{
    "system": "GoGuides Verified Text",
    "api_version": "verified-text-v1",
    "status": "ok",
    "response_type": "verified_text_record",
    "source_key": "britannica_1926",
    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1926)",
    "license_code": "public_domain",
    "attribution": null,
    "license_url": null,
    "chunk_id": "1926:maryland:988be88f00cc",
    "title": "MARYLAND",
    "section": null,
    "hash_alg": "sha256",
    "hash_sha256": "a84b78e58a8feb8a165cb5fb0c49e1871ff0a2064b8b99b119803642aaa62a9d",
    "normalizer": {
        "name": "ggnorm",
        "version": "1.0"
    },
    "verified_text": "the population in 1920 was t440.- 661, as compared with 1,295, 3.46 in igt0, an increase of 11-9 °%% as opposed to 9° 0 in the previous decade. in 1920 the aeban population (that is, residents of towns of 2,500 inhabitants or more) was 869,422, while the rural population was 580, 239, or 60% urban instead of 50-38% in 1910. a part of this increase of deban population may be accounted for by the annexation of portions of baltimore and anne arundel counties to baltimore city in 1918 (see baltimore), by which the population of balti- more received more than the normal increase for the decacle. the population of those cities in maryland having more than 11,000 inhabitants and the percentage of increase for the decade was as follows: increase per cent baltimore cumberland hagerstown annapolis frederick the greatest percentage of increase was the 70% (11,559 in number) of hagerstown, an important railway and ane ing centre of the cumberland valley. a griculiure—in 1910, 48,923 farms becupien 5,057,140 ac., or 79°5% of the total land area of maryland, of which acreage 3,354,767, or 66:3 %, were improved lands. the slow transition of the state from an agricultural to a manufacturing community is manifested in a comparison of these figures with those for 1920, in which year there were reported 47,908 farms, taking up 4,757,999 ac., or 74:8% of the total land area, and showing 3,136,728, or 65-9%, in improved lands. there were 1,015, or 2:1%, fewer farms in 1920 than in roto, a decrease of 5:9% in total acreage and 6-5 % in the acreage of improved land. in the same period the value of all farm property in the state rose from $286,167,028 to $463 ,638,120; of the average value of a farm from $5,849 to $9,678. the total farm value in 1920 com- prised $386,596,850 in lands and buildings, $28,970,020 in imple- ments, and $48,071,250 in live stock. the average number of acres per farm decreased from 103-4 in 1910 to 99-3 in 1920. the average value per acre of all farm property in 1920 was $97.44, instead of $56.59 as in 1910, and of jand alone was $54-62, in- stead of $32.32. of the total number of farms, 41,699 were operated by white and 6,209 by coloured farmers, a decrease in the first class of 2%, in the second class of 2-6%. of domestic animals on farms in 1920, the total value was $43,- 784,464. the number of horses in 1924 on farms was estimated at 135,000; of mules 33,000; of milch cows 196,000; of other cattle 103,000; of sheep 96,000 and of swine 299,000. the total value of livestock had decreased to $33,686,000 in 1924, a decline due partly to a decrease in the number of horses and partly to smaller prices prevailing for some classes of animals. the total farm value of maryland dairy products in 191g, exclusive of products consumed on the farm, was $13,407,526, as against $5,480,900 in 1909, an increase of 144-6%, the total area in crops in 1923 wa&s 1,934,000 ac., as opposed to 1,927,000 in 1909. the peak year was 1918, when the total area was 2,245,000 acres. the total value of field crops in 1923 was $67,560,000. the corn acreage of maryland was 647,000 ac., in 1g0g (value of crop $11,015,000), and in 1923 the acreage was 642,000, the production 25,231,000 bu., the value of the crop $20,689,000. the wheat acreage was 589,000 in 1909, 664,000 in 191g, $43,000 in 1923. inthe last year 10,426,000 bu. were raised, worth about $1.00 a bushel. hay was grown on 398,892 ac. maryland in 1909; 662,939 in ig1q; 400,000 in 1923. in the last year 420- ooo tons were raised, which was about one-half less than in the preceding year. in 1923, 59,000 ac. were sown in oats, produc- ing 1,758,000 bu. valued at $949,000. in barley 4,o00 ac. were sown producing 132,000 bu.; 17,000 ac. in rye, producing 269,000 bu.; 9,000 ac. in buckw hae producing 199,000 bu.; 49,000 ac. in irish potatocs, producing 3,920,000 bu.; 9,000 ac. in sweet potatoes, producing 1,170,000 bu.; 24,000 ac. in tobacco, pro- ducing 19,008,000 lb., with a value of $4,182,000. theapple crop in 1923 amounted to 2,300,000 bu., with a value of nearly $2,000,000; the peach crop 631,000 bu., with a value of $946,000; the pear crop 374,000 bu., worth about $1.00 a bushel. the tomato crop was very important in 1923; 44,230 ac. were devoted to the crop, which produced 243,300 tons, worth $3,708,- ooo. most of the tobacco raised is exported to france and other european countries. in 1923, 10,420 ac. devoted to strawberries produced 20,840,000 qt. and maryland excelled all other states, except tennessee, in the total number of carloads shipped. the wool crop for 1923 amounted to 467,c00 pounds. afinerals and manufaciures——the value of the products of all mines and quarries in maryland in 1909 was $5,782,045, and in 191g $9,698,577, an increase of 67% in the decade. of this amount, bituminous coal amounted to $8,195,667, or 84°5% the production of granite amounted to $627,625; of slate, $652,- 142. in addition, considerable amounts of limestone, marble, clay, asbestos and iron ore were produced. the coal mining is in the western counties of alleghany and garrett. the iron-ore produced is used entirely in the manufacture of metallic paints. in 1919, 5,628 persons were employed in 126 mining industries. the total value of maryland manufactures in r909 was $315, 669,150, and in 1919 $873,044,774, a sum which placed the state 17th in the union in value of manufactured goods. of the amount named, $677,878,492 was the product of baltimore plants alone. in the entire state, there were in 19109, 165,875 persons engaged in manufacturing industries and $619,606,983 invested in them. in the period 1914-9, the value of maryland manufactures advanced 131-4°%. the following table shows the value of the products of certain industries in 1914 and r919:— i9i4 $39,048,000 25,491,000 18,029,000 11,911,000 10,659,000 17,100,000 products | 1919 $72,589,000 40,636,000 30,566,000 18,744,000 31,581,000 43,228,000 men's clothing copper, tin and sheet-i -iron products canning and preserving . : oi lumber and timber products . foundry and machine products neat : ’ ’ , by rorg there had been added to this list: cars and general shop construction and repairs, for steam railways, $22,837,000; print- ing and publishing, $23,835,000; fertilisers, $37,014,000. since 1914 there has been a large increase in the number of manufac- turing establishments and in capital invested in manufactures in baltimore, so that the 57% which in that year was the contri- bution of that city to the value of manufactures in the state, has been increased. outside of baltimore, the chief manufac- turing centres are the western maryland cities, cumberland and hagerstown. fisheries —a decreased output in fishery products, resulting from a lack of regulation of the taking of oysters from the natural beds, having been recognised, the state created, in 1916, a con- servation commission. this commission was replaced by a con- servation dept. in 1922. in spite of the attempt of the state to increase the supply of oysters, in 1923 it had further diminished ‘to 3,440,810 bu., as opposed to 4,967,433 bu. by april 15 rga2r, before the close of the season. in feb. 1925 an exhaustive inves- tization proved the healthful condition of the maryland oyster. communications.—beginning with the passage of the “ shoe- maker, or state aid ”’ act in 1904, the state entered upon a pro- gramme of road construction, the prosecution of which has pro- vided it with one of the best road systems of any state. in 1908 the state roads commission was created by the legislature to construct all state roads and state-aided roads, and as the result of its activities there have been built of both classes 1,555 m. of masaryk macadam, concrete and other surfaced roads on the foundations of the once privately owned turnpikes and the unmetalled con- necting county roads, education and religion.—the development of johns hopkins university is given in that article. the small colleges of the state, such as st. john’s at annapolis, and western maryland at westminster, have been engaged in important and successful campaigns for the increase of their endowments. in 1920 the legislature passed an act merging the university of maryland (baltimore), with its schools of law and medicine, and the mary- land state college of agriculture (college park, md.) under the name of the university of maryland, and under the control of a board of regents. in secondary education, the further better- ment of the school system throughout the state was provided for by the reorganisation of the state board of education by legislative enactment of 1916. history.—a series of acts passed since 1910 indicates a pro- gressive quality in the administration of the state. these acts created the public service commission (1910), the .state indus- trial accident commission (1914), the conservation commission (1916), the state board of prison control (1916), the state tax commission (1914), the state roads commission (1908) and the reorganisation of the state board of education (1916). in 1916 the budget system was adopted, and in 1920 a merit system for state employees was put in operation. in 1922, largely through the efforts of gov. ritchie, the gov- ernment of the state was reorganised so as to consolidate and rearrange the executive and administrative departments of the state under 19 divisions. a state purchasing agent now secures supplies for these state departments. four great military estab- lishments were located in maryland during the world war; the aberdeen proving grounds, the edgewood arsenal, camp meade and camp holabird, because of their good location and con- venience to washington, these establishments have been re- tained for military purposes by the war department. maryland was the sixth state to ratify the prohibition amend- ment, but never ratified the suffrage amendment. recent gov- ernors have been: austin l. grothers (dem.), 1908-12; phillips lee goldsborough (rep.), 1912-6; emerson c. ilarrington (dem.), 1916-20; albert c. ritchie (dem.), 1920-6. the latter was re-elected by a plurality of 40,400 votes in 1923. in 1924 maryland decided to cast its electoral vote for coolidge by a plurality of 14,350. of late, maryland has usually been republican on national issues, but democratic at state elections. through the efforts of gov. ritchie, a constitutional amendment was passed pro- viding for the election of state officers at the same time as the election of national officers. this reduced the term of many state officers then elected, from four to three years, and pro- vided for a three-year intermission in the meeting of the legis- lature. beginning with jan. 1927 the legislature will meet biennially again, and the members of the two houses will be elected for four-year terms at the same time as the governor. bribliography.— u.s, census reports, for 1910 and 1920; aary- land geological survey, vol. 10 (1918); statistical abstract of the u.s. (1919); maryland manual (1919, 1920 and 1924); synopsts of laws enacted by the state of maryland (3 parts, 1916, 1918, 1920, compiled by elorace h. flack, dept. of legislative reference, baltimore, md): annual report commisstoner of labor and statis- tics (1923); annual reports of the conservation dept. of maryland (1924); abstract of census of manufactures (1919); maryland almanac (1924, 1925). (6 cys) masaryk, thomas garrigue (1850- ), first presi- dent of czechoslovakia, was born on march 7 1850 in the mora- vian border-town hodonin. his father was a coachman em- ployed on one of the austrian imperial estates, a native of kop- eany in slovakia (slovakia then being a part of hungary); his mother came from a semi-germanised czech family of hustopee, in the moravian plains. in his boyhood masaryk was taught czech and a smattering of german, and was educated at a czech school in cejkovice. his parents sent him for two years to the lower german realschule of hustope¢, with the intention of making him a teacher. 817 the object being abandoned, he became first a locksmith’s apprentice in vienna, then a blacksmith at ceje. in 1865 his former schoolmaster induced his parents to resume their first idea of making him a teacher, and in that year masaryk passed the entrance examination to the second grade of the “‘gym- nasium,” and began studying at brno. he supported himself, as did many poor students, by tutoring. he developed a re- bellious disposition, disagreed with some of the dogmas of the roman catholic church and refused to go to confession. as a result he had to leave the gymnasium, and he continued his stud- ies in vienna, where he graduated first from the gymnasium with honours, then from the university, where in 1879 he became a lecturer in philosophy. he spent a year in leipzig, where he met his future wife, miss charlotte garrigue, daughter of the presi- dent of the germania insurance co. of new york. in 1881 he published in german his first great sociological work, suicide as a phenomenon of modern civilisation. in 1882, when the univer- sity of prague was divided into two parts, the one czech, the other german, he was appointed to one of the czech professor- ships. in 1885 he published his larger work on concrefe logic, a study of the methods of classification of sciences, in which he attempted to work out a natural system of all knowledge. in 1883 masaryk founded a critical monthly review 7ke a the- naeum, which soon sprang into prominence by becoming the battle ground on which the famous mss. of krlaove ifradec and zelend (koeniginhof and gruenberg) were attacked and proved to be forgeries, manufactured in the early roth century by two well- meaning men, whose object was to provide text for the theory that in the middle ages there had been a high standard of literary cul- ture in bohemia. the authenticity of the mss. had before been doubted by slav philologists, but it was not until 1886, when masaryk invited the great czech philologist gebauer to anal:se the mss. philolosically, himself analysing them sociologically, that they were conclusively proved to be forgeries. the fight over the mss. was the real beginning of the so-called “realist” revolution in czech politics, literature and philosophy, the guiding principle of which was the application of the scientific method to letters and politics. while at prague university masaryk founded in 1893 a monthly review nake doba (our enoch). he became a member and instructor of the “‘ sokols.”” he started lecturing in prague clubs and societies on unconventional subjects and pub- lished unpopular books. his sociolor:cal work led him to a study of marxism, whose historical materialism he criticised in his great work the social question (1898, in czech and in german). masaryk’s political career started in the early ’eighties. in 1887 his friends founded a fortnightly paper cas (“ time”), which two years later he took over and transformed into a politi- cal weekly. at that time the so-called old czech (conservative} party was losing ground, and masaryk, invited by the young czech (liberal) party to be a candidate, was elected to parlia- ment in 1891. iie soon resigned his seat in parliament (1893) to devote himself to a crusade of moral education among the czech people. ile created for the czechs what he called the philosophy of a small nation taking up the thesis of palacky, the great czech historian, who regarded the period of the hussites and the bo- hemian brethren as the culminating point of czech history, and drawing the moral that in the long traditional struggle between slav and teuton, which formed the main substance of czech history, the czech nation preserved itself by an intense love of culture and by a high standard of morality. although his opinions on nationalist questions were unpopu- jar—an unpopularity which increased when in 1899 he fearlessly withstood a popular anti-semitic superstition as manifested in the so-called “ ritual murder trial”? of a jew named hailsner— his ideas made a deep impression. they became the rallying cry of the younger gencration not only of the czechs, but of the yugoslavs and other slavs who flocked to prague. in rgoo his followers founded a political party which was offi- cially named the “ progressive party,” but which continued pop- ularly to be known as the realist party. the programme was founded on the principles enunciated in masaryk’s books. as a candidate of the realist party he was re-elected to parliament in 818 1907. in parliament he soon began to criticise austria’s passive subjection to germany and her own aggressive policy in the balkans, especially as manifested in the annexation of bosnia- hercegovina. in the notorious “‘ high treason ” trial of agram (1909), by which the austrian foreign minister count aehren- thal tried to justify his annexation policy, and in the friedjung trial (1909) which followed, masaryk played a decisive part. he proved, on the basis of his private investigations, that the case for the crown rested on documents forged at the austro- hungarian legation in belgrade. his fearless disclosures in the austrian reichsrat (may 1909) and in the austro-hungarian delegations (1910) forced the proceedings in the agram trial to be quashed, compelled friedjung to retract his accusations azainst the serbs, and unmasked the methods of austro-hun- girian diplomacy. masaryk incurred the intense displeasure of the official and court circles in vienna, but made a reputation abroad which proved useful to him during the war of 1914-8. during the world war he cleveloped his case against austria- hungary in detail, and at the end, in his work, the new europe, characterised it as a corrupt, imperialist, militarist, pretentious and senseless relic of the middle ages. when the war broke out he was still a member of the austrian parliament. in dec. 1914 he escaped from austria, and in the following four years con- ducted a political and propagandist campaign in switzerland, france, england, italy, russia and the united states on behalf of czechoslovak lioeration from habsburg rule. he founded the propagandist journals la nation tcheque, which was edited in paris by ernest denis, and ceskoslovenska samostainost (czecho- slovak independence), which was produced in the small town of annemasse in savoy, and he was one of the original board of dr. r. w. seton-watson’s the new europe, which was founded in london in 1916. masaryk’s stand against austria was publicly proclaimed in his hus anniversary speech made in geneva in july 1915, and reaffirmed in his revolutionary manifesto, issued by him with the sanction of the czech political leaders at home, on nov. 14 1915. the signatories of that manifesto, who included representatives of czech residents in france, great britain, america and russia, formed a central revolutionary committee called the czechoslo- vak national council, of which masaryk acted as president and dr. e. benes as secretary. finding his work in switzerland ham- pered by enemy spies, he settled in london, where, at the invita- tion of dr. ronald burrows, principal of king’s college, he joined the staff of that college. here he worked for two years combating, with the help of his friends, mr. wickham steed and dr. r. w. seton-watson, the german- magyar propaganda, and familiarising western opinion with czechoslovak aspirations. the russian revolution of 1917 enabled him to go to russia. several thousand czech soldiers—prisoners of war—had gone over to the russians, and wanted to organise themselves into ac- tive military units. after some difficulty masaryk induced the revolutionary russian govt. to agree to the formation and equipment of an independent czechoslovak army (92,000), whose exploits as they marched eastwards from siberia to vladi- vostok were one of the impressive later episodes of the war. he transferred some of them to the western front. he went to the united states in may 1918. the result was the lansing dec- [aration {may 29 1918) of sympathy with the cause of czecho- slovak and yugoslav independence. the allied govts. associated themselves with that declaration on june 3 1919. the ice being thus broken, the allied powers and america recognised masa- ryk’s national council as the de facto government of the future czechoslovak state. masaryk was elected first president of the czechoslovak republic on nov. 14 1918 and re-elected on may 271920. he had been sentenced to death 77 contumaciam, and in 1923 occurred the death of his wife, largely the result of the per- secution to which the government had subjected his family. for his work as president of the republic during the years 1918 to 1926 see czechoslovakia. masaryk ranks equally high asa philosopher and as a states- man. his philosophical treatises were the result of his study of czech history. his pronounced realism was a reaction both masefield—massachusetts against the teutonic idealism which developed moral specula- tion without reference to the practical affairs of life and against the tolstoyan slav philosophy of non-resistance to evil. masaryk, as philosopher, stands for a unified conception of life, in which the spiritual and the religious take their place with the intellec- tual and the political as aspects of an integral whole. the fol- lowing are the chief of his many philosophical, sociological and political works:— o hypnotismu, on hypnotism (1880); sebevra3da, suicide and modern civilisation (1881, also in german); theorie pravdepodob- nostt a humeova skepse, the theory of probability and hume’s scepticism (1882, german trans. 1884); blaise pascal (1883); theorie desin dle zdsad t. h, buckle, the theory of history according to t. h. buckle (1884); zakladove konkretin logiky, essay on con- crete logic (1885, german trans. 1886); slavjanofilism i. s. kirejev- skeho (1889); ceskd otdska, the czcch question (1895); karel itavlieek (1896); otdzka socidini, filosoficke a socidlnt 2edklady marx- ismu, the philosophical and sociological foundation of marxism (1898, also in german); jan hus (1899); rusko a ivropa, russia and europe (1913, eng. trans. the spirit of russia, 1919, 2 vol., 3rd vol. not yet finished); the problem of the small nations in the european crisis (1916); the new europe (1918, french trans. 1918, czech 1919, german 1922); svetovd revoluce (1925, german trans. 1925, eng. trans., the world revolution, 1926), bibliography.—herben, sychrava cisaf, ctc., afasaryk osvobo- ditel (prague, i919); anon, zhomas g. masaryk: 1 biographical sketch (london, 1923); anon, president t. g. masaryk: ilis work as a constructive statesman (london, 1923); edvard benes and others, t.g, masaryk (prague, 1925); herben, hartl, blaha, 7. g. amfasaryk: sa vie, sa politique, sa philosophie (prague, 1923). (g. gl.) masefield, john (1875— ), british poet and novelist, was born in liverpool and spent his early years in man:’ coun- tries and occupations, serving before the mast at sea, and earning a living as best he could in america. the activity of these years was reflected in his work from the first, as seli-water ballads (1902) or ballads (1903), in spite of their obviously kiplingesque inspiration, show. his early novels, jim: davis (1911), captain margaret (1908) and multitude and solitude (1909), had merit as tales of action and spirit, but it was in narrative poetry and drama that he found his natural expression. the everlusting mercy made something of a sensation in 1911; it was followed quickly by the widow in the bye street (1912); dauber (1913); and the daffodil fields (1913), all narrative poems in a key of stern realism. meantime masefield had made some successful experiments in drama, with 7he tragedy of nan (1909) and pompey the great (1910), the first allied in subject and setting to his long poems of village life, the second historical in theme. lollingdon downs (1917) included a noteworthy sonnet sequence, and reynard the fox (1919) proved one of the most successful of his verse narratives. later work included collected poents (1923); a king’s daughter, a verse tragedy (1923); sard harker, a novel of adventure (1924); zhe trial of jesus, a play (1925); odtaa, a novel (1926). he published some able prose war sketches in gallipoli (1916) and the old front line (1917). mason, max (1877- ), american educationist and in- ventor, was born at madison, wis., oct. 26 1877. he graduated from the university of wisconsin in 1895, continuing his studies at the university of gettingen (ph.d., 1903). after being instructor in mathematics at the massachusetts institute of technology 1903-4, he became assistant professor of mathe- matics at the shefheld scientific school, yale university, in 1904. he was appointed professor of mathematical physics at theuni- versity of wisconsin in 1908. he also lectured at harvard uni- versity 1911-2. during the world war he was a member of the staff of the naval experimental station, new london, conn., and also on the submarine committee of the national research council 1917-8. he invented several devices for the detection of submarines. in aug. 1925 he became president of the uni- versity of chicago. maspero, sir gaston camille charles (1846-1916), french egyptologist (see 17.848), died in paris june 30 1916. during his second term of office as director-general of the service of antiquities at cairo he was made k.c.m.g. (1909). he retired in 1914. | |",
    "source_url": "https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-encyclopaedia-britannica.-3-encyclopaedia-britannica-inc.-1926",
    "observed_at": "2026-05-17 12:14:12",
    "integrity": {
        "hash_check": "match",
        "hash_scope": "full_normalized_text",
        "computed_sha256": "a84b78e58a8feb8a165cb5fb0c49e1871ff0a2064b8b99b119803642aaa62a9d"
    },
    "machine_use": {
        "read": true,
        "cite": true,
        "decision": "verified_public_domain_text"
    },
    "goguides_data_license": "https://www.goguides.com/data-license",
    "goguides_data_license_version": "2.0",
    "documentation": {
        "white_paper_url": "https://www.goguides.com/white-paper.php",
        "pdf_url": "https://www.goguides.com/whitepapers/goguides-ai-source-clearance-white-paper.pdf"
    }
}