OKLAHOMA

a state of the united states of america. the population in 1920 was 2,028,283; in roro it was 1,657,155; an increase of 371,128, or 22-4% as compared with 866,764 or r0o9-7°% in the preceding decade. the urban population increased from 320,155 in 1910 to 539,480 in 1920. during the same period the density of population increased from 23-9 per sq. m. to 29-2. indians decreased from 74,825 to 57,337. negroes increased from 137,612 to 149,408. the population in 1920 of the larger cities was:— oklahoma city . 91,295 okmulgee 17,430 tulsa 72,075 enid 16,576 muskogee 30,277 shawnee 15,348 the population of the state in 1925 was estimated at about 2,250,000 persons. mineral production.—the most important development be- tween 1910 and 1920 was in the production of oil and gas. in 1924 there were 50,000 wells producing cither oil, or gas, or both, and 43 counties were classed as oil and gas producers. tulsa is the centre of the oil and gas area of the state: its population. increased from 18,000 in 1910 to 72,075 in 1920. the production of oil increascd from 52,028,700 bbl. of crude oil in 1910 to 161,000,000 bbl. in 1924, and its value from $19,227,000 in 1910 to $279,000,000 in 1924. in 1924 oklahoma produced 3,500,000 tons of coal, 178,000,000,000 cu. ft. of gas, 67,000 tons of lead, 242,000 tons of zinc, 290,000 tons of gypsum and 2,000,000 bbl. of portland cement. the total value of oklahoma’ s mincral production increased trom $33,000,000 in 1910 to $410,600,000 in 1924. agriculture. —the total area of farm land in 1910 was 28,859,- 353 ac. of which 17,551,337 ac. were improved; in 1920 the total area was 31,951,934 ac. of which 18,125,321 were im- proved. the value of farm property in 1910 was $918,148,882; in 1920 it had increased to $1,660,423,544. in 1909 the total value of all crops was $131,522,220. in 1919 it was $550,084,742, but, owing to the drop in prices, in 1924 the total value was only $427,934,000. dairy products in 1924 were valued at $25,000,000, as against $20,878,920 in 1919. the following tables show the quantities and values of cereal production in 1909, r919 and 1924, and the numbers of live stock in 1910, 1920 and 1924:— cereal production . 1909 1919 1924 " wheat: quantity 14,008,334 bu.| 65,761,843 bu. os ,0o0o0 bu. | value tia 854, 222 140,730,350 68,048,000 ; corn: quantity 94,283,407 bu.| 53,851,093 bu. | 65,600,000 bu. value $48,080,554 $72,693,979 $58,384,000 ' oats: quantity 16,606,154 bu.} 4§.470,191 bu. | 38,880,000 bu. value $7,172,267 36,376,150 $20,606,000 kafirs: quantity 4,658,752 bu., 17,901,096 bu. | 29,614,000 bu. value $2,531,036 | $23,271,427 $22,803,000 | barley: quantity 127,641 bu.! 1,781,839 bu. | 4,675,000 bu. value $75,059 | $2,049,119 $3,273,000 rye: quantity 37,240 bu. 705,124 bu. 518,000 bu. | value $30,364 $1,022,434 $523,000 oklahoma—oklahoma city live stock ilorses mules 786, 700 . 258,152 1,765,346 49,157 790,670 358,200 870,690 1,284,753 106,024 1,366,722 dairy cattle . other cattle . sheep swine the chief industries are the manufacture of flour and meal, smelting, oil refining and meat packing. the following table prepared by the u.s. census bureau gives a comparative summary for 1914 and 1921:— i9i4 1921 number of establishments 2,518 1,398 proprietors and firm members 2,464 1,262 salaried employees 2,793 5,443 wage-carners 17,443 22,241 capital $ 65,477,054 oe salaries 3,202,332 $ 11,801,000 wages . 11,011,043 29,532,000 cost of materials 70,969,750 203,803,000 value of products , : 102,005,693 value added by manufacture . 31,035,943 283,764,000 79,961,000 education.—during the period 1910 to 1924 great progress was made in education. the enrolment of pupils in r9g10 was 415,116, and in 1924-5 it was 654,742. the number of accredited four year high schools increased from 29 in 1912 to 508 in 1924. the total expenditure for public schools in 1910 was $8,600,- 450.32, as against $30,187,233 in 1924-5. similar growth has been shown in the higher educational institutions supported by the state. the six state teachers’ colleges, the agricultural and mechanical college and the secondary agricultural schools as well as other state secondary schools have made progress. the university of oklahoma, which in 1907-8 had 4o instructors and 790 students, had in 1924-§ 264 instructors and 5,s61 students, inclusive of the summer session, but exclusive of correspondence and extension work. in 10916 the industrial institution at chickasha was re-organised and renamed the oklahoma college for women. it is the only school maintained by the state that is not co-educational. history —at the time of its admission in 1907 oklahoma contained more than one-third of the indian population of the united states. these indians came from numerous tribes that had moved to oklahoma in the roth century, and their absorp- tion into the general body of citizens has proceeded increasingly since 1910. the indians of oklahoma had by 1920 practically no separate history, and such tribal organisations as were main- tained were not for governmental purposes, but were business corporations for the control of tribal property. the great mineral output has made many of the indians extremely wealthy. the osage tribe in particular continued to hold much of its land as tribal property, and its members receive very large royalties. this was not true of certain other tribes, as the lands assigned to them are valuable only for grazing purposes, and the indi- vidual allotments under such circumstances bring small incomes. the fact that a large part of the land, especially in the eastern half, has been allotted to the indians, serves to account for the large number of tenant farmers in a state. the governors of oklahoma between roro and 1925 were lee cruce (dem.), 1911-5; robert l. williams (dem.), 1915-9; james brooks ayres robertson (dem.), r919-23; john calloway walton (dem.), 1923; martin edward trapp (dem.), 1923- . brblrography.—joseph b. thoburn, the standard history of oklahoma (1916); roy gittinger, the formation of the state of oklahoma (1917); ‘john alley and frederick f. blachly, elements of government with history and government of oklahoma (1920); james s. buchanan and edward e. dale, a history of oklahoma (1924). for statistics see bulletins of the oklahoma geological survey (norman): reports of the state board of agriculture: and biennial reports of the state supt. of public instruction. (r. gi.) oklahoma city, u.s.a. (sce 20.61), the capital of the state of oklahoma and its commercial centre, continued to grow okuma—olympic gamis rapidly after 1910, reaching a population of 91,258 in 1920 (of whom 8,241 were negroes and only 3,477 foreign-born), and 139,047 on jan. i 1925, according to an official census made by the city. in a zone 50-100 m. from oklahoma city lie (1925) most of the 250 producing oil-fields of the state. the nearer territory, within a radius of 50 m., is believed to contain oil far below the surface, and its development may be expected with the exhaus- tion of the more accessible supplies and improvement in methods of reaching lower levels. in 1924 the assessed valuation of taxable property in the city was $119,000,000; bank clearances amounted to $1,283,152,000; building permits represented a value of $8,060,845; the volume of wholesale business was esti- mated at $175,000,000; and freight originating in or destined for the city amounted to 1,880,426 net tons. the value of prod- ucts manufactured within the city increased from $7,868,000 in 1909 to $60,971,000 in torg. in 1925 there were 431 manufac- turing establishments with an output valued at $150,000,000, the principal industries being packing, flour-milling, cotton- pressing and ginning. the commission form of government was adopted in rort. by 1925 a new water supply system costing $5,500,000 had been completed; and 2,200 ac. had been laid out in public parks and playgrounds. oklahoma city university (established in 1911 and superseding epworth university) had a roll of over 1,300 students. okuma, shigenobu, marovrss (1838-1922), japanese statesman (see 20.61), emerged from his retirement in 1914 to become prime minister, in which capacity it was his fortune to guide the country through the opening months of the world war. in oct. 1916, count okuma retired from office owing to his failing health. in the same year he was raised to a marquessate. he died at tokyo jan. 10 1922. old age pensions: see insurance, social. oldenburg, sergei fedorovich (1863- ), russian orientalist, was born sept. 14 1863 at bjankino, siberia, of a family of german origin. oldenburg learnt greck and latin at a secondary school in warsaw and later entered the university of st. petersburg (leningrad) to study oriental languages. he specialised in indian dialects under professor t. p. uinajer, graduated in 1890 and went to england where he did research work at cambridge. in 1894 he published his buddhist legends. in 1903 became a member of the academy of sciences, of which in the following year he was elected permanent secretary. in this capacity he controlled the official and scientific correspond- ence of the academy, its publications and their exchange, the academical archives, the scientific expeditions and the regional surveys of the country. he also became director of the asiatic museum, founded by the academy in 1818, which contains many valuable oriental manuscripts. oldenburg took a leading part in two archaeological expeditions to chinese turkistan, which discovered a whole library of ancient mss. buried in sand among ruins of a deserted town. he was appointed professor at the university of st. petersburg in 1895 and still occupied the chair of indian languages and literature in 1926. old testament: see biblical criticism. ollivier, olivier emile (1825-10913), french statesman (see 20.89), died at st. gervais-les-bains, savoy, aug. 30 1913. olney, richard (1835-1917), american statesman (sce 20.91), died in boston, mass., april 8 1917. he declined, in 1913, president wilson’s offer of the ambassadorship to great britain.