RHODESIA

in 1923 southern rhodesia became a self-governing colony and in 1924 the imperial government took over the administration of northern rhodesia from the british south africa company. this marked the end in british africa of rule by chartered companies. in this article the two rhodesias are treated separately. i. southern riiodesia the white population, which numbered 12,596 in 1904, was 23,606 in iqii, 33,620 at the 1921 census, and was estimated at 40,000 in 1926. over 90% of the whites are of british stock, a fact which has had great influence on political developments. with the growth of the white population the already nascent aspiration of the southern rhodesians for self-government (officially stvled responsible government) grew in strength. when the constitution of the union of south africa was framed, the ultimate inclusion of rhodesia in it was contemplated, but the establishment of the union in r9ro appeared but to increase the rhodesian desire for independence. at that time the british south africa company, under its charter, exercised sovereign rights, subject to partial control by the colonial office. a legislative council existed and in may rorr a step in the direc- tion of self-government was made when orders in council gave the elected members a majority of the seats in the council. ky 193 the position had been reached that the chartered company—of which sir starr jameson was president from 1912 till his death in nov. 1917—was willing to abandon its adminis- trative powers on terms. at that time, however, the rise of the nationalist (dutch extremist) party in the union caused much disquiet in rhodesia, with the result that, in the elections held in march 1914, 11 of the 12 elected members were pledged to support the maintenance—for the time being—of the com- pany’s administration. the legislative council nevertheless declared that this did not affect its right “at any time ”’ to the institution of self-government and in april ro9r4 the council took action which led to a thorough examination of the whole question. ownership of the land.—in 1913 the directors of the chartered company had declared that “‘ the land and minerals belonged to the company,” and as to minerals there was no real dispute. as to the land the chartered company had acted as owners and it looked to the sale of unalienated land to make good the heavy deficiencies it had incurred in its administrative 352 capacity. the legislative council held that the land was vested in the company ‘as an administrative and public asset only ” and that on the company ceasing to exercise adminis- trative rights all unalienated lands should go as public domain to the government which succeeded it. in july 1914 the matter was referred to the judicial committee of the privy council for adjudication. the decision of the judicial committee was not given till july 29 1918. it was in favour of the crown, but the committee also held that the company was entitled to be re- imbursed for its deficits on administration. a royal commission, under the chairmanship of lord cave, was appointed in july ig1g to assess the amount due to the chartered company on the assumption that its governing powers had ceased on march 31 1918. the cave commission gave its award in jan. 1920. it found that the sum due to the company, subject to certain adjustments, was £4,435,000, a figure iess than half that which the company had claimed. in the six years these legal proceedings lasted the world war and political developments in the union of south africa have influenced rhodesian opinion. ‘the rhodesians were ardent sup- porters of the british cause in the war and in proportion to population no community of the empire gave a larger contin- gent towards its prosecution. the growth of separatist and republican sentiment in the union, and particularly the rebellion of 1914, alienated the almost solid british population of rho- desia. those who had begun to favour joining the union drew back and the strength of the movement for independence was shown at the general election in may 1920, when the respon- sible government party secured 12 out of 13 seats. at this period lord milner, then secretary of state for the colonies, advocated delay, believing that southern rhodesia was not in a position to bear the financial burden entailed by self-government. in view, however, of the instance of the rho- desians, recourse was had to the advice of still another com- mittee, of which lord buxton, lately governor-general of the union, was chairman. this committce acted promptly, reporting in april 1921 in favour of a referendum being taken on the question, the electors to have before them, not merely the prin- ciple of self-government, but a definite outline of the proposed constitution. the buxton committee, however, proposed that under the suggested constitution control of unalienated land should be exercised through the high commissioner for south africa on the advice of a specially created land board and that this unalienated land should be charged with the sums to which the chartered company was entitled under the cave award. the method proposed for dealing with the unalienated land was open to scrious objection—obviously it would fetter any government which succeeded the chartered company. never- theless the elected members of the legislature, uncer the leader- ship of sir charles coghlan, accepted the recommendations of the buxton committce and rhodesian delegates came to london and conferred with mr. winston churchill, who had become colonial secretary. a detailed scheme for submission to the electorate was embodied in draft letters patent and the delegates returned to south africa. at the same time it was arranged that the rhodesian electors should have before them the alternative of southern rhodesia becoming a province of the union. gen. smuts (then prime minister of the union) conducted a double set of negotiations—one with the chartcred company, one with the rhodesian delegates. with the chartered company he negotiated for the acquisi- tion by the union of the unalicnated lands and also of the rail- ways both in north and south rhodesia. in june 1922, an agreement was reached on those lines, the company to receive in all £6,826,000 as compensation. gen. smuts then olfered generous terms to the rhodesians, including ro seats in the house of assembly and certain special subsidies and develop- ment grants. the nationalist party in the union, for obvious reasons, looked upon this offer with disfavour. the union’s terms were made known on july 31 1922. on oct. 27 following, the referendum was held. gen. smuts, with doubtful wisdom, issued an appeal to the electors to vote for rhodesia entering the union. the result of the referendum was: for responsible government 8,774; for joining the union 5,989, a majority of 2,785 for responsible government. self-government established. —before the new constitution was established a settlement was reached with the chartered com- pany which left southern rhodesia in full and untrammelled possession of the unalienated lands. in july 1923 the british govt. made an agreement with the company, which, in re- turn for £3,750,c00, surrendered its claim under the judgment of the judicial committee and the cave award both in southern and northern rhodesia, while retaining its mineral rights and the promise of protection for its railway interests. of this £3,750,000 (paid in cash on oct. r 1923) the british govt. provided £1,750,000 while southern rhodesia paid {2,000,000 (raised by loan) and also repaid the british govt. {£300,000 which it had advanced the company to mect administrative liabilities. the british govt.’s contribution was substantial evidence of its goodwill towards the people of rhodesia. on sept. 12, the 23rd anniversary of the occupation of mashonaland, southern rhodesia was formally annexed to the british crown and on oct. 1 the new constitution was set up. the chartered company, whose rule thus ended, had done a great work in opening up the country and had also—though some abuses had been permitted—sought with success to bene- fit the native races. the first governor under responsible government was sir john chancellor and the first ministry was formed by sir charles coghlan. the country was divided into 15 two-membered con- stituencies and at the general clection held on april 29 1924 the government (rhodesian) party gained a decisive majority, nearly all the electors who at the referendum had voted for joining the union working whole-heartedly to make the new constitution a success. one of the elected members was a woman, mrs. tawse jollie, who had previously held a seat in the old legislative council. the franchise is exercised by both sexes and there is no colour bar; africans and asiatics could and did obtain the parliamentary vote, though the number of these electors was few. the country prospered and good relations were maintained both with the union and with portuguese fast africa—a matter of moment to a country without a seaboard. the chief concern of the ministry, apart from land settlement and agricultural devclopment generally, was that of control of the railways. negotiations with the chartered company on this matter took place in 1926. native affairs —under the new constitution the authority and control of the high commissioner for south africa (repre- senting the imperial govt.) in respect to native affairs was retained. a commission under mr. (afterwards sir) r. t. coryndon was appointed in 1914 to inspect and report on the native reserves. white settlers had complained that certain lands in native occupation were not beneficially used; the natives made similar complaints. the coryndon commission recom- mended a number of readjustments, making the total of the native reserves 10,428,691 ac., a net reduction of 1,062,460 acres. these recommendations were accepted by the imperial govt. in 19:7 and were gradually carried out, with little friction. (to ensure the natives’ security of tenure the reserves are vested in the high commissioner and are inalienable.) another commission was appointed by the governor in jan. 1925 to con- sider setting apart arcas of the public domain outside the native reserves for settlement by natives or colonists. this commission reported in 1926 in favour of segregation with some modification of the 38,560 sq. m. available outside of town areas. they pro- posed that 10,830 sq. m. should be allotted for native settle- ment, leaving 27,730 sq. m. assignable for white settlers. meanwhile charges against the chartered company’s native administration were formulated by the aborigines protection society. it was admitted that cases of grave injustice had occurred in the earlier history of the territory, but for many years there had been no cause of complaint and in aug. 1919 lord buxton paid a high testimony to the company’s native administration and the attitude of the civil population generally rhodes scholarships to the natives. the value of the natives as an asset to the country is now generally recognised. agricultural and indus- trial training as well as literary education are provided, and much care in regard to housing, sanitation and labour condi- tions is bestowed on natives living outside the reserves. tax- ation is light, {1 a year on every male adult, but should a native have more than one wife he pays a further ros. foreach additional wife. : : economic conditions.—the country was affected by the same causes which affected the material progress in the union, but not so severely as far as adverse factors were concerned. rho- desia has a very wide variety of products and these were de- veloped with much energy. gold continued to be of more value than any other single export. the highest export was in 1916 when there was a yield of 930,000 02. valued at £3,895,000. in 1924 the yield was 627,000 oz. valued at £2,939,000. ‘the wankie coal fields yielded 180,000 tons in 1910 and 652,000 tons in 1924; all consumed in the country. about half of the world's supply of chrome iron ore comes from southern rhodesia (the output was 172,000 tons in 1924) which has also very valuable asbestos deposits. the output of asbestos increased from 290 tons in rg10 to 26,000 tons (valued at £603,000) in to24. of crops the chief are maize and tobacco. as in the union the maize crop has violent fluctuations according to weather conditions—thus the maize exported in 1922 was but 6,492,000 lb.; in 1924 it was 63,657,000 |b. and had been 157,253,000 ib. in 1923. rhodesian tobacco finds a steady market and the output in 1924 had reached almost 5,000,000 ib. since 1922 there has been a promising development in cotton growing and an expansion in the cultivation of citrus fruit for export. large areas are very favourable for cattle breeding and the raising of cattle for export became a leading occupation. over 50,000 animals were exported in 1924, but in that year by a conven- tion with the union, exports were limited to slaughter cattle of good class. » in general exports exceed imports in value. the figures for 1914 were: imports, £3,731,000; exports, £4,130,000; in 1924-5 imports were £4,054,000; exports, {5,120,000 (not reckoning imported goods to the value of £435,000 re-exported). in 1920, a year of abnormal activity and inflated prices, the im- ports had a recorded value of £7,212,000, while exports were valued at £5,735,000. about half of the imports, which are largely foods and drink and clothes, are from the union, which takes roughly a quarter of the exports. most of the rest of the trade is with great britain. under the chartered company’s rule revenue increased from £777,000 in 1913-4 to £1,520,000 in 1923-4. up to 1919-20 expenditure had exceeded revenue. in that year the deficit had been reduced to £1,113 and in 1923-4 the surplus was £164,000. the first budget (1924-5) under self-government showed a surplus, revenue being £1,598,000 and expenditure £1,594,000. for 1925-6 the budget figures showed revenue at £1,582,000 and expenditure at £1,716,000, but the year actually closed with another surplus. il. northern rhodesia northeastern and northwestern rhodesia were amalga- mated in ror1, being thereafter known as northern rhodesia simply. in 1924 the white inhabitants numbered 4,182 and the native population was estimated at 1,000,000. the capital is livingstone (white population 774) on the zambezi above the victoria falls. on april 1 1924, in accordance with arrange- ments made with the british south africa company in the previous july, the british govt. took over the administration, the first governor being mr. (later sir) herbert j. stanley. the greater part of the territory is a natural “ black man’s reserve ’—and barotseland (qg.t.) is a legal native reserve. most of the europeans live in the neighbourhood of the railway which traverses the centre of the territory from the victoria fails to the katanga province of belgian congo. geographically and climatically northern rhodesia is part of central africa. 353 its political future remained uncertain in 1926. union with southern rhodesia or a closer connection with the british east african territories were the alternatives. development was hampered by the lack of funds, which was specially marked in the native services. the tribes were gov- erned as far as possible through their own chiefs. though numbering only about a million the natives are divided into many tribes and 30 dificrent languages are spoken. christianity made many converts, but among the more primitive tribes witcheralt, with its blighting influence, retained its hold. the most promising feature was the confidence placed by the people in the native commissioners and the missionaries. during the world war the natives gave great help by furnishing over 150,000 carriers for the campaign in east africa while numbers joined the combatant ranks. it was in northern rhodesia too that the last act of the war was played, von lettow surrender- ing to the magistrate at kasama on nov. 14 1918. economic conditions.—the europeans are engaged chiefly in farming, including cattle raising, in the areas not affected by the tsetse fly. the chief crop is maize, but since 1922 large areas have been devoted to cotton. in the northeast district, round fort jameson, tobacco is the staple crop. the country is rich in minerals. at broken ilill there are very large deposits of lead and zinc; a dam on the mulunguoki river to provide electric power for the mines was opened in 1925. at bwana mkubwa are copper deposits, an extension of the great copper area in the adjoining (belgian) katanga province. the trans- port of copper from the kalanga mines to beira is the chief source of railway revenue, while north rhodesia supplies many of the needs of the katanga market. the trade returns indicate the progress made. imports in i9gi1 were valued at £168,000, in 1921 at £741,000 and in 1923 at {528,000. exports were valued at £107,000 in rog1tr, at £565,000 in 1921 and at £463,000 in 1923. in opening up the country the chartered company’s administrative expenditure naturally exceeded revenue. for the last year of their rule (1923-4) the revenue was £278,000 and expenditure £323,000. the figures for 1910-1 had been, revenue £101,000, expenditure £173,000. by the arrangement made with the british govt. for surrendering their administrative rights in both rho- desias it appeared that they received, on northern rhodesia’s account £1,450,000, besides retaining an interest in land sales. in taking over the administration the british govt. made a loan grant in aid of £138,000 to the territory. an elective but purely advisory council had been established in 1913; under the crown this was replaced by a legislative council of 10 official and 5 unofficial (elected) members. bibliography.—i. official. full lists of parliamentary papers relating to rhodesta are given in the colonial office list (london, yearly); and annual reports are issued by the british south africa company. the first issuc of the year book of the colony of southern rhodesia was published (at salisbury, rhodesia) in 1924. zhe report of the east africa commission (1924) has a chapter on north- ern rhodesia. . unofficial. c. gouldsbury and h. skeane, the great plateau of northern rhodesia (1911); a. darter, the pioneers of mfashonaland (1914); eh. rolin, les tots et l’administration dela rhodesie (brussels, 1918); j. h. harris, the chartered millions (1920); j. c. c. coxhead, northern rhodesia: a iiandbook (livingstone, 1922); guide to rho- desia, 2nd ed. (1924); the south and fast africa year book and guide (annually). (he rt) rhodes scholarships (sce 23.254).—the_ scholarship system founded by the will of cecil rhodes, proved in 1902, provided for the maintenance in perpetuity at oxford of about 200 selected scholars for a term of three years each. under the will the value of each scholarship was £300 a year, but this has since been raised to £400 a year. thirty-four scholars come each year from the british empire, distributed substantially as fol- lows. one scholar is elected annually from each province or state of the dominions of canada, australia and south africa; from four specified schools in the cape province of south africa and from the colonies of newfoundland, jamaica and bermuda. rhodesia elects three scholars each year, and malta one every third year. thirty-two scholars are elected annually from among 354 the 48 states of the united states. five annual scholarships were allotted to germany, but were annulled during the war. in his will rhodes mentions the objects he had in view in founding the different scholarships:— 1. colonial.—i consider that the education of young colonists at one of the universities of the united kingdom is of great advan- tage to them for giving breadth to their views, for their instruction in life and manners and for instilling into their minds the advantage to the colonies as well as to the united kingdom of the retention of the unity of the empire.” 2. american,—! also desire to encourage and foster an appre- ciation of the advantages which i implicitly believe will result from the union of the english-speaking people throughout the world, and to encourage in the students from the united states of north america who will benefit from the american scholarships to be established for the reason above given at the university of oxford under this my will an attachment to the country from which they have sprung, but without, i hope, withdrawing them or their sympathies from the land of their adoption or birth.” 3. german.— the object is that an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible and educational relations make the strongest tie.” rhodes believed that his objects would be best attained by bringing together for education at oxford young men selected for certain qualities which he defined as follows:— ‘“my desire being that the students who shall be elected to the scholarships shall not be merely bookworms, i direct that in the election of a student to a scholarship regard shall be had to (a) his literary and scholastic attainments; (b) his fondness for and success in manly outdoor sports such as cricket, football and the like; (c) his qualities of manhood, truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and _ fellow- ship; and (d) his exhibition during school days of moral force of character and of instincts to lead and to take an interest in his schoolmates, for those latter attributes will be likely in after life to guide him to esteem the performance of public duties as his highest aim.” method of selectton.—subject to ratification by the trustees, the nomination of scholars is in the hands of representative local committees, which are appointed by the trustees, and on which ex-rhodes scholars sit. in general candidates must be citizens of the country, dominion or colony, which they are to represent, with at least five years’ domicile, and unmarried; and they must have passed their roth and not have passed their 25th birthday by oct. 1 of the year for which they are elected. there are no qualifying examinations: candidates are judged on their records and after a personal interview with the selection committee. but, except in four exceptional cases, candidates are obliged to have attended a recognised degree granting college or university for two years at least. at oxford the scholars are distributed, as rhodes desired, among all the colleges at the university, as far as possible in accordance with their own wishes, but accept- ance of any scholar is determined ultimately by the colleges themselves. no college undertakes to accept more than a limited number of rhodes scholars in any one year—the number varying from two to five. the offices of the trust are at 17, waterloo place, london, s.w.r. (pk) rhondda, david alfred thomas, ist viscount (1856- 1918), british colliery owner and politician, was born march 26 1856 in aberdare. ilis father, a merthyr grocer, had prospered in his trade, and in later life enriched himself by speculations in coal. thomas was educated at clifton college, and caius col- lege, cambridge, where he graduated in the mathematical tripos in 1880. immediately he joined his father in the coal business, into which he threw himself with great energy and abil- ity. his extraordinary commercial gifts, his insight, his fore- sight and the sympathy which he brought to bear on conditions of life in the mining industry, soon made him a prominent, and eventually the leading, figure in the industrial world of south wales. his business combinations brought him great wealth, and culminated in the cambrian supercombine, which produced some 6,000,000 tons of steam coal a year. though he had sat as a liberal for merthyr tydvil for 22 years from 1888, and for cardiff for a few months in 1oro, thomas achieved no political importance till the outbreak of the world war, when he rendered substantial help to mr. lloyd rhondda— richards george, both at the exchequer and at the ministry of munition by organising british industrial resources. he took a lead in “capturing german trade,” carrying through, for instance, the acquisition of the sanatogen business. he went to america to complete important war contracts for the government, and on his return was saved, with his daughter, lady mackworth, from the sinking of the ‘‘ lusitania.”” he went back to america almost immediately, and spent seven months there at his own expense, expediting the output of munitions. he was created a baron, as lord rhondda, for his services, in jan. 1916; and took office in mr. lloyd george’s ministry in the following dec. as president of the local government board, passing to the food controllership in june 1917. there he immediately took strong steps to put an end to speculation in the necessities of life; he gradually fixed prices and brought supplies under control. but he will be mainly remembered as the author of the system of compulsory food rationing, which was carried out with abso- lute fairness and impartiality. the turnover of his ministry, apart from the work of the wheat and sugar commissions, amounted to £1,200 millions sterling; with them £2,733 millions sterling. supplies never failed, and in spite of the german subma- rines there was no hunger in the united kingdom. his strenuous jabours affected his health, and in april 1918 he tendered his resignation; but pressure was put upon him to remain. he was attacked by pneumonia and died on july 3 at llanwern, mon- mouthshire. just previously he had been created a viscount. he married sybil margaret haig, a cousin of lord haig. their only child, a daughter (who married sir humphrey mackworth in 1908, and obtained a dissolution of their marriage in 1923), succeeded to the viscounty of rhondda under a special remain- der. in 1921 lady rhondda published a life of her father. rhys, sir john (1840-1015), british archaeologist and scholar, was born in cardiganshire, wales, june 21 1840. educated at bangor normal college and jesus college, oxford, he continued his studies on the european continent. in 1877 he was elected the first professor of celtic at oxford, becoming in 189§ principal of jesus college. he was hibbert lecturer in 1886, rhind lecturer on archaeology at edinburgh in 1899 and president of the anthropological section of the british associa- tion in 1900. knighted in 1907, he died at oxford dec. 16 1915. among his published works are lectures on welsh phit- ology (1877); celtic britain (1882, 1904); celfic heathendom (1886); studies in the arthurian legend (1891); the welsh people (with d. b. jones, 1900); celtic folk-lore (1901). riaz pasha (c. 1835-1911), egyptian statesman (see 23.281), died june 18 rort. ribot, alexandre felix joseph (1842-1923), french politician (see 23.285). in 1909 m. ribot left the chamber for the senate and four years later was a possible candidate for the presidency of the republic. in june 1914 m. poincare sum- moned m. ribot to form a cabinet. he succeeded in doing so but the new government under his premiership fell on the vote of the first ministerial declaration. he returned to office in aug. 1914 as minister of finance in m. viviant’s reconstituted ministry of national defence. he held the same office in the ministry formed by m. briand on oct. 29 1915 and again in the reduced cabinet of dec. 1916. in march 1017 he suc- ceeded m. briand as prime minister and minister of foreign affairs. he gave way in sept. of the same year to m. painleve in whose government he retained the ministry of foreign affaires, which he resigned in the following month. between the armistice and 1923 he was prominent in upholding french claims to reparations and in warning his countrymen of the difficulties that would ensue if the payments were not made. m. ribot was a member of the academie francaise and of the academie des sciences politiques et morales. he died in paris jan, 131023; | ribot, theodule armand (1839-1916), french psycholo- gist (see 23.286), died in paris dec. 9 1916. rice: see food supply, richards, theodore william (1868- ), american chemist, was born at germantown, pa., jan. 31 1868. he was richborough—rif campaigns educated at haverford college (s.b., 1885), harvard univer- sity (a.b., 1886; ph.d., 1888), g6ttingen, leipzig and the dres- den technical school. after passing through the various grades of promotion, he was appointed professor of chemistry at har- vard in 1901, and was made director of the wolcott gibbs memo- rial laboratory in 1912. he was best known for his researches on atomic weights, of which he revised over a score, including that of uranium-lead. the results were generally accepted, and for his contributions he received the nobel prize in chemistry in 1914. he also gave much time to physicochemical investigation, especially concerning electrochemistry and chemical thermody- namics, piezochemistry and surface tension. of these, his con- tributions to atomic compressibility, to the relation between the change of heat capacity and the change of free and total energy and to the thermodynamics of amalgams are noteworthy. in 1907 he was harvard exchange professor at berlin, and in 1908 lowell lecturer. he was made a member of the national research council in 1916,and became consulting chemist in the dept. of war and bureau of mines 1918. he was president of the american chemical society (1914), the american assocta- tion for the advancement of science (1917) and the american academy of arts and sciences (1919). (see atomic weights.) richborough, england (see 4.584}, a port on the estuary of the stour, in kent, 1} m. from sandwich, was established during the world war to relieve the traffic in military stores through dover. work was started in 1916 with the widening and deepening of the stour, and the cutting of a canal across a large bend; 250 ac. of sea marsh were then reclaimed, and nearly a mile of wharfage built and equipped. in six months from the start of the work, which at one time occupied 20,000 hands, regular cross-channel services of barges to calais and dunkirk were be- gun, and later special barges were introduced to take goods direct into the french canals and as near the firing line as possible. the base, begun in a comparatively small way, developed into a gigantic undertaking. in 1917 three special train ferries, each accommodating 54 ten-ton trucks, were constructed, with a lift- ing bridge at the wharf end. they are now in use on the harwich-. zeebrugge route. in 1925 the port of richborough with 1,500 ac. of land, the remaining equipment, and the ileet of ferries and barges, was sold to messrs. pearson and dorman long for development in connection with their undertakings in the kent coalfields. there were only 10 residents in the parish of stonar, in which richborough is situated, in 1921. richborough castle, where important archaeological excava- tions are in progress, is one of the most remarkable monuments of the roman occupation of great britain. it marked the be- ginning of watling street, and guarded the wide channel of the wantsum, then separating the isle of thanet from the mainland. richborough (rufupiac) was a landing place and base for roman legionaries, and the foundations of its buildings lie to the west of the castle walls. the extant remains of the castle include the north wall of the castellum, 460 ft. long and 22 ft. high. in the centre of the enclosure is a cruciform platform of concrete, 144 ft. long and 104 ft. wide, on a square stone foundation; its purpose is uncertain, but it is believed to have borne a lighthouse. a sub- terranean passage runs round the foundations of the platform. richmond, sir william blake (1843-1921), british painter (see 23.307), died at hammersmith, london, feb. rr 1921. richmond, va., u.s.a. (see 23.309).—the population in- creased 34°5% in the decade after roro, reaching 171,667 in 1920 (88-6 males to 100 females), of whom 54,041 were negroes and 4,713 foreign born. according to an estimate of the u.s. census bureau, the population had reached 186,403 in 1925 with an additional 30,000 or more in the immediate suburbs. annexa- tions of territory brought the area to 24 sq.m. by 1920. rich- mond was selected as the seat of the federal reserve bank of the fifth district. bank clearings reached $3,053,232,722 in 1920, and averaged about $2,750,000,000 per year for the period 1920-4. manufactures were valued at $47,358,000 in 1909; $156,724,000 in t9r9; and $146,412,589 in 1923. the leading industries, after tobacco, were the manufacture of iron and steel products, wooden articles, blotting paper and fertilisers; and print- jod ing and publishing. industrial power was available from three hydroelectric plants, and additional developments were underway. modifications in the charter in 1919 provided for five depart- ments in the city government, each with a director appointed by the mayor, subject to confirmation by the city council, these five directors, together with the mayor, forming an advisory board to administer the affairs of the city. improvements up to 1925, in view of a possible population of 350,000 within 25 years, included the rebuilding of the gas works, the installation of a system of high-pressure water supply, additions to the filtration plant, the protection of the lower arcas against flood, the con- struction of new bridges, the development of a city plan and adop- tion of zoning ordinances, the erection on an average of two new school buildings each year, and projects for improving the har- bour facilities and for straightening the river and establishing a 30-ft. channel to hampton roads. the number of pupils in the public schools reached 35,000 in 1924, including 3,500 attending evening classes. richter, hans (1843-1916), hungarian musical conductor (see 23.312), died at bayreuth dec. 5 1916. rickets: see ortiiopardic surgery. ricotti-magnani, cesare (1822-10917), italian general (see 23.316), died at novara aug. 4 1917. riddell, george allardice riddell, 1st baron (1865- ), british newspaper proprietor, was born in london may 25 1865 and educated privately. he became a solicitor in 1888 and settled in practice at cardiff. there he acquired an interest in the western afail, and he eventually turned his energies mainly to newspaper management. he went to london and obtained control over the sunday paper the news of the world, which he developed on popular lines, so that it obtained a huge circulation during the first decade of the zoth century and made its pro- prietor a wealthy man. he gradually extended his newspaper connections, becoming a director also of george newnes ltd., country life ltd. and c. arthur pearson ltd., etc. in 1909 he received a knighthood. he was a prominent member of the news- paper proprietors’ association at the outbreak of the world war, and, owing to his intimate relations with mr. lloyd george, he gradually became the principal liaison between the press and the government so far as all matters of publicity were concerned. in this capacity he represented the british press at the peace conference in 1919 and at all the important allied conferences subsequently. he was created a baronet in 1918 and raised to the peerage as baron riddell of walton heath tn 1920. his publications include some things that matter (1922) and more things that matter (1925). (see censorship.)