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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1926)",
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    "title": "RHINE",
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    "verified_text": "the treaty of versailles (1920), while deciding that the act of mannheim (sce 23.241) should, under certain conditions, continue to regulate navigation on the rhine, put the vessels of all nations on the same footing as vessels belonging to the rhine navigation. the composition of the cen- tral commission was modified by the admission of switzerland, belgium, great britain and italy. belgium, though a non- riparian state, is in an exceptional position, since antwerp handles a large amount of rhine traflic. the terms of the treaty of versailles in respect of the rhine were completed by a protocol of adhesion on the part of the netherlands, dated jan. 21 ro21, accompanied by an additional protocol dated march 29 1923. the barcelona convention (see inland water transport) ap- plies to the rhine, and its provisions take precedence over those of the mannheim convention, should the two texts disagree. regulation work.—under articles 358 and 359 of the treaty the central commission for rhine navigation has had to deal with works of regulation on the rhine between strasbourg and basle. a scheme was itaid before the commission by the french govt. for the creation of the grand canal d'alsace between hluningue and strasbourg, intended to be used both for navigation and for hy- draulic power. under article 358 the central commission must see that the execution of this scheme does not interfere with navigability or reduce facilities for navigation. the french scheme planned the construction of a weir across the bed of the rhine and of a canal on the left bank running more or less parallel to the rhine, being about 114 km. long, and comprising eight locks and eight power stations, at low watermark all the water of the rhine, with the exception of 50 cu. metres, would be taken by the canal; at the average water level the canal would take about 800 cu. metres per second. the weir was to have nine bays, the three central ones having an opening 30 metres wide, closed by movable sluice-gates; furthermore, fish ladders were to be built on both banks. the canal would have a bottom width of 86 metres and an average depth of 6-50 metres. the power available for the whole of the various stations would at aver- age water level be equivalent to 769,000 horse-powcer. the swiss govt. submitted a scheme for regulation works on the basle-strasbourg stretch. the commission considered the two schemes simultaneously, and approved under certain conditions both schemes. ‘the final decision was taken in april 1925. in the meantime the schemes had been modified. after the approval in may 1922, by the commission of the digging of the first stretch, the french govt. had submitted in 1924 a new detailed scheme for the seven other reaches. the swiss govt., after the commission (also in may 1922) had approved the principle of regulation work, proceeded, with the assistance of the baden hydraulic service, to investigate a scheme for works of regulation between strasbourg and istein. approval of the works of regulation was subject to an under- taking on the part of germany and switzerland to prevent naviga- tion being in any way impeded (by the carrying out of the works of regulation) and to provide compensation for any damage that the part of the rhine below strasbourg might suffer from the carrying out of works above that town. as far as the canal was concerned, the commission laid down the following conditions:—each reach must have two connected locks 25 motres wide, and at least 185 and 100 metres long, respectively. furthermore, a place where boats can lie while waiting to enter the ° lock (garage) 1,000 metres long and 75 metres wide upstream, and rhineland another similar mooring place of the same width and at least 500 metres long downstream from the locks must be provided. provi- sion must be made for the working of the locks by day and night even on sundays and holidays. each reach must also have two places at which craft can turn about. so far as the working of the power sta- tions and locks is concerned, they must not interfere with the regular flow of the rhine. the central commission further took note of an undertaking given by france similar to that demanded from cger- many and switzerland in respect of works of regulation. lastly, it is laid down that navigation on the canal should be subject to the same international regime as navigation on the rhine, in particular no toll or tax can be levied for the use of the waterway and the locks. | the question of the customs regime on the canal was left open. it was maintained from certain quarters that since the canal was not to involve any reduction of facilities for navigation, no customs formalities could be imposed during the journey on craft plying along the canal, since at the present time no such formalities existed on the rhine where it formed the frontier between france and germany. trafic tariffs—in virtue of article 354 of the treaty of versailles the central commission for rhine navigation was in 1926 still engaged in revising the convention of mannheim of 1868. among the questions which the commission had still to discuss the following may be quoted: in several countries the railways introduced a tariff system which is seriously injuring shipping on the rhine. the german railways reintroduced pref- erential tariffs for traffic to their seaports. this measure resulted in diverting traffic from its natural course to the ports of ham- burg and bremen. on the other hand, the preferential tariffs, which existed before the world war for the rhine ports, but which were abolished after the war at the same time as the tarifis for seaports, were not reintroduced; principally be- cause since the transfer of the railways of the federated states to the reich, the baden and palatinate railways have lost their direct interest in developing traffic involving tranship- ment at a rhine port. moreover, as long ago as 1920 ger- many introduced a new graduated tariff with reduced rates for long distances and relatively high rates for short distances. these two measures in conjunction considerably diminished the hinterland for rhine navigation, both as regards inward and outward traffic. the french and belgian railways also introduced very low rates for traffic in certain directions and over certain lines; much of the traffic to and from the saar territory and alsace-lorraine was thus diverted. mr. hines, in his report on rhine navigation, expressed the opinion that both from the national and from the international point of view it is in the general interest that all traffic which can normally be carried on the rhine with economic advantage should follow that route, and that the destruction of this river traffic by purely artificial reductions in railway rates would con- flict with the fundamental interests of all the riparian states. the policy of france-—another important question is that of the special supertax (surtaxe d’entrepel) imposed by france on goods imported from overseas by any route other than a french seaport. the general policy of additional taxes adopted by the french govt., and which now also applies to alsace- lorraine had the effect of diverting traflic from the rhine. a single exception was made for the port of antwerp as regards imports to alsace-lorraine. consequently much of the traffic which formerly passed through rotterdam now goes through antwerp. it has been argued on the dutch side that the fact that goods imported into alsace through havre, for example, pay reduced customs duties while the same privileges are not granted to goods imported by the rhine through rotterdam, is not in accordance with the provisions of article 14 of the con- vention of mannheim, which lays down that any facilities which may be granted by the high contracting parties in respect of the import, export and transit of goods by other land routes or waterways shall also be granted in respect of their import, export and transit on the rhine. a careful examination of this problem gives rise to the ques- tion whether the establishment of a discrimination between cer- tain rhine ports, and between the rhine and other traffic routes to the advantage of the latter, is in accordance with the principle 349 that an international river such as the rhine should be considered as the common property of all the riparian states; and whether such a discrimination does not show a lack of appreciation of the economic interdependence of all the countrics interested in international navigation on the rhine—a factor which places them under an obligation to co-operate loyally and effectively in order to maintain that navigation in a prosperous condition. bibliography.—rheitnurkuden or rhine documents (the hague, 1918); treaty of versatiles, art. 354-362, 376, 377, 373; rapports annuels de la commission centrale pour la navigation du rhin (strasbourg, palais du rhin, annual); der rhein weekly (duisburg). (r. rn.) rhineland (see 23.242.)—france’s “ historic rhine policy,” inspired by memories of napoleonic times, had already taken definite form by the end of 1916. at this time it was not officially made known to great britain, but private negotiations with russia led to that power’s pledging herself on feb. 12 1917 to support i'rance’s plan of erecting a buffer state on the left bank of the rhine. lhe prench plan and the treaty setthlement—russia was no longer an ally when clemenceau laid his definite plan before lloyd george and wilson on mar. 14 ro19. it proposed that ‘* the line of the rhine be occupied, in virtue of a mandate from the league of nations, by an inter-allied military force,” to- gether with the bridgeheads. the territories on the left bank of the rhine, (except alsace-lorraine) should be formed into “one or more independent states under the protection of the league of nations.” even this suggestion was a concession, since marshal foch had pleaded, not only a rhine frontier for germany, but that the rhineland countries be grouped with france, belgium, luxembourg and alsace-lorraine in ‘“ one single military organisation;” #.e., the rhine provinces were to be the french military outposts against germany, although they were to enjoy autonomy and self-administration. the bridge- heads were to be permanently occupied, and a zone on the right bank of the rhine neutralised. (afemoire by marshal foch of nov. 27 1918.) great britain and the united states resisted this proposal, and as a compromise, it was ordained (treaty of versailles, art. 428-432) that the left bank of the rhine, with the bridgcheads, should be occupied by inter-allied troops for 15 years; but if germany fulfilled her obligations faithfully, two zones were to be evacuated earlier: the cologne zone after five years, that of coblenz after ten. the left bank, and a 50 km. wide zone on the right bank, were to be permanently demilitarised (art. 42-44). the inter-allied high commission was set up by a separate agreement (the rhineland agreement) signed on the same day as the treaty of versailles, june 28 1919 (british treaty series no. 7). belgium, france, great britain and the united states were to be represented. the high commission had authority to issue all ordinances so far as might be necessary for securing the maintenance, safety and requirement of the allied and associ- ated forces; but all civiladministration unaffected by these powers remained in the control of the german authorities. as, however, the united states did not ratify the treaty of versailles, their member had no official voice on the commission. france, since belgium followed her lead, was in a predominant position. m. tirard was the first chairman. british troops occupied an area of which the centre was the bridgehead of cologne; belgian, the territory to the north of this; french, the whole district to its south, except that american troops occupied coblenz until jan. 10 1923. the separatist movement.—a certain mistrust of protestant prussia, a relic of past religious quarrels, still lingered amongst the catholic rhinelanders. when the revolutionary disturb- ances of 1919 in berlin made it seem possible that the capital might become the centre of a communist prussia, many prominent personages in the centre party in rhineland considered for a brief period the formation of an autonomous rhineland terri- tory within the reich. the french authorities overestimated this movement, which was abandoned within a few weeks of its inception. they set to 359 work to de-germanise the rhine, cautiously utilising the ordi- nances of the high commission for this purpose and discreetly supporting certain german malcontents. considerable efforts were made by propaganda and other means to foster a local movement in favour of an independent buffer state under french influences. the result of this policy was that all responsible german leaders dissociated themselves from these proposals and on july 24 1920, dr. dorten, the head of the separatist move- ment, was arrested by german police in the occupied territory but released under french pressure. french action in the rhine- land was closely, if obscurely, connected with their support of separatist activities in bavaria. the french policy was not able to make much progress until an opportunity was offered it by the occupation of the ruhr, jan. 1923. the measures applied in the ruhr (q.v.) by military proclama- tion were enforced in rhineland by special ordinances of the high commission passed by the french and belgians alone, the brit- ish abstaining. the local political and other leaders were prompt- ly deported; in many areas every higher official was sent away. most newspapers were suppressed and the people intimidated by the threat of summary expulsion. the germans resisted by secret organisations, which on one occasion at least resorted to violence against separatist “ traitors.”” in the british area the ordinances of the french were not applied, and peace was pre- served with french and germans alike, although the cutting off of the british zone from the rest of germany by french posts (a species of blockade) and a dispute over the cologne railways, which the french sought to include in their regie, made it doubtful at times whether great britain could remain on the rhine. the rhineland “ republics.’—by aug. 1923 preparations for a coup d’etat were so near completion that secrecy was largely abandoned and in defiance of the allied ordinances, a “ sepa- ratist army” numbering some thousands was armed and drilled in the french and belgian zone. when german resistance in the ruhr began to weaken, a large separatist demonstration was held in diisseldorf, culminating in a premeditated attack on the german police in which both sides used firearms and there were many casualties. the french arrested and disarmed the police the same day, and later sentenced some of them to long terms of imprisonment, deporting the remainder. the fear of seeing a french-controlled rhenish republic enveloping belgium lcd a section of the belgian military to anticipate the french by organising the proclamation of a rhineland republic under pup- pet leaders in aix-la-chapelle on oct. 21 1923. though the prep- atations in the french zone were not yet complete, the sepa- ratists there also now proclaimed a “ republic.” the police were regularly disarmed by the french authorities and citizens pre- vented from forming protective associations; french regie trains then brought in armed roughs after curfew, who forced an entrance into the public buildings, proclaimed a “‘ republic,”’ and installed some man, not always of irreproachable anteced- ents—as local commissar. ‘the population took no part in all this, yet the reign of terror at last brought even the reputable citizens to think seriously of buying peace at the price of some sort of temporary separation. the french indicated that sup- port of the hired separatists would be abandoned, but only on terms involving such complete separation from germany that the rhinelanders recoiled. through british influence in brussels the belgian cabinet, which had all along distrusted the adventure, finally ordered the disarming of the separatists in accordance with allied ordinances on nov. 2 1923. the french maintained the ‘‘ republic ” for several months longer. a special effort was made to scparate at least the bavarian palatinate. the population was completely terrorised after several months of separatist rule, but within two days of the french attempt to secure official recognition of the “autonomous palatinate”’ by the high commission, the ‘‘ president ’ and three of his associates were assassinated in a speyer restaurant on jan. 9 1924 under the eyes of f rench oflicers by a party of german youths who escaped across the rhine. there was another terrible incident when the population of rhode island pirmasens set fire to the separatist headquarters; over a dozen separatists perished in the fighting or in the flames. : change in french policy.—with the advent to power of m. herriot in may 1924 french policy finally changed. the british evacuation of cologne and the cologne district, originally fixed for jan. 10 1925, was postponed by the report of the control commission that germany had not fulfilled the disarmament clauses of the peace treaty. it was only effected after long nego- tiations in dec. 1925, when the british army on the rhine re- moved its headquarters to wiesbaden. brsuiograrny.—g. vial-mazel, la republique rhenane (1919); if. t. allen, afy rhineland journal (1924); m. springer, los/esungs- bestrebungen am rhein 1918-24 (1924); g. p. gooch, ' germany\" (the modern world, vol. 2) (1925); sce also british blue books: germany no. i (1920), ordinances and instructions issued by the inter-alhied rhineland high commission. with annexes (cmd. 591 of 1920) and france no. 1 (cind. 2169 of 1924). (g. e. r. g.) rhode island (see 23.248), a state of the united states of america. the population of the state in 1925 (state enumera- tion) was 679,260; in 1920, 604,307; in 910, 542,610. the in- crease from 1g10 to 1920 was 61,787, or 11°4%; and that from 1920 to 1925, 74,863, or 12-4 per cent. rhode island was still in 1920 the most densely populated state, having 566-4 inhabitants to the square mile. the percentages of urban and rural popu- lations in £925 were urban, 97-8 %, and rural, 2:2°%; as compared with urban, 97:5 °%, and rural, 2-5% in 1920; and urban, 96-7 %, and rural, 3:3°% in 1910. the following are the cities of rhode island having a population of over 20,000 in 1925 and their per- centages of increase in the 1910~—20 and the 1920-5 periods:— %in- | °% in- 1925 1920 i9io crease | crease 1920-5 |i9i10-20 providence 267,918 | 237,595 | 224,326 | 12:8 5-9 pawtucket 69,760 | 64,248 | 51,622 8-6 245 woonsocket . 49,681 | 43,496] 38,125] 14:2 iqcl cranston : 34,471 | 29,407 | 21,107 | 17-2 39°3 east providence . 26,088 | 21,793 | 15,808 | 19°7 37°9 central falls 25,403 | 24,174 | 22,754 5-1 6:2 the proportion of native whites in 1925 was 71:7°%, as com- pared with 69:6°% in 1920, and 65°3% in 1910; of foreign-born whites in 1925, 26-7%, as compared with 28-7% in 1920, and 32°8% in 1910. up to rgro the largest foreign-born element was the irish. in both 1920 and 1925 the irish were numerically inferior to the english and english-canadian, the italian and the french-canadian. in 1925 the french-canadian numbered 35,548; the italian, 34,671; the english, 26,885; the english- canadian, 5,303; and the irish, 19,800. since 1910 there has been a remarkable increase in the number of italian, portuguese and polish immigrants and a noticcable influx of armenians and syrians. agriculture -—there was a decline in farm acreage of 29°3% between 1890 and 1920 when it totalled 331,600 ac., and an even greater decline of 51-2% in improved acreage, which was 132,855 ac. in 1920. “the number of farms fell. from 5,292 in 1910 to 3,911 in 1925. on the other hand there has been a rise in the value of farms. the value of all farm property in 1910 was $32,990,730, and in 1925, $33,446,425. manufacturcs —rhode island is pre-eminently a manufactur- ing state. the number of persons engaged in manufacturing industries increased 9-8% from roq09 to 1923 (1909, 122,641; 1923, 134,667); the wages paid 172-4 % (1909, $55,234,068; 1923, $150,449,859). the number of establishments increased from 1,95 in 1909 to 2,190 in 1914 and to 2,466 in 1919, but decreased to 1,692 in 1923. the value of products increased 141% from 1909 to 1923 (1900, $280,343,797; 1923, $675,425,020). textiles still held in 1923 the first place among the manufactures of the state, employing 81,922 persons. from 1909 to 1923, cotton- goods mills (including cotton small wares) increased in number from 106 to 145; in employees from 28,786 to 38,678; in wages from $11,797,000 to $41,411,359; and in value of products from $50,313,000 to $146,702,582. from 190g to 1923 woollen and worsted-goods mills increased in number from 88 to g1; in em- rhodes—rhodesia ployees from 24,924 to 26,840; in wages from $11,538,000 to $30,293,439; and in value of products from $74,600,000 to $167,772,827. hosiery, knit goods, webbing, braid and tire fabrics were also produced in large quantities. in 1923 the machine tools and machine products manufactories and foundries numbered 116 (of these, 51 produced textile machinery and parts), with 11,456 employees, wages $14,267,762, and value of products $41,447,307. in 1923 the number of jewellery and silverware manufactories was 237, with 9,147 employces, wages $10,125,761, and value of products $42,846,043. the percentages of all factory employees who were children under 16 years of age were: in 1910, 3:6%; 1915, 3°16%; 1918, 4°44°%; 1920, 3°69%; 1921, 2°72%} 1923, 2°62%}; 1924, 2°2%. the state law raising the minimum work- ing age to 15 years (with certain exceptions) went into effect sept. 1 1924. commerce.—the city of providence owns at fields point nearly 300 ac. of land, and is developing a municipal wharf, which was 3,000 ft. long in 1925, with 35 ft. water depth. in ro24, foreign and domestic commerce passing through narragansctt bay totalled 3,579,191 tons, of which 1,065,048 was brought into providence. the foreign imports of the customs district of rhode island amounted in 1924 to $7,654,115. providence has since 1910 become the oil distributing centre for new england (1910, 106,216 tons brought in by water; 1924, 1,065,148 tons), and is becoming one of the largest lumber distributing ports in new england (99,542 tons in 1924). : finance.—the financial position of the state on dec. 31 1925, was: assessed valuation $1,185,162,654; ratable wealth $2,062,542,549 (about $3,036 per capita). for the year ending nov. 30 1924, receipts were $7,974,306; expenditures $5,588,841; funded debt $12,691,000; and sinking fund $2,399,487. the banking establishments had total resources of $508,325,241. from june 30 1910 to june 30 1925, the number of savings depositors increased from 195,977 to 344,956, the amounts of deposits from $116,913,5090 to $267,154,595, and the average for each depositor from $596 to $774. social work.—lin 1912 the general assembly created a board of control and supply to have joint control with the board of state charities and corrections over all state institutions except the state sanatorium and the institute for the deaf. in 1917, both of these boards were abolished and their places taken by the penal and charitable commission, the name of which was changed in 1923 to the state public welfare commission. beginning in 1925 a placing-out policy has been developed by the state home and school, until in 1924, of 850 children under its care, nearly 700 were placed out. in 1923, a mothers’ aid law was passed, and a law providing for a director of state institutions, iducation.—the total population between four and 20 years of age as shown by the jan. 1925 school census was 197,503. of these 109,382 were of compulsory school age (7-15 years inclu- sive). during the school year 1924-5 there were in public schools 104,142 pupils; in parochial schools 24,251; and in private schools 3,501. in 1921, 17 towns and cities reported classes totalling roo conducted for teaching english in compliance with the state compulsory americanisation law, with 1,226 pupils within the ages covered by the law (16-21), and 117 teachers, of whom 87 were certified as trained specifically for americanisation work. the total expenditure for education in ro24-25 was $0,178.575, of which the state contributed $1,411,958. in april 1920 the name of the state normal school was changed to the rhode island college of education. the enrolment of the institution in 1924-5 was 561 students and 34 instructors, with 1,464 in the extension department and 367 in the summer school. fhistory.—in 1922 the democratic candidates for governor, lieutenant-governor, attorney-general and general treasurer were elected, although the republicans retained control of both branches of the general assembly. a long struggle in the senate culminated in the republican members leaving for rutland, mass., on june 19 1924, where they stayed until jan. 5 1925. the democratic minority continued to meet daily, however, so! until the newly elected senate took office. the legislative busi- ness of the state was practically at a standstill for a year, and the failure of passage of the annual appropriation bill in 1924 led to the advancing of money to the state by private individuals and by 23 rhode island banks. in 1909 the number of representatives in the lower house was fixed at 100. the city of providence, with 40% of the population of the state, has but one member in a senate of 39. in rgr2 the number of congressional districts was increased from two to three. the presidential vote of the state was cast in 1912 for wilson (dem.); in 1916 for hughes (rep.) (though at the same time a democratic u. s. senator was elected); in 1920 for harding (rep.); and in 1924 for coolidge (rep). rhode island ratified the nineteenth (woman suffrage) amendment to the federal constitution; but failed to ratify the eighteenth (pro- hibition) amendment. the governors since 1910 were: aram j. pothier (rep.), tooq~-15; r. livingston beeckman (rep.), 1915-21; kmery j. san souci (rep.), 1921-23; william s. flynn (dem. ), 1923-5; aram j. pothier (rep.),.192s- . (h. bu.) rhodes, james ford (1848- ), american historian (see 23.257), was awarded in 1910 the gold medal of the national institute of arts and letters. he published in 1913 lectures on the american civil war (delivered at oxford in 1912); in 1917 history of the civil war, and in 19r9 history of the united states from hayes to mckinley, being the eighth volume of his history of the united states, of which the first appeared in 1893 and the seventh in 1906. a revised edition in eight volumes appeared in 1920. he also wrote the mckinley and roosevelt administra- fions 1897-10909 (1922).",
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