MINNESOTA

the population of the state in 1920 was 2,387,125 as against 2,075,708 in 1910, an increase of 311,417, or 15% for the decade. the total white population was 2,368,936, of whom 1,882,772 were natives and 486,164 foreign born. negroes numbered 8,809 and indians 8,761. the density was 290°5 per sq. m.; 25:7 in igto. the estimated population in 1926 was 2,651,306. ‘the urban population (in places having over 2,500 muhabitanis) was 1,051,503, of 44°1% in 19.20; 4r o% in 1910. the rural population was 1,335,532, or 55:9°% in 1910. the following table gives the population and the percentage of increase of cities having more than 15,000 inhabitants in 1920:— esti- cities 1920 ro1o | fnereasey ate fo 1925 minneapolis . . 380,582 | 301,408 26°3 | 425,435 ste paul 4 : ; 234,698 | 214,744 9-3 246,001 duluth ‘ : : . | 98,917 | 75,466 26-1 110,502 winona. ‘ ‘ : 19,143 | 18,583 3:0 19,459 st. cloud 15,873 | 10,600 49°7 18,860 hibbing 15,089 | 8,832 70's 17,955 agricuiture—there were 188,215 farms in minnesota in 10924. these farms covered 30,040,933 ac., two-thirds of which was im- proved. the total value of farm land and buildings in 1925 was $2,396,005,328. the final stage in the state’s progress from pioneer to diversitied farming was marked by the decline of wheat from second to third crop. in the years following 1920 the total corn and oat crop was consistently more than four times as great as the total wheat crop, both in quantity and value. the northern part of the state showed a rapid develop- ment in stock-raising and dairying. minerals —about 60°% of the output of iron ore in the united states is mined in the three great iron ranges of northern min- nesota. the mesaba range, 110 m. in length, embraces 130 active mines. the vermillion and cuyana ranges combined form an additional iron belt of about 50 miles. a total of 44,556,053 tons of ore, valued at $158,402,788, was shipped from minnesota mines in 1923. afanufactures— in 1923 minnesota ranked twelfth among the states in the value of its manufactures. in the 3,902 establish- ments (not including hand industries) then existing, the average number of persons employed was 103,344 and products valued at $968 ,476,565 were manufactured. there was a falling off in manufacturing from 1919, the peak year. the state’s five most important industries, in the order of the value of products in 1923, were the flour- and grist-mill, slaughtering and meat-pack- ing, dairy and creamery, the manufacture of cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam railways and lumber and timber industries. in flour and butter minnesota’s products exceed those of any other state, following 1910 the slaughtering minorities and meat-packing industries, centred at south st. paul, showed rapid growth. because of the depletion of her forests minnesota dropped from third place among the states in lumber manufac- ture in 1900 to sixteenth place in 1920; but, though lumbering declined, timber manufacturing increased. iron ore 1s‘ now worked in huge iron and steel plants on the st. louis river near duluth, and farm machinery is manufactured increasingly. trans portation.—the railway mileage in minnesota in 1924 was 9,096 an increase of 7-8°5 since 1908. in 1924 there were 180-2 m. of electric lines, exclusive of cily street railways. with the growth of motor traffic, the demand for good roads greatly increased, and the state engaged in road building on an extensive scale. an amendment to the constitution (1912) authorised the levy of a one-mill tax, the proceeds to be distrib- uted among the counties and used for road building and main- tenance; another amendment (1920) authorised the issue of bonds and provided for the taxation of motor vehicles in order to finance a system of state trunk highways covering 7,000 m.; a third amendment (1924) authorised a tax on gasolene used in motor vehicles and to add the proceeds of the tax to the highway fund. ‘here were in 1922 about 107,103 m. of public roads 1n the state. the u.s. govt. completed in 1920 the construction of a dam in the mississippi between st. paul and minne- apolis, which by means of locks makes the latter city the head of navigation on the river. an attempt is being made to revive freighting on the river, between minneapolis and st. louis; and the ford motor company’s northwest plant, estab- lished in st. paul and using hydroelectric power from the government dam, is both shipping and receiving goods by water. education.—in 1923-4, there were 431 high schools, 746 grade schools, 354 consolidated schools and 6,607 rural schools with 2,900 teachers and 78,000 pupils, and these schools received, in addition to local support, state aid. during 1923-4, $50,316,000 was expended on public education. there are six state teachers’ colleges and 12 private institutions of collegiate grade. ‘the university of minnesota at minneapolis comprises 13 colleges and schools. a noteworthy development in the medical school was its affiliation with the mayo clinic at rochester. in 1915 william j. and charles h. mayo, the famous surgeons, estab- lished the mayo foundation for medical education and re- search, endowed it to the amount of $1,500,000 and gave it to the university. the university was thus placed in control of prac- tically all medical instruction in minnesota. in 1924-5 the university had 12,736 students, 673 faculty members and 253 buildings. an extensive building programme covering a period of 10 years was initiated in 1919, when the legislature ap- propriated $5,600,000 for this purpose. government.—in 1925 the state government was reorganised by combining the existing state boards and commissions into twelve departments and creating two new departments, the executive council (consisting of the governor, attorney-gencral, auditor, treasurer and secretary of state), and the department of administration and finance, under the control of a commission of three appointed by the governor and removable at pleasure. the three commissioners—the comptroller, commissioner of the budget and commissioner of purchasecs—have general super- vision and control of the expenditures and personnel of state departments and agencies. the placing of the state’s charitable and penal institutions under the board of control was com- pleted in 1917, and the board in 1925 had charge of 18 in- stitutions including the recently established asylum for the in- sane with a special ward for inebriatcs at willmar, the state reformatory for women at shakopee and the colony for epileptics at cambridge. the new state prison buildings at stillwater, completed in 1912, cover 22 ac. in a tract of 1,000 acres. among the duties of the new department of conservation are forest conservation, reforestation, and the management of the 20 state parks, eleven of which have areas greater than 100 acres. in addition this department manages the pillsbury state forest, cass county and the burntside state forest, st. louis county. two federal forest reserves are also located in the state: su- perior national forest in st. louis, lake and cook counties; 931 and minnesota national forest in itasca, cass and belltrami countics. . finance.—on june 30 1925 there were 1,375 banking in- stitutions in minnesota, of which 1,027 were state banks, 21 trust companies, 7 savings banks and 320 national banks. there are also in the state 85 building and loan associations and one credit union. the federal reserve bank for the ninth district is located in minneapolis. all banking imstitutions other than national banks are under the supervision of the com- missioner of banks of the state department of commerce. itistory.—the most important political movement of recent years was the growth of agrarian unrest manifesting itself first in the non-partisan league and laterin the farmer-labour party. from 1919-23 this movement was particularly active and two members of this party were clected to the u.s. senate —one to fillan unexpired term. in 1924, however, the tide was ebbing; at the presidential election the state was carried by the republican party, and a republican replaced one of the farmer-labour senators. the membership and power of organised labour fluctuated in a way roughly proportional to the fortunes of the farmer-labour party. two important pieces of legislation in 1910-25 were the primary law (1912), which provides for nomination and election on a non-partisan ballot of all state and local officers except the state executive officers, the railway and warehouse commissioners and the clerk of the supreme court and the so-called tonnage tax (1921), a 6% tax on the net value of mined ore. minnesota ratified the eighteenth (pro- hibition) federal amendment jan. 20 1rorg. the following governors held office after 1909: albert olson eberhart (rep.), 1909-15; winfield scott hammond (dem.) (died in office), jan.—dec. 1915; joseph a. a. burnquist (rep.), 1915-21; jacob a. o. preus (rep.), 1921-5; theodore christianson (rep.), 19257 (s. j. b.) minorities.—groups of population differing by race or religion from the nation of which they form part. one of the most remarkable characteristics in the evolution of modern nations is their tendency to develop political communities in- creasingly extensive and increasingly homogeneous. in certain countries, such as france, this assimilation is practically accom- plished and there is no longer any question of national minorities. but in some cases fusion does not proceed without resistance, and it may be said that the problem of national minorities arises at the moment of the emergence of important groups of persons differing from the majority by race, language or religion, who aspire to an independent life with regard to that majority. these aspirations may vary from the desire for a simple freedom to develop their own intellectual aims and their own traditions to a demand for administrative autonomy, or even a more highly developed political status, on the model of the swiss cantons. ttistorical survey,—the modern problem of national minorities is identical with the idea of the “ national state’ which emerged after the break-up of feudalism. indeed, from the moment when political unity arose on the basis of national unity, every nation which became conscious of a distinct nationality necessarily aspired to the advantages of a more or less complete political independence. then at the same period, the exhaustion resulting from the religious wars of the 16th and 17th centuries and the advance of toleration were very favourable to the aspirations of homogeneous people for a cer- tain measure of independence. these aspirations found expression from the 16th century onward in international law in the clauses of certain treaties in virtue of which the contracting parties obtained in favour of subjects whom they had been compelled to detach from their rule, or even for certain peoples of the same religion as their own, guarantees for the free exercise of their religion. (l-or examples see the capitulations granted by the sultan solyman i]. to francis i, in favour of the eastern christians, 1535; the peace of augsburg, 1555; treaty of westphalia, 1648; treaty of oliva, 1660; treaty of paris, 1763, etc.). the liberation of the english colonies in america, the declaration of independence (1776) and the french revolution with the declaration of the rights of man (1789), crystallised, to some degree, the modern philosophy of nationality which is trans- lated by the formula, “ the right of peoples to self-determination.” in the 19th century this was strengthened by a series of brilliant successes: the achievement of independence successively by the spanish and portuguese colonies in america; the liberation of (reece 1821-30; and of belgium, 1831-2; the gradual elimination of the turks from europe in favour of the christian peoples of the 932 balkans; a series of conferences and of treaties (london, 1830: paris, 1856; berlin, 1878, etc.) which contained clauses in favour of certain religious minorities. the world war and its consequences the war of 1914 caused a formidable awakening of national as- pirations. italy and rumania entered the war against the central powers in order to realise their national demands; irish agitation was intensificd under war conditions. in 1916 an important con- gress of nationalities met at lausanne. as early as jan. 22 1917 president wilson laid down as the principle of the future peace:— that no nation should seek to extend its polity over any other nation or people, but that every people should be left free to deter- mine its own polity, its own way of development, unhindered, un- threatened, unafraid, the little along with the great and powerful. nevertheless, the distribution of the nationalities in europe is so complex, notably in certain regions where the ethnical elements vary from village to village, that it was evidently impossible in the peace settlement to apply in its integrity the principle of self-determination; it was inevitable that some minorities should remain under the domination of majoritics. on the other hand, some majority populations before the war became minorities. a summary table of european minorities appears in next column.! in russia there are some 4o different nationalities the statis- tics of which are ill authenticated. the union of soviet so- cialist republics has granted to many nationalities a large measure of autonomy, and comprises at present a great number of republics and autonomous territories. tur ricnut of minorities in europe alone the multiplicity of minorities, aggravated by the triumph of certain minorities immediately after the world war, has created an extremely dangerous political situ- ation which is a constant source of disturbance. the peace treaties of 1919 sought to alleviate this danger by creating wide and fundamental rights for minorities. the documents sanctioning these rights are of four kinds:— i danan articles in the peace treaties concluded by the prin- cipal allied and associated powers with austria (st. germain, sept. 10 1919); bulgaria (neuilly-on-seine, nov. 27 1919); hungary (trianon, june 4 1920) and turkey (lausanne, july 24 1923). 2. spectal minoritics treaties concluded by the principal allied and assoctated powers with poland (feb. 13 1920); czechoslovakta (sept. 10 i919); the serb-croat-slovene state (sept. io 1919); rumania (dec. 9 i919); greece (aug. io 1920). all these treatics have been placed under the guarantee of the league of nations. 3.. engagements entered into by certain states with the league of nations to observe toward their minorities, or certain of those minori- ties, obligations more or less identical with those laid down in the minority treaties: by finland and albania, 1921; lithuania, 1922; latvia and estonia, 1923. 7 4. bilateral conventions between certain states: treaty of briinn between austria and czechoslovakia (june 7 1920); conven- tion between poland and danzig (nov. 9 1920); convention between germany and poland (may [5 1922). the great innovation common to these international engage- ments is the intervention, for the assurance of the protection of minorities, of a supernational power, hitherto unknown, the league of nations. obligations with regard to minorities are henceforth conceived no longer as simple assurances of goodwill of a state towards its subjects of another race, but as interna- tional obligations which should be recognised by the state con- cerned as “‘ fundamental laws,” which cannot be contradicted by any other laws, and which are placed under the guarantee of the league of nations. the council of the league of nations has been invested with juridical powers to intervene with the govt. in case of infringement, or menace of infringement of their obligations with regard to minorities; finally, disputes on ques- tions of law or fact which may arise in the carrying out of the 1 figures furnished by a minority rarely agree with those given by the majority. the figures marked with an asterisk in this table are derived from the official statistics of the states concerned. others are taken from recent authoritative works of reference. minorities country majority belgium 7,482,100 germany 61,000,000 poland 17,667,000 lithuania 7,702,000 (incl. memel) latvia 1,159,300 estonia . 969,900 finland . 3,500,000 austria . 5,360,000 zechoslovakia 8,760,000 ilungary 7,147,000 italy . 41,000,000 yugoslavia. 9,971,600 (serb-croat- slovene state) albania . 817,800 rumania. 11,576,000 bulgaria 3,441,000 greece 5,157,000 turkey . 8,518,000 nlinorities germans, {0,000 danes, poles and wends germans, 1,550,000 jews, 2,520,000 ruthenes, 4,220,000 russians, 1,135,000 lithuanians, 72,750 various, 50,000 jews, 153,700 germans, 29,200 poles, 65,600 russians, 50,500 great russians, 91,500 jews, 79,300 germans, 58,000 little russians, 66,000 poles, 52,200 lithuanians, 25,500 istonians, 8,700 russians, 91,200 swedes, 7,800 germans, 18,000 jews, 4,500 various, 15,000 swedes, 380,000 russians, 6,000 czechs, 245,000 ilungarians, 88,500 jews, 270,000 serbs-croats-slovenes, 117,500 (sermans, 3,123,000 magyars, 745,co0o ruthenes, 461,800 poles, 75,800 jews, 180,800 various, 260,000 germans, 551,200 slovaks, 141,800 rumanians, 23,700 serbs-croats-slovenes, 53,990 jews, 60,000 germans, 280,000 french vaudois, 85,000 slovenes, 250,000 croats, 150,000 albanians, 80,000 greeks, 25,000 magyars, 472,400 germans, 518,400 albanians, 441,500 rumanians, 229,000 bulgars and other slavs, 174,000 italians, 12,800 various, 212,000 some thousands of creeks magyars, 1,650,500 germans, 804,000 ukrainians, 1,100,000 ruthenes, 793,800 jews, 770,000 bulgars, 251,000 serbs, 62,300 turcs and tartars, 230,000 various, 579,000 gsrecks, 48,300 gipsies, 115,700 jews, 43,500 rumanians, 78,000 turcs and tartars, 454,700 various, 676,000 albanians, 162,000 jews, 110,000 rumanians, 486,700 turcs and tartars, 59,000 various (slavs, etc.), ; 500,000 armenians, 40,000 c;reeks, 220,000 gipsies, 23,500 jews, 68,600 various, 2,413,000 minsk y—missions said obligations may be referred to the permanent court of international justice, whose decision is final. generally speaking, the treaties, conventions or declarations concerning minorities give these guarantees to the minority populations :— 1. rights equal to those of any nationals of the country to pro- tection of life and liberty and the free exercise of their religion; 2. aspecial right to the acquisition of the nationality of the coun- try in question and to the exercise of civil and political rights; 3. free use of their mother tongue in private life, in trade, in re- ligion, in the press, in publications, in public meetings and in the courts of law; and 4. the right of maintaining at their own expense charitable, re- ligious or educational instt‘utions. 5. in districts in which the minority constitutes a considerable proportion of the population, instruction in the primary schools of the state shall be given in the language of that minority and the minority shall be assured an equitable share in the sums provided by the state and municipal budgets for educational, religious or charitable purposes. the conditions under which minorities may raise a complaint, and the procedure to be followed by the secretariat and the council of the league of nations are laid down by precise reg- ulations which have been several times revised (tittoni report: resolutions of the council of oct. 25 1920; of june 27 1921; of sept. 5 1923, and june ro 1925; resolutions of the 3rd and ath assemblies). an essential condition is that every application which is admitted as being in order is communicated in the first instance to the govt. of the state against which the complaint is directed for its observations; the second is that every application definitely admitted as in order is examined by the president of the council assisted by two members of the council. but the council is not assumed to be legally and officially informed until one of its members takes it upon himself to draw the attention of the council to the case in question. when this takes place, the council ‘‘ may proceed in any manner and give any instruction that appears to it appropriate and effective in the circumstances.” as a result of this cautious procedure, many complaints trans- mitted to the council have not been considered. this failure has caused serious disappointment and has given occasion for numerous grievances. but on the whole the essential rights of minorities are certainly respected, and even the possibility of the bringing of a complaint of the minorities before the council or the assembly of the league of nations inevitably disposes governments to be prudent and moderate in their attitude to- wards their minoritics. morcover, certain minorities have ob- tained important advantages through the procedure adopted by the council. in conclusion, the modern law of minorities as it emerges from the treaties, conventions and declarations enumer- ated above, has incontestably exercised on the fate of minorities a moderating influence, the great significance of which can hardly be exaggerated. bibliography.—marc vichniac, la protection des drotts des minorites dans les traites internationaux de 1910-20 (1920); a. schieling, die lage der deutschen in der tschechei (1921); jacques fouques-duparc, la protection des ntinorites, de race, de langue et de religion. etude de droit des gens; preface de m. a. de la- pradelle (1922); baron a. heyking, the matin issues confront- ing the minorities of latvia and eesti (1922); h. rauchberg, “der internationale schutz der nationalen minderneiten,” prager juristische zeitschrift, no. 7-8 (1922); helmer rosting, ‘ protection of minorities by the league of nations,” american jour. of inier- national law (oct. 1922); j. l. brun, le probleme des muinorites devant le droit international (1923); ivor l. evans, ‘ the protection of minorities,’ british year book of international law (1923-4); situation des minorites en slovaqtuie et en russte subcarpathique, memoire ala societe des nations (1923); t. ruyssen, les minorites nationales d’europe et la guerre mondiale (1924); the league of nations, the league of nations and minorttites (tu. r minsky (1856- }, the pen name of nicolas maximovich wilenkine, russian man of letters, was born jan. 21 1856 at glubokoe, vilno (wilna) province, and was educated at minsk. he graduated in law at st. petersburg university, but soon devoted himself wholly to a literary career. uls first volume of poems was published in 1877, but was confiscated by the government and was not re-issued until 1887. it was during the eighties that he became well known as a poet of social re- 933 volt. in the ’nineties, however, he became one of the leaders of the russian symbolists. in 1905 he edited with gorky the socialist paper, new life. minsky’s philosophic ideas are ¢x- pressed in in ihe light of inner revelation (1890) and the religion of the future (1905). he also wrote many sonnets, lyrics and a number of plays. his poetical works were published in four volumes in 1907 and appeared in german in 1923. a volume of his works entitled ec/oes has been translated into english by bd. macalister (1923). minto, gilbert john elliott-murray-kynynmond, ath earl of (1845-1914), british politician (see 18.564), died at minto house, tawick, scotland, march 3 1914. mirbeau, octave henri marie (1850-1017), french dramatist and journalist (sce 18.574), died in paris feb. 16 1917. misic, zivojin (1855~1921), serbian statesman, was born july 7 1855 at struganik near valievo, the son of well-to-do peas- ant parents. he passed through the old artillery school in bel- grade and served in the serbo-turkish war of 1877 and the serbo- bulgarian war of 1885. during the bosnian annexation crisis he became assistant chief-of-staff to gen. putnik, and in this capac- ity made his name in the first balkan war, being promoted general. iie further distinguished himself in the bregalnitsa operations cluring the second balkan war of 1912-3. when the world war broke out and the austrians invaded serbia in nov. 1914, misie was appointed to the command of the i. army. misi¢’s simple and unaffected heroism inspired his soldiers with confidence: his spirit spread to the whole serbian army and found expression in the decisive victory of rudnik carly in dec. by which the aus- trians were driven out of serbia. misie, who had been created voivode after rudnik, again served with distinction during the retreat of the serbian army in the winter of 1915. after along interval spent in recovering from the strain of the campaign, he resumed command of the i. army oi the salonika front in aug. 1917, and in june 1918 was made chief-of-staff. in this position he played a pre-eminent part in claborating the plan to which the piercing of the bulgarian front was due. as a convinced believer in the idea of yugoslav unity, he did all in his power to promote the efforts of the exiled yugo- slav committee to organise yugoslav legions on every front. he died on jan. 20 1921.