SMITH COLLEGE

between 1910 and 1926 smith college added to its equipment burton hall for biology, a new music building (sage hall) with auditorium, and an addi- tional gymnasium with swimming pool. the number of dwelling houses for students increased from 16 to 45. the library in 1925 contained 121,000 volumes and the hillyer art gallery had in- creased its endowment to $450,000. the tryon gallery had been built. all students now enter by examination. in 1925-6 there were 204 teachers and 2,158 students, of whom 59 were graduate students, and the endowment was $4,500,000, the total assets being over $10,500,000. the college publishes, besides its per- manent bulletin, the smith college studies in history, modern languages and classics, and contributions of the dept. of biology. president seelye was succeeded in rg10 by marion leroy bur- ton (b. 1874), who was succeeded in 1917 by william allan neil- son (b. 1869). in the world war the smith college relief unit, the pioneer among american college women’s units overseas, worked in the somme, france, from july 1917 until april 1920, with the exception of the period after the retreat of march 1918, until the following january. another small group worked as a smith unit with the near east relief in armenia. in 1920 a sys- tem of special honours was established, by which selected stu- dents follow out their individual interests under the direction of tutors; and in 1925 a scheme was initiated of sending students specialising in french to france to spend their junior year in study at french institutions under the guidance of a member of the smith college staff. in the same year the college established a personnel bureau for greater individualisation in dealing with students, both socially and academically, and an institute for the co-ordination of women’s interests to study and experiment with methods of enabling women to maintain their intellectual interests, both cultural and professional, after graduation. the department of education conducts a school for retarded chil- dren, a progressive day school and a nursery school. (w. a. n.) smith-dorrien, sir horace lockwood (18538- ie british general, was born may 26 1858. he joined the army in 1876, took part in the zulu war and in the egyptian campaign of 1882 and, attached to the egyptian army, served at suakim in 1884 and on the nile in 1885-6. he took part in the tirah campaign of 1897-8 and showed conspicuous skill in handling troops. his marked ability as a commander in the field won him rapid and repeated promotion first in the final advance to khartoum and later in south africa. after being adjutant- general in india, he had the opportunity to show his powers as a trainer of troops, first in command of a division, then at home in command at aldershot until 1912, when he was transferred to the southern command. on the death of sir james grierson in aug. 1914, sir h. smith- dorrien was appointed commander of the if. army corps. his troops received the brunt of the encmy’s onset at mons, and, although his action in giving battle at le cateau was criticised, it was subsequently recognised that it saved the british army from disaster. afterwards he commanded his corps at the battle of the marne, on the aisne, and during the severe fighting in flanders in oct. and november. on the splitting-up of the expeditionary forces into two armies he was appointed to the command of the ii. difficulties with the commandcr-in-chief led, in april rors, to his return to england where he was placed in charge of one of the home defence armies. in the following nov. he was chosen to take charge of the operations against german east africa, but he fell ill on the voyage out, and had to return home. from 1918-23 he was governor and commander- in-chief of gibraltar. in 1925 he published memories of 4go years service. smoke and smoke prevention.— industrial and domes- tic smoke still pollutes the air of towns. measurements of the ex- and smoke prevention 561 tent of air pollution have been carried out on scientific lines, and estimates of the resulting economic loss have been carefully com- puted. there is no doubt that public opinion is now definitely aroused on the question, and the averagely intelligent citizen is alive to the fact that a polluted atmosphere is both dangerous to health and very expensive. the miners’ strike in great britain in 1921, which caused town air to be almost smokeless for some months, undoubtedly played a part in educating public opinion. measurements of atr pollution.—in 1912 a british committee for the investigation of atmospheric pollution was appointed as the result of an international smoke abatement exhibition held in london. this committee, although originally unofficial, was subsequently attached to the air ministry through the meteoro- logical office, and issues an annual report which gives an elabo- rate analysis of the deposits collected from the atmosphere by means of soot gauges placed at various stations in different parts of the kingdom. although measurements by this method are subject to error and can only be regarded as approximate at best, they yet give an indication of the magnitude of the yearly sootfall, and they also show the difference in the amount of solid matter deposited in residential, as compared with industrial, towns, and in different parts of the same town. the following table contains sample readings selected from the roth report published in 1925: annual total solid town deposit period tons per square mile london: golden lane. 425 1923-4 wandsworth common 229 1923-4 glasgow: richmond park 400 1923-4 queen’s park 240 1923-4 birmingham: central 552 4-yr. average southwestern 159 4-yr. average blackburn: technical college (centre of town) 636 1923-4 fever hospital (on outskirts) . 227. 1923-4 newcastle-upon-tyne . 882 1923-4 rochdale ; 762 5-yr. average kingston-upon- hull 403 1923-4 kingston-upon- thames 162 1923-4 southport : 128 1923-4 rothamsted (harpenden) 123 4-yr. average it should be pointed out that only a small proportion of british towns keep records; those given above with relatively high readings are not necessarily the smokiest. several towns with a bad reputation for air pollution have either declined or ceased to record their sootfall. comparable figures for cities in the united states, represent- ing for each city the average of from 8 to 16 stations, as reported by h. g. meller, of the mellon institute, university of pitts-— burgh, are given below. these figures are for insoluble deposit only, and for average monthly (not annual) deposit. | monthly insoluble april to city deposit september tons per of years square mile pittsburgh 96-1! 1923-4 pittsburgh 170:7 1916 pittsburgh 82-3 1912 st. louis 55-6 1916 cincinnati 43-8! 1916 1 average of five months only. in addition to the soot gauge, which measures deposited im- purities, there is a method of measuring suspended impurities by means of an automatic filter invented by dr. j. s. owens. the records are taken by means of a circular disk of thick filter paper, the revolution of which is controlled by a clock, and at short intervals a volume of two litres of air is filtered through a 562 3-in. diameter spot on this disk, leaving behind it the sus- pended impurities. the little discoloured spots left round the edge of the disk are the actual records; the quantity of impurity in the air is estimated by comparison with a calibrated scale. by means of this filter the variation of impurity from hour to hour and from day to day can be ascertained. the 7th report of the advisory committee, issued in 1922, gives an interesting comparison between sunday and week-day records in london, from which the very important conclusion was drawn that in london the domestic fire was responsible for over two-thirds of the total smoke. loss of sunlight—medica] discoveries as to the benefit of sun- light in the treatment of disease justify the conclusion that, in ordinary living conditions, light is necessary for the maintenance of health. from this point of view the cutting-off of the ultra- violet rays by smoke must seriously affect the physical well- being of town dwellers. the diagram given below, which was prepared in the department of the medical officer of health for smoke, and smoke prevention could be saved upon their maintenance if the air were as pure in towns as it is in rural districts. ‘these three attempts to esti- mate the cost of smoke in terms of cash prove beyond doubt that the total loss for the united kingdom, when all forms of damage have been allowed for, must amount to many millions a year, exclusive of the damage to health, which cannot be measured in money. british legislution.—a departmental committee on smoke abatement, which had been appointed in 1914 but suspended during the world war, was reconstituted in 1920 with lord newton as chairman. the committee issued their report in 1921, and their general conclusions were that the prevalence of smoke pollution in great britain was mainly due to the indis- criminate and wasteful use of raw coal for all purposes, whether industrial or domestic, and to the lax administration of the law by the responsible authorities, coupled with the inaction of the central authority. the committee’s chief recommendations as to changes in the law were as follows:— oct. 1925. may 1925. |june 1925.| july 1925.| aug. 1925. | sept. 1925. 4.41. 18.2512. 9. 16.23.30)6. 13.20.27] 4.11 18.25) 1. 8. 15.22.2915. 12.19. 26) 3.10.17 2433 is) timperley =100 % fic. 1.—graph showing manchester daylight, as percentage of light received in timperley. each individual record represent- ing average daily light for the week. manchester, shows the relatively small amount of ight received in the centre of manchester in the course of a year compared with timperley in cheshire, on the borders of the city. loss through smoke—an elaborate investigation into the damage done by smoke was carried out in pittsburgh in 1912 by a committee of experts, acting under the auspices of the university of pittsburgh. they computed the damage for that city annually at £2,000,000. as the result of this investiga- tion pittsburgh embarked upon a thorough and _ scientific smoke abatement campaign, and succeeded in reducing the air pollution in a marked degree. another investigation dealing with one item only of the extra cost due to smoke, namely household washing, was carried out by the manchester air poliution advisory board, a sub-committee of the city coun- cil. the inquiries were made by a trained investigator, and the conclusion, confirmed by a certificate from a leading firm of accountants, who stated that the figures were on a very con- servative basis, showed that the cost of household washing in manchester would be reduced by about £250,000 a year if manchester were as clean as harrogate. sir frank baines, direc- tor of h.m. office of works, who has under his charge 6,oco buildings, including government offices and places of historic interest, is of the opinion that at the very least £120,000 a year industrial smoke.—(a) that the word “ black ”’ should be omitted and that smoke of any colour might be dealt with as a nuisance; (b) that there should be a gencral legal obligation on all manu- facturers to use the best practicable means having regard to all cir- cumstances of the case for avoiding pollution of the air by smoke, and that the same law should apply to all government establish- ments and all rail and road locomotives, and to steamers on rivers, estuaries and lakes; (c) that the minister of health should be empowered to fix standards from time to time, and in any case in which the amount exceeds the standard so fixed the onus of proof that the manufacturer is using the best practicable means shoukl! be on the manufacturer. domestic smoke.—(a) that the minister of health should decline to sanction any housing scheme submitted by a local authority or public utility society unless specific provision is made for smokeless methods of heating; (it is to be regretted that in view of the immense amount of house building undertaken since 1920, this recommendation, although not requiring fresh legislation, has remained a dead ictter.) (b) that the govt. should encourage the co-ordination and exten- sion of research into domestic heating gencrally. (c) that local authorities should be empowered to make by-laws reguiring the provision of smokeless heating methods in new build- ings other than private dwelling houses. other proposals dealt with changes in administrative respon- sibility. since the departmental committee issued its report, three smoke abatement bills, embodying some of the recommenda- smoke (in warfare)—smoot tions, were introduced into the british house of commons, but up to dec. 1925 none had been passed. in many quarters it is held that purely punitive legislation will not be sufhcient to deal with the smoke nuisance. the coal smoke abatement society is seeking to insert an amending clause in any future bill for permitting joint action between local authorities, manufac- turers and fuel experts (1) to make research into smoke pre- vention in manufacturing operalions and as to the heating ar- rangements in large buildings, and (2) to arrange for the training of stokers in the best. methods of stoking. the steady expansion of the electrical and the gas industries has, without doubt, effected an improvement in the atmosphere of towns. according to the latest report of the [lectricity commissioners the number of units sold to consumers in the year 1922-3 was 3,762 millions (of which 2,548 millions were used for power). this was three times the number of units sold in the year 1912-3. gas cooking in urban houses is becoming more and more common, and builders have at last ceased to install kitchen ranges in new houses as a matter of course. the number of gas cookers and grillers in use in england and wales in the present year (1925) exceeds 4,500,000. unfortunately it is still doubtful whether low temperature carbonisation coke, which would solve the domestic smoke problem entirely, will be available for general use in the near future. the technical dif- ficulties have been largely overcome, but it is uncertain if the coke can be manufactured at prices that will compete with house coal. experiments are, however, being made by the fuel research board and by private firms. bibliography.—e. d. simon and m. fitzgerald, the smokeless city (1922); r. j. mckay, recent progress in smoke abatement and fuel technology in england, mellon {nstitute of industrial research, university of pittsburgh (1922); m. fishenden, house heating (1925); j. b. cohen and a. g. ruston, smoke: a study ef town air (2nd ed. 1925). see also report of the departmental committee on smoke and noxious vapours abatement (1921); the annual reports of the advisory committee on atmospheric pollution (air ministry met. office); reports of the fuel research board (dept. of industrial and scientific research); and the report of the smoke abatement conference (smoke abatement league of great britain) in man- chester (1924); shaw and owens, the smoke problem of great cities (1925). (be. .d. siz m.. fl.) smoke: in warfare.—the first historical reference to the use of smoke in war, was the miracle whereby the israelites were protected during their march from egypt to the promised land (exodus xiv. 19). in this old biblical story of the israclites lies the whole essence of the use of smoke in war—the blinding of one’s enemy. in the civil wars of the roman empire both caesar and pompey used smoke as a weapon of attack, chiefly in landing operations. examples from history —there appears to be little or no mention of the use of smoke for many centuries after this, but we find an instance in the r7th when on july 2 1667 the dutch fleet appeared off landguard and its ships took up their posi- tions to bombard it from all sides at once. some of them were placed exactly to windward so that the smoke of their guns swept along the beach and so covered the landing of their troops from the sight of the mariners in the fort. captain silas taylor —the keeper of the king’s store at harwich—saw the whole attack from the dovercourt cliffs and the next day dispatched the following account of it to whitehall:— it was judged that the eight dutch ships who sent such clouds of smoke upon the fort out of the rolling grounds (part of the sea just south of landguard point) were merely for that purpose; that they landed about 2,000 men i have reason to believe from my own guess. . . . in the mean a party of 300 or 400 or more ran along the beach in the smoke that the ships from the rolling ground had made, up to the landguard fort with scaling ladders, of about 20’ long or more, hand grenadoes etc. in the battle of seneff in 1674 smoke was used by the french when, as a stratagem to cover their retirement, they hung up their lighted ‘‘ matches ” in the hedges. in 1770 charles xii. of sweden used smoke in the crossing of the dwina in his campaign against the saxons. on this occasion specially con- structed barges carrying tar barrels were used. 563 the waterloo campaign had a great effect on the use of smoke in war, as it was realised at this time at what an enormous dis- advantage the defence were in by the use of the black powder, which wrapt them in clouds of smoke, but it was not till 1885 that the introduction of smokeless powder was brought about by the french. domokos, in the turko-greek war of 1897 was the last battle fought in europe with smoke powder, and a remarkable fact that it was not till r915——-nearly 20 years later— that a means on the battlefield was devised of projecting smoke on an enemy. an experiment in the use of attacking by throwing forward smoke candles, such as were used for testing drains, was tried at aldershot before the south african war and was rightly con- demned, as_ he whole essence of the success in the use of smoke is the element of surprise and the blinding of the defenders by the attackers which can be done by smoke projection. no mention of the use of smoke is made in the histories of the south african and russo-japanese wars, though the boers on oc- casions lit veldt fires to cover their withdrawal. the world war.—the first instance of the use of smoke in the world war was probably the lighting of a haystack north of the la bassee canal in oct. 1914, which enabled a company of the devonshire regiment to be withdrawn. shortly after this a battery of artillery in somewhat like manner made good its withdrawal. at loos in sept. 1915 smoke was wrongly used as a blind by lighting candles in our trenches, and consequently brought down heavy shell fire. from this battle may be dated the realisation of the necessity of the projection of smoke and its use in attack, and danger to any defence. by nov. 1916 smoke shells were in use in some divisions in france, but it was not, however, until the battles of arras 1917, when they were used by the oth (british) div. that the art of accurately projecting smoke-shells, and their great value, came to be really appreciated. many instances in 1917 and 1918 are on record when numbers of lives were saved by the invention of smoke-shell and when victories were gained with a minimum of casualties by the use of smoke. the germans quickly copied the british and used it in their offensive of march 1918, while the australians used it to cover their with- drawal over the piave in may 1918. the navy used smoke with conspicuous success at zeebrugge on st. george’s day 1917, when fast coastal motor-boats greatly assisted the blocking operations, by blinding the enemy’s observation and shore guns. smoke, which may be used in war by artillery, infantry, aircraft and tanks, has certain inherent disadvantages, in par- ticular the blinding of observation, and the variability of wind— the latter is a serious difhculty—but by practice all difficulties can be overcome, and certainly the history of the war has proved that the advantages caused by the use of smoke far outweigh the disadvantages. it may be said of smoke that if properly used it will on almost every occasion in the attack, and also in the withdrawal, save many casualties. by its use the utmost is made of “‘ fire power,” and man power is concealed until the decisive stages. infiltration—an art in war—is facili- tated and losses are greatly reduced by the use of cover by ground and cover by smoke. the chief object in the use of smoke- tactics, 1s, as far as possible, to impose on the defenders the conditions of night, while the attackers have the conditions of day, and thereby effect surprise and reduce casualties. to summarise the use of smoke in war it may be said that it is used to obtain concealment of movement which begets surprise. (p.r.w ) smoot, reed (1862- ), american politician, was born at salt lake city, utah, jan. ro 1862. he was educated at deseret university and at the brigham young academy, provo, utah. he amassed considerable wealth as a banker and woollen manufacturer. in 1895 he was appointed one of the presidents of the utah state of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints (mormon), and in r900 was made an apostle. he was elected to the u.s. senate from utah in 1902. attempts were made to prevent his entering the senate because of his con- nection with the mormon church and on the charge that he 564 personally favoured polygamy and was a polygamist. he was allowed to take his seat; but the matter was referred to the senate committee on privileges and elections for investigation. in june 1906 the committee by a vote of seven to five recommended that he be unseated; but as the personal charges against him had not been proved the senate in feb. 1907, by a vote of 42 to 23 refused to remove him. he was re-elected in 1908, 1914 and 1920. he took an active part against the united states becoming a member of the league of nations. he is chairman of the finance committee of the senate and a member of the world war foreign debt commission. smuggling: sce bootlegging and smuggling. smuts, jan christiaan (1870—- —s+*),-sssouth = «african statesman and general, was born may 24 1870 near riebeek west, malmesbury district, cape colony, the son of j. a. smuts and catharina de vries. in 1886 he commenced his studies at stellenbosch, and in 1891 went to cambridge, where his suc- cess was unprecedented. in 1895 he was admitted to the cape town bar. during the early part of his legal career he did a considerable amount of journalistic work, in both english and dutch. in oct. 1895 his first political speech was delivered at kimberley, where, as a result of the understanding between jan hofmeyer and rhodes, he defended the latter’s policy. the jameson raid, which followed in jan. 1896, changed the whole complexion of south african politics. smuts ranged himself on the side of the transvaal, and shortly afterwards joined the bar at johannesburg. in 1898, though two years under the legal age, he was made state attorney by president kruger, and took part in the negotiations with the british agent at pretoria concerning the franchise. he also accompanied kruger to bloemfontein, where the abortive conference with milner took place in july 1899. in the early stages of the boer war, smuts’ remarkable versatility and capacity for hard work found full vent in legal and organising activity. in the occupation of pretoria, in 1900, he joined the boer field forces. from the eastern transvaal, where his government was hard pushed, he made his way to the west, where he had wider scope. he saw much fighting under de la rey, and subsequently acted as commander-in-chief of the bocr and cape rebel commandoes in the cape. he was be- sieging a mining camp in namaqualand, when botha sent for him to take part in the peace negotiations at vereeniging (1902). he threw in his weight on the side of those who urged a com- promise, as against the intransigent commandants. after peace, smuts became a strong and active protagonist of botha’s policy—loyalty to the new order, and racial concilia- tion. practising as a barrister at pretoria, he spent a good deal of time in the reconstruction of the remnants of the boer nation and together with botha and other leaders he met mr. j. chamberlain at pretoria. the boers, supported by part of the british population, strongly opposed several points in milner’s policy, e.g., the importation of chinese coolies for the gold mines, and smuts was among those who refused lord milner’s offer of seats in the nominated legislative council. in 1904 botha and smuts founded the political organisation open to both races known as “ het volk ” and it was largely owing to its opposition that the lyttelton constitution for the republics was never put into force. early in 1906 smuts visited london, where he worked for fully responsible govern- ment in the transvaal and orange free state, which was granted in 1906. early in 1907 elections for the assembly were held. smuts took a prominent part and was returned unopposed for wonderboom (pretoria). as colonial secretary, under botha, he became the driving force of the cabinet, interesting himsclf particularly in education and defence. his education act marked a new departure in south africa. in may r908 smuts openly launched out in favour of the union of the south african colonies. in oct. of that year, the national convention, which eventually produced the south african act, began its labours, smuts being one of its most valued members, both in debates and in drafting committees. on may 1910 union was consummated. smuts was elected member of the legislative smuggling—smuts assembly for pretoria west, and became minister of the interior, mines and defence. in the union assembly smuts continued to occupy a most prominent place, thanks to his forceful measures as well as striking speeches. in torr the south african party was founded at bloemfontein, where smuts foreshadowed the political diffi- culties ahead. early in 1912 he introduced his defence bill, which powerfully affected the future of south africa. a little later, h. c. tull (minister of finance) left the botha cabinet owing to differences with sauer, a cape minister. smuts thereupon surrendered the ministry of interior and mines, retaining defence and took over the treasury. during the hl[ertzog crisis, at the end of 1912, he did his utmost to prevent a split, but once the fateful step had been taken, he resolutely supported botha. in july 1913 a revolutionary strike shook the rand to its foundations. botha and smuts, at great personal risk (and unescorted) saved the situation at johannesburg, after lord gladstone had sanctioned the use of imperial troops to quell disturbances. in jan. ror4 an attempted general strike was nipped in the bud by smuts, who in record time rushed up the commandoes but recently organised under his defence act. the deportation of nine strike leaders on the s.s. ‘‘ umgeni, ” though authorised by the cabinet, has been chielly debited to smuts by his opponents, and at the time created a furore. a double indemnity bill, covering the two revolts, led to a violent and protracted parliamentary debate. the outbreak of the world war shifted the south african centre of gravity to smuts’ office. in sept. 1914, when beyers resigned as commandant-general in the midst of the preparations for a campaign against the germans in southwest africa, smuts assumed his functions. the rebellion of de wet, maritz, beyers and others followed. this was suppressed by botha, acting in the closest collaboration with smuts at headquarters. the execution of the rebel commandant joseph fourie, con- trasting as it did with the extraordinarily mild treatment meted out to his superiors, caused a great political upheaval and helped to swell hertzog’s following. in rors, after a visit to botha’s forces in southwest africa, smuts took the leading part in the general election, which was marked by extreme bitterness. on at least one occasion, his life was in great danger at a meeting, the rancour of the government’s opponents being directed chiefly against him. he was re-elected for pretoria west by a narrow majority. early in 1916 he refused the command ofiered him in east africa by the imperial govt., but shortly afterwards yiclded to representations. immediately after his arrival the tide, which had been rather in favour of the germans, turned. although their resourceful and gallant com- mander, von lettow-vorbeck, with a handful of die-hards, succeeded in escaping, the campaign—which had called for the utmost vigour—was virtually over when smuts left for london via south africa early in 1917. work ian london.—in march smuts arrived in london to represent south africa at the imperial war conference, and was sworn as a privy councillor. after the conference, a dinner was given in recognition of his war services, by members of both houses of parliament. there he mace his declaration on the british commonwealth of nations, which had become a land- mark in constitutional development. offered the command in palestine, he declined. ile accepted a seat in the war cabinet, taking a deep interest in the flying services, and his proposals for their unification were accepted by the cabinet. iie was also chairman of the committee that framed the bill for an air ministry, and worked out the organisation for the new force. incidentally, he supervised london’s air defences. he suggested, and became chairman of, the war priorities committee, which settled priority of claims among departments concerned in the war, and allocated man-power and other resources. occasion- ally he visited the western front, where he conferred with com- manders. in dec. 1917 smuts met count mensdorff at geneva, and explored the possibility of a separate peace with austria; but was finally convinced that it was not possible. the follow- smyrna—smyth, e. m. ing feb. he spent with allenby in palestine, working out plans for a great advance. after the armistice, smuts wrote his memorandum on the league of nations, the league of nations: a practical suggestion (1918), which received the support of both president wilson and mr. lloyd george, and in substance became the covenant of the league. with botha, he represented south africa at the peace conference, where he was mainly concerned with the covenant and dominion status. at this time he undertook a mission to vienna and pesth, where the communist govt. had violated the armistice. after the conference, he returned to south africa. in aug. 1919, he became prime minister of the union (in succession to botha). during this period he twice attended the imperial conference. in 1921 his visit was notable for the part he played in securing peace in ireland. during the conference of 1923 (held while the ruhr crisis was at its worst), he advocated a fresh attempt to settle the european situation. the suggestion was generally approved, and the dawes commission followed. in 1920, repeated attempts to reunite the south african party and the nationalists failed. ‘the unionists, under smartt, decided to dissolve their organisation and to join the south african party. the consequences of this fusion lost smuts a certain amount of support among both english and dutch. a general election, held on that issue, left him, however, with a working majority, and the combined party did fairly well in parliament. in 1922, however, another workers’ revolt on the rand (which had to be suppressed by the military and burghers, after the exercise of considerable patience) led to a junction of forces between advanced nationalists and the labour element. bye-elections went against the government, and a formal pact was made by the two opposition parties. in 1924, after a crucial bye-election, gen. smuts took the country by surprise; he dissolved parliament, realising that the people were probably dissatished with him. the result, nationally considered, thoroughly bore out the wisdom of his decision, for the south african party was heavily defeated. hertzog did not obtain a clear majority, but was able with the assistance of labour to form a coalition cabinet. although smuts himself lost pretoria west, he was elected unopposed for standerton, botha’s old constituency. as opposition leader, he continued to pay close attention to affairs of state, while indulging to some extent his fondness for philosophy and botany. in 1925 he delivered, as president of the s.a. association for the advancement of science, the opening address at the congress of that body. in 10926 he published holism and evolution, a philosophical treatise. (n.le.) bisiiograriy.—a. c, benson, the happy warrior; a sight of general smuts at cambridge, may 1917, etc. (1917); n. leir, jan smuts (1917); w. whittall, with botha and smuts in africa (1917); j. h. v. crowe, general smuis campaign in east africa (1918). smyrna (see 25.281), a town and vilayet of turkey. at the peace conference in 1919 greece put forward a claim to the smyrna area. that area had, it was understood, been assigned by the agreement of st. jean de maurienne (april 17 1917) to italy, but owing to russian objections that agreement had never been ratified. m. veniselos argued on the greek claim before the council of ten on feb. 3-4 1919. the final decision of the coun- cil of three, authorising the grecks to occupy smyrna, was taken apparently without the knowledge of the italians, who had with- drawn temporarily from the conference, or of the american expert advisers to president wilson. the occupation was in theory an allied occupation, but was generally taken to mean acceptance of the greek claims. greek troops occupied smyrna on may 15 iqiq. i the first entry of the greeks was marked with many atrocities against the turkish population. under the treaty of sevres, aug. ro 1920, it was stipulated that the town of smyrna and the tonian hinterland were to be under greek administration for five years. greece was empowered to maintain military forces in the zone and to incorporate it in the greek customs system; but a local parliament, elected on a franchise giving representa- 565 tion to all sections of the population, was to be established and the provisions of the minorities treaty signed between greece and the principal allied powers were to apply to the smyrna zone. after five years the local parliament might ask for def- nite incorporation with greece; the council of the league of nations might as a preliminary require a plebiscite. in the event of incorporation, turkish sovereignty was to cease. the greek claim was based on ethnographical grounds. reliable racial sta- tistics for the area were not available, but an american computa- tion of 1914 gave the total population as 1,057,000, including 509,000 turks, 470,000 greeks and 78,000 others. this decision caused general dissatisfaction. turkish forces under mustafa kemal and the grecks were soon engaged in hos- tilities, in which at first the grecks were successful. mustafa kemal, however, continued to consolidate his position in turkey, while the fall of veniselos (nov. 1920) and the return of king constantine to greece (see greece) weakened the sympathies which greece had enjoyed in great britain, her chief supporter among the allied powers. at the london conference, feb.— march 1921, it was proposed to place a gendarmerie controlled by the allies tn the ionian area, and to have a christian governor of the whole areca under the league of nations, the arrangement to be subject to review by the league of nations at the end of five years. both the greek and the kemalist dele- gates to the conference rejected these terms. the greeks re- newed their offensive but their initial successes were not sustained. the paris conference, feb.-march 1922, proposed to restore the smyrna zone to turkey; but the negotiations broke down on other points, and the kemalists drove back the greek army, which with many thousands of greek refugees from all parts of asia minor embarked hurriedly and left smyrna, which the turks entered on sept. 9 1922. under the treaty of lausanne (july 24 1923) smyrna and the surrounding zone reverted under full ‘turkish sovereignty. meanwhile, the town and district had suffered frightfully under the atrocities of both belligerents, and these sufferings cul- minated when, a few days after the turkish entry into the town, fire broke out in the armenian quarter, and smyrna was soon in flames. when the conflagration had burnt itself out, only the wretched turkish quarter on mount pagus was untouched, and more than three-fifths of the city was destroyed, including all the banks, business houses and consulates in the european quar- ter on the quay. the loss of hfe was impossible to compute. a town planning scheme for the rebuilding of the city met with opposition on the grounds of expense, since before the fire only 14°% of the total area of smyrna was not built over, and the new plan gave 55°%. a plan was said to have been approved in sept. 1925. the city was then still in ruins, with the exception of the turkish quarter. before the world war smyrna extended for some three miles along the gulf of the same name, for about a mile along the gulf of burnabat, and almost to the summit of mount pagus. in 1925 the flour-milling industry was growing and improving, there were two cotton spinning establishments, and the carpet-making industry was reviving. smyrna is the second port of turkey in importance, it has good railway connections with the interior, and trade is again improving, but is hampered by lack of facili- ties, and by the regulation which forbids vessels to enter or leave the gulf of smyrna between sunset and sunrise. eficrts have been made to develop an air service, with headquarters at smyrna, but owing to the shortage of pilots and mechanics it has not become efficient. turkish sources in 1924 estimated the population of the town at 98,846, a reduction of nearly two-thirds on the population in rgr4. (ol jaar) smyth, ethel mary (1858- }, british composer, was born in london april 23 1858, the daughter of gen. j. h. smyth, c.b. she studied music at leipzig under heinrich von herzog- enberg, whose wife was a friend of brahms. though encounter- ing much opposition in her musical career, she successfully pro- duced her first opera fantasio at weimar in 1898, others being given at leipzig, prague and vienna. her first opera to be pro- duced in london was der jwaid, given at covent garden in 1902 566 which was followed by the wreckers (1900), a vividly romantic work. her afass in d, first performed in 1893. was revived 30 years later. the boatswain’s mate, a comic opera, was produced in 1916 with considerable success. dr. ethel smvth took a prominent part in the militant suffragist movement, and com- posed the afarch of the women (1911) the battle song of the w.s.p.u. in 1922 she was made a dame of the british empire. her compositions include fete galante (1923) and entente cor- diale, 1924, operas; also chamber music, choruses and songs, all characterised by energy of invention, exuberant vitality and adroitness of workmanship. in rg1g dame ethel published her brillisnt memoirs impressions that remained, followed by streaks of life (1921) . smyth, herbert weir (1857- ), american classical scholar, was born at wilmington, del., aug. 8 1857. he was educated at swarthmore (a.b., 1876), harvard (a.b., 1878), leipzig and gettingen (ph.d., 1884). during 1883-5 ihe was instructor in greek and sanskrit at williams college, ad then for two years was reader in greek at johns hopkins university. i'rom 1887-1901 he was professor of greek at bryn mawr. in the latter year he was appointed professor of greek literature at harvard. during 1899-1900 he was professor at the ameri- can classical school at athens. from 1889-1904 he was secre- tary of the american philological assn. and editor of its trazs- actions, and in 1904 was elected president. his works include the ionic dialect (1894); greek melic poets { 1900); greek grammar for colleges (1920); aeschylus, text and trans- lation (1923). he was also author of various contributions to philo- logical journals. he was editor of the greek series for colleges and schools (20 vol.). snouck hurgronje, c.: see hurgronje, ciiristian s. snowden, philip (1864- ), british labour politician, was born on july 18 1864 at cowling, yorkshire. educated at an elementary school, he read widely, and became a clerk in the customs and excise department of the civil service. joining the independent labour party in the year after it was founded (1893) he became one of its most effective speakers and, in 1903, and again in 1917 its chairman. his first parliamentary at- tempts, for keighley and blackburn, failed, but, in 1906, he was returned for blackburn as labour m.p. in the house he at once made his mark, notably on financial matters. when war broke out in 1914 he was in australia. on his return he at once ranged himself with j. r. macdonald and shared much of the latter’s unpopularity. defeated in the 1918 election, he won colne valley for labour in 1922, and held the seat with increased majorities in 1923 and 1924. his appointment as chancellor of the exchequer in mr. macdonald’s cabinet was approved on all sides. in his budget, introduced in april 1924, while limited by the commitments of his predecessor, mr. snowden went a long way to redress the burden of taxation on the poor by his reduction in the food duties, and by making provision, in his contingent old age pensions act, for the removal of the oppressive features of the thrift disqualification. at the same time, he stood fast to the free trade principles of which he had been so doughty a champion in earlier years, by repealing the mckenna duties on imported motor-cars, clocks, musical instruments, etc., and terminating the duties imposed under the 1922 safeguarding of industries act. later in the session he introduced plans of constructive work designed to relieve the prevalent unemploy- ment. at the london conference in july—aug. 1924, he took charge of the discussions with the bankers which ended in the successful flotation of the german loan in oct. of that year. snowden’s power, both in the labour movement and outside, was due as much to gifts of character as of brain. as a speaker, he was equally powerful both as a private member in opposition and as a minister. most of his life was spent in the service of socialism; he was also a powerful advocate of the emancipation of women and of temperance. in the promotion of these causes, as in,his work for peace and in his opposition to com- munism, he was notably assisted by his wife, herself a speaker and writer of wide appeal. he was member of the liquor con- smyth, h. w.—social anthropology trol board during the war, and served on royal commissions on the civil service, canals and venereal] disease. he is the author of various books, among them a socialist budget (1907); a living wage (1912); socialism and syndicalism (1913); wages and prices (1920); labour and national finance (1920); labour and the new worid (1921). (m. a. h.) soap: see oils and fats.