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    "title": "TELPHERAGE",
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    "verified_text": "during the world war the italian army made extensive use of the telpher system of transport for fighting in the alps. it had previously been thought impossible to conduct military operations on the high peaks, but the first days of the war saw whole companies of men clinging hand and foot to the rocky summits. in road making wonderful results were obtained. roads were constructed which allowed heavy artillery and motor lorries to reach points where a few months before only a mountain expert would havetrod. but the building of roads could not always meet the requirements of troops operating in alpine districts. the difficulty in such cases was skilfully overcome by means of special mechanical transport. wire railways or “ telphers ”’ were provided, thus economising time, labour and oil, and avoid- ing congestion of roads. these telphers are a kind of suspension railway. a double metal cable called ‘‘ bearer ” is extended on trestles placed in a straight line at different distances on the siles of the mountain. there are two stations, one at the starting point and the other at the end of the line. in one of these stations there 1s a motor which works an endless cable (the “ drawer ’’) to which are fixed two or more small wagons. the cable turns and draws the wagons supported by the “ bearer” cable by means of small wheels which run on it. different kinds of telpherage plants were used. 1. jelefori.—these were provisional lines moved by man power and used in the most advanced zones to supply isolated posts or trenches. their average length was 500 metres and each could carry about 50 quintals a day. 2. dismountable teleferiche.—these were run by motors and were put up in advanced zones. their average length was from 1,000 to 2,000 metres, and each could carry from 10 to 20 quintals an hour. they could be dismounted and were portable, and could be installed 758 even where there were no roads. these lines proved most useful for the transport of supplies in newly occupied positions. 3. permanent teleferiche.—these were run by motors and were fixed. they were employed at some distance from the lines, and reached a maximum length of 8,o00 metres. they could carry about 150 quintals per hour. the telphers covered on an average a rise of 650 metres from the starting-point to that of arrival; but in some cases even 1,500. the trestles were often at very great distances from one another and placed on peaks, while the wagons ran over fearful abysses. in the highest regions the lines often ran at a height of 2,000 to 3,000 metres; a few were installed even at 3,500 metres above sea-level. the telpherage lines laid on the italian front trans- ported in all 33,000,000 quintals, the load of 330,000 railway trucks. the service was under a special central administration with a com- petent staff drawn from the telpher transport companies (one for each army). there was a department for the supply and testing of material and a depdt-school with construction and repairing shops. tennessee (see 26.619), a state of the united states of amer- ica. the population in 1920 was 2,337,835 as against 2,184,789 in 1910, an increase of 153,096, or 7% as against 8-1 % in the preced- ing decade. the negro population during tqro-20 decreased numerically from 473,088 to 451,758, and decreased proportionally from 21:7 % of the total to 19-3 per cent. the average density of population in 1920 was 56-1 per sq. m.;in rg1o it was 52:4. the urban population (in places of 2,500 inhabitants or more) increased from 20-2 % of the total in roro to 26-1% in 1920. the following table shows the population and increase per cent of the chief cities from 1910 to 1920:— cities 1920 1910 ape memphis 162,351 131,105 23°8 nashville 118,342 110,364 7-2 knoxville 77,318 36,346 114:1 chattanooga 57,895 44,604 29:8 jackson... 18,860 15,779 19°5 johnson city 8,502 46:3 agriculture —during the years 1910-25 the interests of the state remained predominantly agricultural, though manufa-- turing was developing rapidly. the total land area in farms decreased from 20,041,657 ac. in 1910 to 18,310,593 ac. in 1925, while the improved land increased from 10,890,484 to 11,185,302 ac. from 1910 to 1920. the number of farms increased from 246,012 in 1910 to 252,606 in 1925; from 1910 to 1925 the aver- age acreage per farm decreased from 81-5 to 72:5 acres. the average value per farm increased from $2,490 to $4,953 from 1910-20, and the value of all farm property increased from $612,520,836 to $1,251,964,585. the average value of land per acre in 1920 was $41.40; in igro it was $18.53. of the 252,606 farmers in 1925, 217,976 were white and 34,630 were negroes. of all farmers in 1925, 148,561 were owners; 103,719 tenants; and 326 managers. in 1920 there were 11,374 women farmers. the total value of farm crops in 1919 was $318,285,307, of which amount $144,778,157, or 45°5%, represented cereals; the total value in 1909 was $r411,133,210, cereals representing 49°8%. the cereal acreage in 191g was 4,186,373 acres. the following table shows the comparative acreage, production and value of the important crops for r909 and 1919:— acreage production value in $ corn 1909 3,146,348 67,682,489 bu. 45,819,093 1919 | 3,301,075 | 70,639,252 bu. | 127,150,649 oats 1909 342,086 4,720,692 bu. 2,378,464 i9i9 162,417 2,413,409 bu. 2,534,082 wheat 1909 619,861 6,516,539 bu. 6,91 3,335 1919 684,497 6,362,357 bu. 14,506,174 hay and forage | 1909 i ,060,480 1,100,838 tons 12,784,783 1919 | 1,751,123 1,907,345 tons | 49,649,657 cotton 1909 787,516 264,562 bales | 17,966,517 i9gig 807,770 306,974 bales | 48,808,866 tobacco 1909 90,468 68,756,599 lh. 5,661,681 191g 138,561 | 112,367,567 lb. 24,720,869 tennessee the value of vegetables sold in 1919 was $27,947,250, and of fruits and nuts $7,888,712. the number of the principal domestic animals on jan. 1 1925 were: horses, 291,000; mules, 326,000; cattle, 1,026,000; sheep, 319,000; and swine, 1,071,000. in 1920 there were 11,836,303 fowls valued at $10,591,690 and 191,898 hives of bees valued at $608,258. in 1919 the reported milk production was 115,119,224 gal.: the value of milk, cream, and butter-fat sold and of butter and cheese made was $20,640,- 849. the smoky mountain area (59,213 ac. in blount and sevier counties) and the white top area (33,619 ac. in johnson and sullivan counties and washington county,.va.} were approved for purchase in 1912 by the national forest reservation commis- sion under the federal act of march 1 ror1, to preserve the up- land watersheds. in 1920, 254,118 ac. of farm land were reported as provided with drainage and 640,479 ac. as needing drainage. capital invested in drainage enterprises dec. 31 1919 totalled $2,025,044. mineral products —tennessce produces most of the copper mined in the southern states. its entire production of copper, gold and silver comes from mines worked primarily for copper in polk county. lead production commenced in 1915 (1,660 ib.), amounted to 3,144,000 lb. in 1924. thesilver output was 39,525 02z.; copper, 18,240,150 lb.; zinc, 42,660,894 pounds. because of low prices and strikes the coal amounted to only 4,750,754 tons in 1924. the demands of the world war led to the working of known manganese deposits in 16 counties, but only one mine was in operation in 1924. in 1925 oil was beirg produced in scott, clay, fentress and pickett counties, and other wells were being bored in these counties (see petroleum). in 1rg10 natural gas was found near franklin. in 1924 the production of phosphate rock was 318,642 tons; marble valued at $2,214,000 was mined; 358,857 tons of sulphuric acid produced; and 127,236 tons of pig- iron. the total value of mineral products in 1923, exclusive of pig-iron, was $44,185,381. coal was mined on 4,400 sq. m., the produce being 6,040,268 tons. manufactures.—in 1921 there were 2,245 establishments em- . ploying 9,865 salaried officials, and 75,446 wage-earners. the salaries amount to $21,581,000, and the wages to $65,741,000. the cost of material was $225,951,000, and the value of product $374,038,000. flour and grist-mill products, cotton-seed oil and cake, lumber and timber products, food preparations, cotton goods and foundry and machine shop products were the most im- portant manufactured goods. transportation on jan. 1 1923 the total railway mileage of the state was 4,022 m. or 9-6 m. per sq. m. of land area. the chief railways were: louisville & nashville, 952 m.; nashville, chattanooga and st. louis, 903 m.; southern railway, 891 m.; tennessee central, 291 m.; jilinois central, 143 miles. finance.—the balance in the state treasury july 1 1924 was $7,890,200. receipts for the fiscal year ending june 30 1925 were $20,705,266, and disbursements $21,964,634. on june 30 1924 the total funded debt was $14,703,000. education.—by an act of 1909, state normal schools were estab- lished in johnson city, memphis, murfreesboro, and (for negroes) in nashville. tennessee [polytechnic institute was estab- lished by act of the legislature in 1915. by an act of 1917 the state loaned the university of tennessee $1,000,000 for building purposes; and by an act of 1925, an additional $350,000. in 1924 the total school population was 770,500. the enrolment in the public schools was 658,196 and the average daily attendance was 448,045 (368,888 in 1912). the number of teachers was 15,695, of whom about 12,000 were women. in 1919 the compulsory school age was raised from 14 to 16 years. in 1925 an act was passed authorising the raising of teachers’ salaries, and the fixing by each county of a rural school term of at least eight months. histery.—in 1910 benjamin w. hooper was elected governor, following a serious split in the democratic party over the prohi- bition question. he was the only republican elected to state office, and was the first republican governor since 1883. in 1911 the legislature chose luke lea to succeed u.s. senator james b. frazier. in 19t2 hooper was renominated for governor and was re-elected over benton mcmillin (governor 1899-1903), the tenniel—teschen democratic candidate. robert love taylor, u.s. senator from 1907, died 1912, and as his successor to the senate, the legisla- ture in 1913 chose john k. shields, a member of the state supreme court since 1902 and chief justice since 1910. in the presi- dential election of 1916, wilson received 152,055 votes and hughes 116,257. in 1920 harding received 219,829 votes and cox 206,558. for the first time since 1868 the republican presi- dential candidate carried the state. a republican governor, a. taylor, also was elected. in 1922 austin peay (dem.) was elected governor and re-elected in 1924. lawrence d. tyson (dem.) defeated john k. shields for u.s. senator in 1924. in the same year, in the presidential election, davis received 158,537 votes, coolidge 131,064 and la follette 10,732. an act prohibiting the manufacture of intoxicating liquor in the state became effective jan. 1 1910; in oct. 1913, gov. hooper called a special session of the legislature and secured passage of the so-called nuisance bill, intending to close every saloon in the state, and forbidding the sale of intoxicating liquor within four miles of any school; in 1915 provision was made for removal from office of state, county or city officials who failed to enforce the prohibition jaw; on feb. 2 1917 gov. rye signed a bill forbidding the importation of liquor into the state. the hours of labour for women were reduced to 58 per week after jan. 1 1914 and to §7 after jan.7 1915. in 1913 anact was passed providing “ that married women be and are hereby fully emancipated from all disability on account of coverture, and the common law as to the disabilities of married women and its effect on the rights of property of the wife is totally abrogated.” in 1915 a law was passed providing for mothers’ pensions. in 1917 the letting of prison labour to private contractors was pro- hibited, and an act was passed forbidding the limiting of the output of coal in order to increase the price. the same year a state budget commission was created. on aug. 18 1920, the house, by 50 to 46, voted to concur in the senate resolution (adopted aug. 13, by 5 to 4) ratifying the proposed amendment to the federal constitution, providing for woman suffrage. as the 36th state (out of the 48 in the american union) to ratify, ten- nessee brought the number to the requisite three-fourths. recent governors have been: malcolm r. patterson (dem.) 1907-11; benjamin w. hooper (rep.) ror1-—5; thomas c. rye (dem.) 1915-9; a. h. roberts (dem.) 1919-21; alfred a. taylor (rep.) 1921-3; austin peay (dem.) 1923- . (c. eas: ha. mm.) tenniel, sir john (1820-10914), british artist (see 26.626), died in london feb. 25 ror4. tennis (see 26.626), a game which has made steady progress since rg1o and stands in a stronger position to-day in england and america than at any former time in its modern history. in france it is not so flourishing, and it is regrettable that in paris, once the headquarters of the game, there are now only a few players. in great britain there are 41 tennis courts standing, 27 of which are in regular or occasional use. in america there are 13 in use; france has nine courts, of which three are available for the game; the irish free state has two courts; australia one; tasmania one, and austria one. courts built since 1910 include mr. j. f. marshall’s at sea court, hayling island (1911); the hon. cecil baring’s on lambay island, begun before the world war and finished afterwards; mr. payne whitney’s, greentree, long island (1915) and the chicago racquet and tennis club (1924). those which have been renovated or re-opened include the court at canford school, near wimborne, w. n. mcclean’s at rusthall house, tunbridge wells, the court at leamington and that at pau. chief among the new competitive events is the bathurst cup, for competition among amateur international teams. this is played in london and paris in alternate years. others are the professional invitation handicap promoted by the british tennis and racquets association, the coupe de pau, open to all ama- teurs, the british inter-club four-handed championship and the old public schoolboys competition. the open championship of the game was held in 1910 by c. (punch) fairs, formerly of 7959 princes’ club and now with mr. clarence mackay in america. in 1912 g. f. covey, professional to baroness wentworth at crabbet park, sussex, defeated fairs, and he is the present holder of the championship. since the war he has twice defeated walter kinsella of new york for the honour. the leading amateurs since 1910 have been jay gould in america and the hon. n. s. lytton and e. m. baerlein in england. gould is generally held to be the finest amateur the game has produced. lytton has not appeared in competitive play since 1913. bacrlein first won the british amateur champion- ship in 1912 and since 1914 has held it without a break. other well-known amateurs during the period have been, in england, e. h. miles, whose last appearance was in 1914, v. h. pennell, j. f. marshall, capt. r. k. price, e. a. c. druce, the hon. c.n. bruce and r. if. hill; in america, joshua crane, c. s. cutting and hewitt morgan; in france, william bazin, paul deves, j. worth and comte du vivier. ‘the tennis and racquets associa- tion was re-organised after the war and its scope extended. it has done valuable work in many ways, particularly in organising and supporting matches and competitions among professional: . the chief addition to the bibliography of the game has been e. b. noel and j. o. m. clark, a history of tennis (1924). (ean. ne terry, edward o’connor (1844-10912), british actor (see 26.660), died in london april 2 1912. terry, sir richard runciman (1865- ), british organist and choir-director, was born at ellington, northumber- land, the son of thomas terry of newcastle-on-tyne and ob- tained a choral scholarship at king’s college, cambridge. after acting as organist and choirmaster at elstow school (1890); st. john’s cathedral, antigua, west indies (1892); and at down- side abbey near bath (1896), he became organist and director of the roman catholic cathedral, westminster, london (1901-24). he was knighted in 1922, his musical research work having been of the highest importance. he edited the beautiful church music of numerous tudor composers (byrd, taverner, tallis and others), hitherto unpublished, which was performed with great perfection by his choirs. he was the composer of five masses and oiher music, and the author of our church music (1901); catho- lic church music (1907); tudor church music (1922); ete. teschen (czech jesin, polish cieszyn: see 26.664), a town and district of poland and czechoslovakia. teschen lies in the southeast corner of silesia, and was a duchy disputed between the kings of poland and bohemia from the oth century onward. on the 17th century it came under habsburg rule. it is 852°6 sq. m. in extent. it is rich both in coke and gas coal, and is an important strategic centre of roads and railways, especially of the bohumin (oderberg) line. its population in 1910 was 426,- 370, of whom 54-85% spoke polish, 27-11% czech and 18-04% german. | at the peace conference in 1919 the czechs were much in- censed to discover that polish deputies had been elected in te- schen, for the representatives of the two nations had already de- cided in may-june 1918 to settle the dispute by friendly agree- ment. czech troops actually advanced and occupied oderberg in jan. 1919; the great powers then intervened and decided (sept. 27 1919) to hold a plebiscite under the auspices of the principal allies, not only for the duchy of teschen but also for the adjacent suvan areas of spis (zips) and orava. this com- mission did not arrive until jan. 1920, when they were confronted with riots, strikes and other diff-culties. they appealed to the conference of ambassadors at paris, which, on july 28 1920, abandoned the plebiscite plan and induced both czechs and poles to agree to a partition. the spis-orava areas offered few difficulties. in the duchy itself the czechs obtained the karvinna (karwin) mining area and the oderberg-jablunkov railway, the poles the town of teschen, except its western suburb, and an agricultural area. the economic unity of the duchy was pre- served by an arrangement which afterwards served as a model for the partition of upper silesia. see hf. w. v. temperley, wistory of peace conference, vol. 4 (1921), chap. 6, pt. 1, by r. fitzgibbon young. (he w.v. 5.) 760 tesla, nikola (1857- ), american inventor, was born at smiljan, lika, austrian croatia. he graduated from real schule, karlstadt, in 1873, and studied at the polytechnic school, graz, croatia, and the university of prague, intending to specialise in physics and mathematics, but became interested in electricity. he was first employed in the austrian govt. telegraph engineering department, later being engaged in electrical engineering in budapest and paris. he went to the united states in 1884. for a time he was with the edison co. at orange, n. j., but relinquished his position in order to devote himself to research, for which purpose he established the tesla laboratory in new york city. he was the first to conceive an effective method of utilising the alternating current and in 1888 patented the induction motor, by means of which electrical energy might be converted into mechanical energy more effec- tively and economically than by the direct current. he in- vented the principle of the rotary magnetic field embodied in the ‘ apparatus used in the transmission of power from niagara falls. he also invented new forms of dynamos, transformers, induction coils, condensers, arc and incandescent lamps and other elec- trical apparatus.",
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