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    "title": "NAVY DEPARTMENT",
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    "verified_text": "-since 1910 the u.s. navy department has been reorganised to some extent in accord- ance with requirements found necessary to meet fully the demands of the world war, and likewise as a result of lessons learned during that war. on aug. 29 1916, closely following the u.s. govt.’s ultimatum of april 18 to the imperial german govt. with regard to unrestricted submarine war- fare, an act of congress established a naval flying corps, a naval reserve force, reorganised the navy on a basis of immediate preparation for war, and authorised the construction of 10 battleships, 6 battle cruisers, 10 scout cruisers, 50 destroyers, 9 fleet submarines, 58 coast submarines, 2 gunboats and 12 auxiliary ships. the naval consulting board, composed of leading scientists and inventors, was provided for on the same date. not directly concerned with the reorganisation of the navy dept., but affect- ing the mobilisation of u.s. military power, was the authorisa- tion by congress, also on aug. 29, of the council for national defence, with the secretaries of war, navy, interior, agricul- ture, commerce and labour as members, for the purpose of correlating the factors of preparedness for war. the navy after the war.—since the world war, the u.s. navy has been reduced to a peacetime basis. its limitation as to s'rength was prescribed in certain respects by the washington treaty for the limitation of naval armament. the washington treaty was ratified by the five great naval powers concerned on aug. 17 1923, following a conference of representatives of the united states, the british empire, japan, france and italy, which was convened nov. 12 1921 at the invitation of the american president in washington, and which ended on feb. 6 1922, after the representatives had signed the terms of the treaty. the efforts of the representatives of the united states were directed towards the limitation of total tonnage in each type of combatant naval craft. the treaty as finally ratified limited the total tonnage of capital ships (battleships and battle cruisers) and large aircraft carriers; restricted the individual tonnage displacement of war- ships; fixed a limit to the size of naval guns; prohibited recon- struction of capital ships and aircraft carriers except as pro- vided by treaty; fixed the seatus guo with regard to fortifications and naval bases of certain outlying possessions of the united states, the british empire and japan; specified the capital ships that each of the five powers could retain; provided a schedule of replacement of capital ships; and indicated the capital ships which were to be scrapped. (see washington, treaty of.) plans of navy department.—certain other changes subsequent to the armistice in 1918 affected the plans and organisation of the navy department. on may 28 1919 the general board of the navy recommended that the 1916 building programme for new ships be completed. this recommendation was carried into effect until the restrictions imposed upon new construction by the washington treaty were ratified. the joint army and navy board, established july 17 1903, was reorganised to some extent in july 1919. this board, composed of three naval and three army officers, confers upon and reaches conclusions regarding problems in all matters calling for the co-operation of the two services, and has direct power of approval of reports submitted by the joint planning committee, the joint aeronautical board and the joint munitions board. the bureau of aeronautics was added to the navy dept. by authorisation of congress, july 12 1921. it is of interest here to note that the national advisory committee for aeronautics, which supervises and directs the scientific study of aviation in the united states, was established through the naval appropriation act of march 3 1915. the latest contemplated change of any importance in the reorganisa- tion of the navy dept. is the addition of an assistant secretary for naval aviation. organisation.—the u.s. navy in 1926 may be considered to consist of the following: the navy dept. at washington, the u.s. fleet and detached naval forces, and the naval shore establishment. the navy dept. at washington is the directing 1030 agency, operated, under the direction of the president of the united states, by the secretary of the navy. in deciding upon details of naval policy, the secretary is advised by the assistant secretary of the navy, the joint army and navy board, the chief of naval operations, the general board of the navy, the major- general commandant of the marine corps and by the chiefs of the following technical bureaux: navigation (personnel), engineering, ordnance, construction and repair, aeronautics, supplies and accounts, yards and docks, medicine and surgery. the judge-advocate-general furnishes legal advice. the chief of naval operations is by virtue of his position the senior admiral of the navy (see starr, naval). the office of naval operations, which was established under act of congress march 3 1915, operates the feet and detached naval forces, develops and maintains the plans for their use in war, and in general co-ordinates under the direction of the secretary the work of the eight technical bureaux in the develop- ment of the navy. the general board makes recommendations on important questions of naval policy. the marine corps is operated by its major-general commandant. the assistant secretary supervises the preparation of the annual estimates, administers the navy yards and performs such other duties as may be assigned to him by the secretary of the navy. during the absence of the secretary of the navy from washington, the assistant secretary becomes the acting secretary, and in the event of the assistant secretary’s absence, the chief of naval operations becomes the acting secretary of the navy. divisions of the navy.—the fleet and detached naval forces, other than those assigned to naval districts, are organised as follows: the u.s. fleet, the naval transportation service, the asiatic fleet, naval forces in european waters and the special service squadron. the u.s. fleet comprises the greater part of the naval forces based on home ports. this fleet is divided into four parts—the scouting fleet in the atlantic, the battle fleet in the pacific, the control force in the atlantic and the fleet base force in the pacific. the duties of the u.s. fleet are confined to training for the development of the flect to its maximum strength as a fighting force. the naval transportation service carrics the fuel and other supplies from supply ports to the theatre of operations, where its cargoes are turned over for use or distribution to the flcct base force. the asiatic fleet is composed of a cruiser acting as flagship, some destroyers, submarines, gunboats and a small air force; this fleet protects u.s. interests in the far east. the naval forces in european waters protect american interests in europe and the near east. the special service squadron pro- tects u.s. interests in the central and south american republics. the third component part of the navy, the naval shore estab- lishment, consists of 14 naval districts, each of which has a commandant, who, as a representative of the navy dept., has general supervision over all naval activities in his district. these 14 naval districts include in their territory the united states proper and its outlying possessions. each district has a navy yard, naval base or naval station, where the commandant has his headquarters and staff. these yards and stations carry out such important repairs and alterations to ships as are not performed by the forces afloat. (c.d. wr) neal, david dalhsoff (1838-1915), american painter (see 19.320), died in munich, germany, may 2 1915. nebraska (see 19.323) had in 1925 a population of 1,355,371 (u.s. census bureau estimate); in 1920, 1,296,372; in 1910, 1,192,214. the increase from 1900-10 was 11-8%;3 from 1910-20 8-7%. in the decade rg1o—20 the foreign-born whites decreased from 176,662 to 149,652. in 1920 the urban population (in places of 2,500 or more) was 405,306 or 31-°3% of the whole; in 1910 310,852, or 26-1%. the rural population in 1920 was 891,066, or 68-7°%; in 1910 881,362, or 73°9%. the drift of popu- lation to the larger cities has continued strongly during the period 1920-5. the five cities having in 1920 a population over 10,000 are given in table in next column. in the decade 1910-20, 33 out of 93 counties showed a decrease in total population, and 43 (chielly the older counties) showed neal—niebraska 1920 iqio increase % omaha 191,601 124,096 s44 lincoln 54,948 43,973 25°09 grand island 13,947 10,326 jo’t liastings . 11,647 9,338 2a57 north platte _10,466 4,793 18:4 a decrease in rural population. the irrigated districts in the platte valley and the cities of 10,o00 or more have absorbed practically all the increase in population from 1910-25. avriculture—the number of farms in 1925 was 127,731; 67,764 were operated by owners, 669 by managers, and 59,298 or 16-4°5 by tenants. the farm acreage was 42,024,129, of which there were 23,109,624 ac. of improved land. the average acreage per farm was 329. the value of farm land and buildings was $2,523,306,303 in 1925 as compared with $3,712,107,760 in 1920; the average per farm was $19,755 in 1925, $29,836 in 1920. in 1920 nebraska ranked sixth among the states in area of cul- tivated lands. it was first in production of hay, second in winter wheat, third in corn (maize), third in combined production of wheat, oats and maize. about 1,000,000 ac. were in wood- land, of which half or more had been planted by settlers. produc- tion of principal crops for the years 1920 and 1925 is shown in the following table: 9,100,000 | 236,600,000} 6,699,450 | 160,391,314 2,676,000 | 34,150,000] 4,429,156 | 57,343,598 ; 2,699,000 | 73,953,000! 2,029,740 | 59,819,545 barley 233,000 5,662,000 211,242 4,405,323 rye 205,000 | 2,552,000) 359,926 | 3,259,390 (tons) (tons) (tons) (tons) lay. . | 4,648,000 5,867,000| 4,798,363 5,307,702 | | sugar beets 61,000 816,000 | 54,486 554,646 | domestic animals on farms in 1925, 1920 and 1910 included the following :— 1920 i9i1o 971,279 1925 horses 863,152 961,396 mules 119,874 99,847 79,652 cattle 3,314,342 | 3,154,265 | 2,567,392 swine 4,279,824 | 3,435,690 | 3,435,724 sheep 2 305 . industries.—slaughtering and meat-packing, the chicf manu- facturing industry, in 1919 employed 10,122 wage-carners in 16 establishments, and the products were valued at $303,849,000. wage-earners employed in all industries numbered 36,521, as compared with 24,336 in 1909. minerals.—of the pumice produced in the united states 97° is mined in nebraska. production of limestone, sand and gravel for cement industries and road building increased rapidly. potash is found in alkali lakes in the sandhill region of western nebraska. the world war shut out importation from germany, and commercial potash rose to 10 times its former price, with the result that a new industry sprang up, but died out after the war, when importation from europe was resumed. finance-—by act of the legislature (1921), assessment of property was changed from one-fifth to full value. in 1925 the assessed value was $3,156,307,123. total ievics for all state purposes (1925) were 2-35 mills. total state and local taxes for all purposes (1924) were $53,447,375, about $41 per capita. there is no state debt. the total debt of all sub-divisions of the state on jan. 1 1926 was $107,000,000. the revenue in 1924 was $12,498,432 and the disbursements $12,890,046. roads and transportation —the amount expended on roads from 1920 to 1925 was approximately $8,000,000. in 1925 there were 5,960 m. state roads and 3,514 m. improved state roads. in 1925 farm-owned motor-cars were 122,910, or 40% of the whole number in the state, 301,716; farm-owned motor-trucks were 16,112, or 43:5°4 of the whole, 37,003. one of the great nebula-—-negro changes since 1920 has been the entrance of motor-buses and motor-trucks into rivalry with railways. this began actively in 1923 and has rapidly expanded, and railways have since noted a large falling off in local business. in 1924 there were 6,441 m. of steam and ars m. of electrical railway track. education.—nebraska is second in literacy among the states. the 1920 u.s. census found 13,874 persons over ro unxble to write in any language. the nebraska law requires attendance of all children between seven and 16. in 1924 there were 7,120 schools, with 327,417 enrolled pupils; teachers, 14,284; total school expenditure, $32,508,108. foreign languages in the schools became a political issue as a result of the world war. about 200,000 nebraskans were german-born or children of parents born in germany. through the efforts of the german- american alliance, the mockett law was enacted in 1913, pro- viding for teaching the german language in the common schools upon petition of school patrons. after the declaration of war, the mockett law was repealed, and the siman law passed for- bidding the use of any foreign language as a medium of instruc- tion. on appeal to the u.s. supreme court, the siman law was held unconstitutional. history —the chief political issues were the introduction of prohibition, woman suffrage, initiative and referendum and the reconstruction of the state government, all of which were adopted in 1920. the legislatures of 1919-25 granted $9,000,000 for the construction of a new state capitol. ‘the governors since rgto were chester h. aldrich (rep.), 1911-3; john h. morce- head (dem.), 1913~7; keith neville (dem.), 1917-9; samuel r. mckelvie (rep.), 1919-23; charles w. bryan (dem.), 1923-5; adam mcmullen (rep.), 1925- . bibliography.—publications of state historical society and state conservation bureau; nebraska blue book and ilistorical register; g. e. condra, resources of nebraska; addison e, sheldon, [listory and stories of nebraska (1913), and nebraska civil govern- ment (1926); new jilustrated history of nebraska (3 vol., 1926- oe (a. e. s.*) nebula: see astronomy.",
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