels, but the buying public did not approve of this feature of construction, and the typical r925 wheeled tractor has four wheels, two in front for steering and two in the rear for driving. the twin city 12-20 h.p. tractor shown in fig. 2 is a good example of the lighter tractors based on motor-car practice. the tractor industry was hard hit by the heavy slump in the prices of agricultural products which set in late in 1920. prices of tractors and other agricultural machinery did not drop nearly fic, 2,—twin city tractor, a light machine. as rapidly nor as much as those of farm products, and the result was a “ buyers’ strike,” the effect of which is clearly reflected in the production figures for 1921. when business came practically to a standstill, one manufacturer cut the price of his machine exactly in half (from $790 to $395). while losing money at the new price he hoped that the reduction would greatly increase the demand, and with increased demand and increased production the cost of manufacture would come down and profits return. a very keen price competition set in, and many tractor manufac- turers went out of business during the next two years. the low level of prices reached in 1921 was not maintained (the price of the tractor referred to above was raised again to $495 about two years later), and in 1924, when the financial situation of the farm- ing community improved, there was also a noticeable improve- ment in the tractor industry. the fordson tractor.—a tractor which was manufactured in very large numbers and distributed all over the world was the fordson, manufactured by the ford motor co., detroit, michi- gan. a central longitudinal section of this machine is shown in (fig. 3). it was of the frameless or backbone type, the crankcase fic. 3.—lordson tractor, showing longitudinal section. of the engine and the cases of the change-speed gear and rear axle forming the supporting structure. the engive had four ver- tical cylinders of 4-in. bore and §-in. stroke, which were cast in a single piece with the upper half of the crankcase, the lower half of this case being a separate casting. to the rear of the crank- case was bolted a housing which enclosed the tlywheel, the fric- tion clutch and the change gearing, and also formed the rear axle housing. there was no direct “ through ” drive, the power 790 being always transmitted from the upper to the lower of two parallel shafts in the gearset, and an extension of the lower shaft carried the worm which meshed with the worm wheel on the rear axle differential gear. changing of gear was effected not by meshing the gears, which remained in mesh continuously, but by securing one or another of the gears to the shaft by positive clutches. the rear wheels were 42 in. in diameter and the tractor was geared to give a ploughing speed of 2? m.p.h. with an engine speed of 1,000 r.p.m. in addition to the ploughing speed there were provided a low forward speed and a reverse motion. over the engine was mounted a double compartment fuel tank holding 1 gal. of petrol and 16 gal. of paraffin. air was taken in through an air washer and the carburettor was of the holley make in which the paraflin, after having been sprayed into a stream of air to form a very rich mixture, was vaporised by being passed between two stampings of sheet steel, the outer faces of which were in contact with the hot exhaust gases. additional air was mixed with this rich mixture close to the inlet valves. ignition was by a ford fly- wheel magneto, engine lubrication by the circulating splash system, and circulation of the cooling water by the gravity or thermo-siphon system. unlike most others, this tractor was not fitted with an engine governor by the maker, but several special- ity manufacturers offered governors specially designed for it and many owners of the tractor fitted them. the fordson tractor had a wheelbase of 63 in. and weighed 2,562 lb. complete. the front axle was swivelled at its centre on a saddle casting bolted to the front of the engine and was braced near its ends by radius rods with flexible joints extending to lugs cast on the bottom of the engine crankcase. a belt pulley for power work was provided and ran at engine speed. general features -—belt pulleys formed a part of the equip- ment of practically all tractors, being used for operating thresh- ing machines, wood saws, silo fillers, etc. it was customary to apply a double horsepower rating; for instance, a three-plough tractor was often rated as a 12-25 h.p. machine. this signified that the tractor could develop 25 h.p. on the belt and 12 h.p. on the drawbar, the difference of 13 h.p. being required for mov- ing the tractor itself over the ficld. four belt speeds were stand- ardised, namely, 1,500, 2,600, 3,000 and 3,500 feet per minute. the crawler tractor had one or two continuous-chain tracks on which it ran and which it carried with it. that portion of the chain track in contact with the ground had transverse projecting bars or depressions which caused it to grip the ground firmly, while the upper side of the lower portion of the chain formed a smooth track on which rolled idler wheels carried on the frame of the tractor. the power from the engine was transmitted through a suitable reduction gear to a pair of toothed wheels which en- gaged with teeth or rollers on the inner side of the track and, when power was applicd by \ctting in the clutch, the tractor rolled ahead on the track and the track at the same time rolled for- ward. the power was applied to the two chain wheels through a differential gear, and in order to steer a tractor of this kind, one track was held stationary by a brake on the shaft of its chain wheel, while all the power was applied to the other chain wheel. the cletrack tractor shown (in fig. 4) was one of the smallest tractors of this type. much of the development work in conncc- tion with crawler tractors was done in california, where the holt, the best and the yuba, all tractors made in large sizes, originated. the holt, which is called a caterpillar, became the prototype for the “ tanks ” (g.v) which played such an important part in the world war. in 1925 many of these large crawler tractors were used for other than agricultural purposes—for example, in oil-ficlds, in lumbering and in road-building. the city of new york in 1920 purchased a large number for use in clearing the streets of snow. the lumbering or logging work done was mainly in swampy districts where horses cannot work except in winter when the ground is frozen, whereas the crawler tractors make logging in such districts possible the year round. the weight on the track of a crawler tractor of the 1925 type was as low as 5 lb. per sq. in., and such a tractor could go into boggy places where no wheeled vehicles could follow. tractors nebraska legislation.—in 1919 the legislature of the state of nebraska passed a law providing that thereafter no tractor should be sold in that state until the manufacturer had first fic. 4. cletrack tractor, a small machine, submitted a sample tractor for trial to the agricultural engineer- ing dept. of the university of nebraska and the tractor had satisfactorily met the test required. the manufacturer must also salisfy the state authorities that he is maintaining an adequate supply of repair parts within the state. this icgislation was the result of complaints of farmers that manufacturers were over- rating their tractors. the result was that, during a period when 66 tractors were tested, the makers of 8 were compelled to increase their rated engine speed, 13 lowered their horsepower rating, 14 changed some part and 4 withdrew. up to 1925 no other states had passed similar laws, but the nebraska test results were widely published and served for the whole country. ii, cost and uses the three chief items of cost in tractor ploughing are fuel, de- preciation and jjabour. at the tractor trials held at lincoln, england, in the autumn of 1919, the fuel consumption per ac. av- raged almost exactly 4 imp. gal. for ploughing in heavy clay soil, and 3 gal. for ploughing on cliff lands. in the corn belt of the united states, where the soil is comparatively light, it has been cus- tomary to reckon on a fuel consumption (either petrol or paraffin) of 2:5 u.s. gal. (2 imp. gal.) per acre. on the other hand, ina bul- letin of the u.s. dept. of agriculture on “ the gas tractor in east- ern farming,’’ a fuel consumption of 3} u.s. gal. per ac. is made the basis of cost calculations of the eastern section, and in the tractor trials held at harrisburg, pa., in 1919, the average fucl consumption of all tractors using paraffin worked out at 3-28 u.s, gal. (2-62 imp. gal.) per acre. the fucl consumption in tractor ploughing varies both with the character and condition of the soil and with the depth of ploughing. the average depth of ploughing at lincoln was 5% inches. the resistance of the soil (drawbar pull) averaged 11:5 |b. per sq. in. for the heavy clay soil and 9 lb. per sq. in. for the cliff land. in the corn belt of the united states the soil resistance gen- erally varices between 5-5 and 7 ib. per sq. in., and this explains the low fuel consumption in ploughing there. the estimate here given of the cost of ploughing one acre is based on the results of an inquiry by the u.s. dept. of agriculture among 400 tractor farmers in the dakotas concerning their experiences in 1917 and 1918. only one change is made from the estimate of the department, namely, the assumption of a tractor life of seven instead of nine years. the answers to the questionnaire yielded the averages shown in table ii. table il. average cost and performance of tractor ploughing in the dakotas. ae re three- four- t poe plough plough rectors tractors tractors first cost $1,050 $1,460 $2,000 | full working days per year ; ; 45 52 64 acres ploughed per | 1o-hr. day 6:3 8-5 10-9 tract o rs plate tvet e mpr im eee a) \ - -_ ste a} - ' _ ’ , ae © . ~ e a " = oa oe fa ok bar, bea ; 2 hy * y \ } « t » . “as $ s ~ 2 \ 7" a ar x as » 4 2 fic. 1. silo being filled by power from tractor. fic. 2. two-ton caterpillar tractor pulling 3” tandem disc and harrow. fig. 3. ford- son tractor as used for pushing copper bars. f1g. 4. 10-inch flexible creeper (kegresse system of propulsion) on 2-ton delahaye truck. this type of creeper-band has been successfully used in crossing the great sahara desert by motor. (photo meurisse). fig. 5. mack semi-tractor, capacity 26,000 ib., pulling a tank-car semi-trailer, tracy—trade other factors on which the estimate is based are the following: cost of petrol, $.276 per u.s. gal.; paraffin, $.152 per gal.; lubricating oil, $.50 per gal.; grease $.10 per lb.; repairs, 4°% of the first cost per year; depreciation on a 7-year basis; man labour at $4.00 per day; interest at 6% on the average investment (one-half of total invest- ment). such items as housing, insurance and taxes are neglected. table iii. cost of tractor ploughing in the dakotas 1917-8 (dollars per acre) total cost of biel ploughing he size of tractor paraffin tractor petrol tracker paraffin petrol two-plough three-plough four-plough two-plough three-plough four-plough 0.368 0.085 with these data a close estimate can be made of the cost of tractor ploughing under different conditions, as all the basic costs are given. the average soil resistance in the dakotas may be as- sumed to be 8 tb. per sq. inch. in heavier soils the area ploughed per day will be less in substantially the inverse ratio of the soil resistance (provided the latter is not excessive). this is borne out by estimates of the ploughing capacities of the tractors which compcted in the lincoln trials of 1919, made by the judges of the event. averaging the estimates for heavy clay soil (soil resistance 11-5 lb. per sq. in.), and reckoning on the basis of a ro-hr. instead of an 8-hr. day, the following results are obtained: two-plough tractor, 43 ac., three- plough tractor, 52 ac., four-plough tractor, 63 acres. as the application of tractors increased in the united states the average number of full days use per year decreased, which is partly accounted for by the fact that the large farms had the tractor first, and the smaller ones, which put it in service in later years, had not so much work for it. an inquiry made by the u.s. dept. of agriculture in 1922 showed that in the corn belt in the middle west the average full days use of the tractor was 31. power take-off.—one of the developments in tractor work that came shortly before 1925 was the provision of a power take-off by means of which power can be transmitted from the tractor to the implement drawn by it, for operating the mechanism of the implement, as, for instance, the sickle and binding mechan- ism ef a grain binder, for which a small separate engine was sometimes used previously. according to an american agricul- tural standard, power take-offs are designed to turn at 536 (plus or minus 20) r.p.m. and in a clockwise direction when viewed in the direction in which the tractor travels. advantages —to the american and canadian farmer the ad- vantage of the tractor is not so much that it reduces the cost of ploughing as compared with horses, as that it enables one man to work a much greater acreage. approximately one-third of several hundred tractor farmers in [linois circularised by the u.s. dept. of agriculture had increased their acreage by pur- chasing tractors. another great advantage ts that the tractor permits work to be done quickly when the weather is favourable. power farming has proved particularly advantageous in the wheat belt of kansas. for the best yield the land must be ploughed in august, when the temperature is often above 100° f, in the shade and very little work can be accomplished with horses. the tractor works as efficiently at this temperature as in winter. moreover, the tractor can be used also for threshing, and the old practice of contract threshing has been largely superseded by the plan of four or five farmers owning a small threshing machine co-operatively and helping each other thresh their grain, each using his own tractor as the motive power. <a three-plough tractor is generally recommended for a 20 x 36 in. grain separator. sometimes it 1s necessary to get a crop into the ground very quickly, and, with a double shift of operators, tractors can then be operated continuously day and night. 797 development in europe.—interest in farm tractors increased greatly in europe during and following the world war. in 1919 and 1920 tractor trials were held at lincoln, england, the first under the auspices of the society of motor manufacturers and traders and the second under that of the royal agricultural society. the french govt. in 1920 paid a bonus of 25% on the purchase price of tractors of domestic manufacture and 10% on tractors of foreign manufacture. french engineers paid particu- lar attention to tractors for use in vineyards, which must be very narrow. ‘tractor development and application in europe also received a severe setback about the time of the world-wide busi- ness depression of 1921, chiefly owing to the high cost of the fuel. the tractor trials of the royal agricultural society were not repeated after that date, and in france the high cost of petroleum fucl was said to make tractor ploughing impracticable economi- cally. attempts were made to solve the fuel problem by the development of portable suction gas plants, but in 1925 tractors so equipped were not yet in regular production. use in orchards, etc.—tractors for use in orchards, on which a number of american makers specialise, must be of lower build than those for general use. a distinct type is the garden tractor, for the cultivation of row crops and general work in market gardening. the beeman, the first tractor of this type, was put on the market in 1915, and in 1923 the total number of such trac- tors produced in the united states (by nine manufacturers) was 2,682 (see motor vehicles). bibliograpiy.—barsch, aotorpfiluge (1919); page, the afodern gas tractor (1917); sherwood, the farm tractor handbook (1919): society of motor manufactures and traders, trials held at lincoln (1919-20); u.s. department of agriculture, the gas tractor in eastern farming (1917), tractor experiences in illinots (1918), what tractors and iorses do on corn belt farms (1923), and tractors and llorses in the winter wheat belt. oklahoma, kansas, nebraska (19285). (po ne) tracy, benjamin franklin (1830-1915), american sol-. dier (see 27.127), died in new york city aug. 6 rors.