TOKYO, UNIVERSITY OF

imperial ordinances, 388 (dec. 5 1918), 12, 13 and 14 (feb. 6 1919), 50 (march 31 1919), 409 and 411 (aug. 20 1919), 408 (sept. 16 1920), 310 (july g 1921), regulate the constitution of the university, its officers and chairs. other ordinances deal with the institution of chairs of which there were 255 in 1923, distributed as follows: faculty of law, 32; faculty of medicine, 33; faculty of enginecring, 57; faculty of letters, 39; faculty of science, 39; faculty of agriculture, 39 and faculty of economics, 16. the university is closely asso- ciated with the committee for the compilation of a national his- tory and geographical records. the toky6 astronomical observ- atory is attached directly to the university. the government appropriation for the university was stated at yen 2,984,805 by law no. 8 on march 27 1922. toledo, ohio, u.s.a. (see 26.1051), enlarged its area to 35°55 sq. m. by 1925. the population increased 44-3 % in the decade af- ter 1910, reaching 243,164 in 1920, of whom 38,296 were foreign- born and 5,691 were negroes (an increase of 203-2%); and in 1925 (census bureau estimate) 287,380. the output of the diversified industries within the city limits was valued at $61,230,000 in 1909; $293,521,000 in 1919; $360,375,095 in 1923. receipts and shipments by water, including both foreign and domestic com- merce, amounted in 1923 to 2,547,000 and 9,441,000 net tons respectively, the tonnage of shipments ranking second only to that of duluth-superior among the lake ports. in 1925 the coal loaded on vessels amounted to 14,010,000 tons, and the freight-car movement totalled 5,747,900 cars. building permits in the five years 1920-4 represented a value of $55,844,000. the assessed valuation of property in 1925 was $560,000,000. in addition to 18 steam railways and nine inter-urban electric lines, by 1925 there were nine inter-urban bus lines entering the city. the local transit system, owned by the community traction co., was operated under a service-at-cost franchise, with clauses reserving to the city the right to acquire ownership. a new city charter was adopted in 1914, providing for the election by popular vote on a non-partisan ballot of a mayor (with extensive appointing powers), a vice-mayor, 20 councilmen, and the five members of the board of education. the city plan commission, created by this charter, was organised in 1916, and as soon as funds were available proceeded to prepare (1922-4) a comprehensive plan, with many and important improvements. by 1925 the public-school system included 55 elementary and 4 tokyo, university of—tonisson high schools; the university of toledo (supported by the city) had about 1,600 matriculated students; the total park area had been increased to 1,401 acres. toledo has a low general death- rate; a low infant mortality; a relatively small amount of illiter- acy and of child labour; and a high proportion (49:4°>) of home ownership. toller, ernst (1893- ), german poet, was born at samotschin, on dec. 1 1893. on the outbreak of the world war he joined the army as a volunteer, but became ill and thereupon devoted himself to study. he was a socialist, and a friend of eisner, and in 1918 became president of the munich section of the german independent socialist party. he commanded the red guard in dachau during the soviet regime in munich (april r919). in july 1o19 he was tried for high treason and sentenced to five years imprisonment in a fortress. toller is the dramatist of the revolution. his works, which are strongly coloured by his political ideas, include die wundlung (1920); musse afensch (1921, eng. tr. 1923); die amfaschinenstiirmer (1922, eng. tr. 1923); hinkemann (1924); also two choral works, der tag des proletariats, requiem den erschossenen briidern; two volumes of poetry, gedichte der gefangenen, and das schwalben- buch (1924, also eng. tr.) a grotesque comedy der entfesselte wotan, and the puppet play die rache des verhehnten liebhabers (1925) stand apart from this politically coloured sphere of thought. see stefan grossmann, der hochverriter ernst toller (1919). tomsky, pseudonym of michael pavlovich efremov (1880- ), russian politician, born oct. 19 1880 in st. petersburg (leningrad), was the son of a workman, and became a factory hand at the age of 12, specialising later as a skilled chromolithog- rapher. in roo4 he joined the bolshevik section of the russian social democratic party and was a member of the reval council of workers’ deputies during the revolution of 1905. between 1906 and 1917 tomsky was an active member of the st. peters- burg and moscow secret committees of the bolshevik party, edited an illegal party paper the worker’s flag, suflered various terms of imprisonment and deportation and was finally sen- tenced to five years’ hard labour in the moscow butyrka prison, followed by deportation for life to siberia. released by the march revolution of 1917, tomsky took part in the bolshe- vik july rising in st. petersburg and the nov. revolution in moscow. afterwards he devoted himself particularly to trade union work, and edited the metal workers’ revicw. we was elected member of the moscow trade union council and in 1918 became president of the all-russian central trade union council, with a short interval when he acted as representative of the sovicts in turkestan. on the reorganisation of the rus- sian soviet federation of socialist republics into the union of the soviet socialist republic he became a member of the central executive committee of the u.s.s.r. tomsky also took an active part in the diplomatic work of soviet russia and was vice-president of the soviet delegation to london in 1924 and one of the signatories to the treaty ratified by the british labour government. in march 1926 he was appointed one of the delegates to paris in the negotiations with france. he acted as general secretary of the provisional inter- national council of the trade unions from its formation on aug. 1 1920 to may 1921, and addressed the british trade unions at the conferences at ilull (sept. 1924) and scarborough (sept. 1925). his most important writings and addresses are included in the following volumes: die neuen slufgaben der russischen gewerk- schaften (1922); der gegenwertige stand der gewerkschaftsbewegung in russland (1923); getting together: speeches delivered in russia and england: 1924-25 (1925). tonisson, jaan (1868- ), estonian nationalist leader, was the son of a farmer in the viljandi district of livonia. after graduating in law at the university of dorpat (tartu) he was for some years in the judicial service of the russian imperial govt., but quitted it in 1806 to become editor of postimees,(the postilion), the oldest estonian daily newspaper in dorpat. thenceforward he took an active part in the estonian national movement. this, dating from the middle of the 19th tonnies—torpedo century when the first collections of estonian folklore were made, had been greatly intensified during the agrarian struggle against the german-baltic nobility. at first the national movement enjoyed the countenance of the russian authorities who saw in it a useful counterpoise to the germanism of the ruling classes of the baltic provinces. later, however, a compromise was arrived at with the baltic barons by which the estonians were saved from being germanised only to be submitted to a process of russification. at this crisis in the national movement to6nisson took a line independent of both german and russian political influences and endeavoured to concentrate the activities of the estonian people upon work in the economic and cultural spheres. in the revolution of r905 he was at the head of the estonian moderate constitutional movement, which he likewise represented in the russian duma, where he attached himself to the russian cadet party, and to the non-russian element. with the other signatories to the wiborg appeal, he was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment and loss of political rights. from 1917 onwards tenisson, as leader of the estonian people’s party, was a member of all the representative bodies of the estonian people. in the winter of the same year, after he had been expelled by the bolsheviks, he was associated in stockholm with the representatives of the allied powers in connection with the independence of estonia, and with them carried through the preliminaries of a de facto recognition. from 1919-20 he was prime minister, and during his period of office peace was concluded with russia. in the second riigikogo (parliament) he brought about an alliance between his own party and the christian people’s party and the national liberals, so as to form a democratic “ bloc,’”’ which was strong enough to secure his election as president of the chamber. tonnies, ferdinand (1855- ), german economist and sociologist, born july 26 1855 in oldensworth, schleswig, began to teach at kiel in 1881, and from 1908-16 was professor there. in 1902 he was made chairman of the german sociological society. his principal works are:—gemeinschaft und gesellschaft (1887, 5th ed. 1922), thomas iobbes, der mann und der denker (leipzig, 1922); der nietzsche kultus (leipzig, 1897); schiller als zeitbiirger und politiker (1905); entwicklung der sosialen frage (1907); die site (1909); englische weltpolitik in englischer beleuchtung (1915); der englische staat und der deutsche staat (1917); die niederldndische uebersee-trust-gesehschaft (jena, 1916); weltkrieg und volkerrecht (1917); menschheit und volk (1918); afarx's leben und lehre (jena, 1921); aritik der offentlichen meinung (1922). tonsils: see ear, nose and throat, diseases of. toronto (see 27.52), the chief city of ontario, canada, and the second city in the dominion, had a population, predom- inantly british, of 521,893 in 1921, and an arcaof 324 square miles. the death rate wasonly 10-5 per 1,000in 1922. buildings erected since 1911 include government house, overlooking the don valley; the fine anglican church of st. paul's; the timothy eaton memorial church (methodist); the prince edward viaduct, from sherbourne street to danforth avenue; and big office buildings for the royal bank of canada and the canadian pacific railway. a similar building, in course of construction for the canadian national railways in 1925, was said to be the highest in the british empire. a new joint railway station for the canadian national and canadian pacific systems has been built near the harbour, to replace the old inconvenient joint station, but the transference was somewhat delayed by difficulty in adjusting the railway tracks to a level well above that of the harbour front. an art museum and college have been opened in the grange, an interesting old house, formerly the home of goldwin smith, and trinity college has been sold to the city. a scheme has been brought out for the construction of a 33-m. boulevard, which would encircle the city, and 30 m. of internal driveways. over 12,000 buildings were erected yearly in 1923-5; there are 336 churches and 1,472 ac. of parks and playgrounds. there are two radial electric railways, and in 1921 the municipality took over the tramway system. it was extended, and in 1923 had 222 m. of track. the city’s war memorial, in front of the city hall, 793 was unveiled in 1925, and there is also one to men of the 48th highlanders in quecn’s park. improved shipping facilities —the deepening of the welland canal is expected to bring the larger vessels plying on the great lakes to toronto. a large scheme of harbour improvements has been in progress since 1917 under the toronto harbour com- missioners, and will provide accommodation for over 100 vessels of 5,000 to 10,000 tons when completed. the whole harbour is to be deepened to 30 ft.; a ship canal, retaining walls, and piers and slips across the whole front of the inner harbour, are being built. reclamations of land are being made between these and the old shore line, on the lake front to the east and west of toronto, and on toronto island. the eastern harbour terminals (formerly ashbridge bay), 13 m. from the centre of the city, and connected with the inner harbour by a ship canal, is being developed as an industrial centre on an area of re-. claimed land. in 1924, 477 ac. had been reclaimed, 23 m. of paved streets made, and 15 m. of railway built. at the central harbour terminals, intended for lighter manufactures and warehousing, 139 ac. of marsh had been reclaimed behind the 2$ m. of wharfage in 1924, and fleet street had been extended. toronto has a larger number of industrial establishments than any other canadian city, and the bank clearances exceeded those of montreal for the first time in 1923. the annual exhibition, which is held in grounds of 264 ac. is the largest tn north america. the hydroelectric system, deriving power from the falls of niagara, is one of the largest municipal supply under- takings on the american continent. the tendency to centralise the wholesale business of the province in toronto has heen accentuated by the development of mining and lumbering in northern ontario. toronto is the chief livestock market of canada, and a winter fair, for cattle, etc., was established in 1922. ifclium gas was discovered 4o m. from the city in 1925.