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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1926)",
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    "title": "MANGANESE",
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    "verified_text": "the principal use of manganese is in the manufacture of iron and steel, about 95% of the world’s production of manganese ores, manganiferous iron-ores, and manganiferous zinc residuum being consumed in metallurgical processes. its chief chemical uses are as a constituent of oxidising agents and colouring materials, and as a flux in the smelting of silver and lead ores. salts of manganese are used as fertilisers and massive rhodonite as an ornamental stone. manganese is also used for medical purposes. ores of the metal are widely distributed, but deposits of commercial importance are known only in a few countries. the principal of these are russia (cau- casus), the ore of which consists mainly of pyrolusite; india, brazil and west africa. minor producers of the metal are italy, spain, the united states, cuba and japan; while deposits are also known in germany, greece, egypt, canada, mexico, colombia, chile and queensland. for many years before the world war, russia was the main producer, the figures for 1913 being 1,234,900 tons. the rus- sian industry sutfered severely during and after the war, how- ever, and the export figures in 1923 had fallen to 407,401 tons. these figures, however, represent a considerable advance on those of the years immediately preceding. the circumstances which acted so detrimentally to russia imparted great impetus to the brazilian manganese industry, the united states ab- sorbing practically the whole of the much increased output of the south american states. in 1916 the united states obtained 80%, and in 1917 83°, of its manganese ore from brazil. in the morro de mina mine, in the state of minas geraes, brazil has what is probably the largest manganese mine in the world. production in india began in 1892, in the madras presidency, but in 1899 rich deposits were discovered in central india and. from this date the industry in india assumed importance. the india ore is more suitable for blast furnaces than the softer ores of the caucasus, and, owing to more careful selection, is exported in more uniform quality. its main constituent is psilomelane, with an important amount of braunite. in the gold coast, west africa, large deposits of manganese were discovered at dagwin, near taquah. work was com- menced here in r9t6, and the first shipment of 174 tons made in the same year. in 1923 the production had risen to 139,634 tons. the dagwin mineral generally is psilomelane, though pyrolusite is occasionally found. the average percentage of manganese plus iron is 55~-56. production of manganese by principal leading countries. ouantity (long tons) country 1913 i9i8 1923 india ; 815,047 517,953 695,055 gold coast ; 1 30,292! 139,634! russia and georgia . 1,234,900 1 50,0007 407,401 italy. 1,596 31,383 9,451 austria 16,280 177 23,627 brazil: 120,335 387,066 232,041 spain. 21,247 76,465 28,175 united states 4,048 305,869 31,500! japan . 17.755 56,109 4,926 1 shipments. ? georgia only. bisr.tocrapiy.—l.. l. fermor, “ the manganese ore deposits of india,” fem, geol. surv. india, vol. 37 (ago0g); h. dewey and c. ye. n. bromehead, ‘“* tungsten and manganese ore,” alemtoirs of geological survey, special reports on mineral resources of great britain, vol. 1 (1916); w. f. smecth and p. s. [yengar, ' the min- mangin—manipulative surgery eral resources of mysore,” dept. of mines and geol. mvsore state | bull. 7 (1916); b. jayaram, ‘‘ manganese ore in india,” dept. amfines and geol, mysore state records, vol. 16, pt. 2 (1917); ‘‘ manganese ore in canada,” can. min. jour., vol. 39 (1918); “* manganese ore in vancouver island,” zbid., vol. 39 (1918); a. h. curtis, znzperial in- stitute monographs on mineral resources, with special reference to the british empire— manganese ores (1919); imperial mineral re- sources bureau, mineral industry of the british empire and foreign countries, 1913-20, pp. 132-140 (1921). cne bp pes) mangin, charles emmanuel (1866-1925), french soldier, was born at sarrebourg, moselle, july 6 1866 of a military ‘amily, his father having been a _ gencral of division. one of his brothers was killed on active service at tongking; while another, formerly a white father but during the war a sergeant in the senegalese tirailleurs, died in the north african desert a few months after the armistice. mangin, himself, was not unworthy of his family history. he left the ecole speciale militaire at saint cyr in 1888 for africa, and with the exception of three years spent in tongking, and ro months in france, he remained for 26 years in different parts of africa. in 1891 he became a lieutenant, in nov. 1897 a captain, in jan. 1900 the commander of a battalion, in dec. 1905 lieutenant-colonel., and later, colonel. in aug. 1913 he was promoted to the rank of general of brigade. his travels in africa were extensive; he visited dahomey, senegal, the sudan, the congo, morocco and lake chad. he was a member of marchand’s expedition and was one of the legendary company who were said to have marched “ for three days without a halt.”’ it was he who, at the head of 5,000 men, routed the bandit el‘hiba and all his followers in the plain of ben guerir and so relieved marrakesh. his con- siderable literary abilities, which he had rarely the licisure to excrcise, were also devoted to africa; and his book, la force noire (1910) brought home to frenchmen the immeasurable resources of their empire. . when the world war broke out general mangin was 48 years of age. at first in command of the 8th brigade and, after april 9 1916, of the 5th infantry division, he threw the enemy back upon douaumont, which he reached on may 22. five months later, on oct. 24, he hurled two divisions against the germans and took douaumont and vaux. in 1917 he was in command of the v. army, and in the following year at the time of the april offensive the supreme command imposed upon him the hard task of checking the german offensive directed against com- pi¢gne. eight fresh divisions were entrusted to him, and with these 60,000 men he checked von hutter’s advance at noyon. subsequently he was entrusted with the x. army and was ordered, in conjunction with general degoutte, to break in the german salient south of the aisne. this he accomplished; the chemin-des-dames, the chiteau de coucy and laon were successfully re-occupied. at the time of the armistice, he would have been the first to enter metz at the head of his troops, in company with marshal petain, had not an unfortunate accident at the last moment prevented this. fora year he commanded the army of occupation on the rhine. in june 1921 he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to represent france at the celebrations of the centenary of peruvian independence. general mangin held the grand cross of the legion of hlonour, was a member of the supreme war council, was inspector general of the colonial forces, and presided over the supreme council for national defence. but his life work was to develop to the maximum his country’s african resources. he died on may 12 1925, and was buried with military honours in the montparnasse cemetery. above his head stands a simple stone bearing this inscription: ‘‘ ici repose un soldat francais.” (me. gu.) manipulative surgery.—the earliest practitioners of ‘* bone-setting ’’—the old misnomer for what is now more cor- rectly described as manipulative surgery—date back into very remote times, and hippocrates, although not versed in a knowl- edge of structural anatomy, was the author of a treatise on dis- locations which will bear comparison with many present- day publications on the subject. the history of the roman republic tells of successful practitioners of this ancient craft. 789 during the years when surgery was gradually being regular- ised and its seats of learning were being established, “‘ bone-set- ters ’’ were the only orthopaedic surgeons of those days, and the doctors apparently countenanced them as legitimate exponents of that section of therapeutics. the famous surgeon, william cheselden, in the middle of the 18th century, who was a warden of “the master governors and commonalty of the art and science of surgeons of london ”’ used to send cases to the bone- setters for treatment, and frankly admitted that he did so be- cause he was not competent to treat them himself. hiunier’s attitude.—the renowned surgeon, john tfunter, with great foresight and acumen, was amongst the first of emi- nent surgeons to realise the value of early movements in cases of sprains and joint injuries. he wrote: ‘ nothing can promote contraction of a joint as much as motion before the disease is removed, but when all inflammation is gone off... a little motion and frequently repeated is necessary to prevent healing taking place with the parts fixed in one position.” paget's advice—the world of conservative surgery owes an unpayable debt of gratitude to sir james paget who, in his desire for the public weal and the true interests of science, wrote to the british medical journal in january 1867, urging his professional brethren to “ learn what was good in the methods of the bone-setter, and eschew what was harmful.”’ paget stood on firm ground and spoke with unshakable certitude when he declared that ‘‘ too long rest is by far the most frequent cause of delayed recovery after the injuries of joints, and not only to in- jured joints but to those that are kept at rest because parts near them have been injured.” but notwithstanding the high position in the profession of this far-secing practitioner, his exhortations passed almost unheeded and the tradition of rest persisted in spite of its frequently disastrous results. later, dr. wharton hood, who had conceived the greatest admiration and respect for robert vlutton, the bone-setter, and who recognised the false teaching of his profession in regard to many forms of joint injuries and derangements, made a thorough investigation of hutton’s methods, and after the bone-setter’s death published a description of them in the luncet. but wharton hood’s motives were wrongly interpreted. ile was accused of associating with a “‘ quack,” and prejudice once more dealt a heavy blow at the progress of science. but happily, the seed thus sown is to-day beginning to result in a harvest of de- layed therapeutic methods which are of the greatest usefulness to crippled humanity, and the early pioneers who were so bitterly assailed and persecuted will find in posterity their full reward. types of cases.—ylat-foot, with its distressing deformity and painful crippling of the patient, occupies a front place amongst those cases which yield most satisfactorily to skilled manipula- tive treatment. to commence to correct this abnormality in its early stages is important, though cases might be instanced of patients, even up to 60 years of age, making perfect recoveries. the time of puberty is the period at which the irregularity usually makes its appearance, and the progress of the trouble is usually rapid and the deformation very marked. it is difficult to assign with certainty the predisposing factor in such cases, though heredity probably plays some part in its origin. as many as four members of one family have been known to suffer from the complaint. the hands of the operator—if sufficiently powerful—constitute a much more effective instru- ment for forcing the foot and ankle into their normal positions than the thomas wrench which is largely used even now. several corrections should be made at short intervals, followed immediately by certain exercises in place of the one or two ad- justments which used to be considered sufficient. the encase- ment of the joint in plaster of paris is secure immobilisation and rest in bed must on no account be recommended. the anatom- ical contour of the foot is palpably bettered even after the first manipulation, and each operation brings the patient nearer full recovery. almost all cases of adhesive and acquired flat-foot should recover. congenital cases are much less satisfactory, though even in these improvement can generally be looked for. the technique is difficult and should be taught by cinemato- 790 graphic pictures so slowly reproduced that students can follow each manipulation carefully. the shoulder joint-—the habitual derangement of the shoul- der joint sometimes on the slightest provocation, such as sneezing, stretching or ordinary reaching—is a most troublesome affection and is usually attributed to a rent or tear in the capsule, brought about in the first instance by a severe wrench, although cases could be recorded where no history of accident can be remembered. the disability is probably more often caused by adhesive contracture of a section of the capsule with an accompanying exaggerated relaxation of the remaining portion which allows the dislocation to take place. although surgeons frequently advise a surgical operation, certain manipulations bring about a condition of the capsule which will enable it to exercise normal control of the head of the bone followed by exer- cises designed to re-establish the surrounding weakened tissues. out of a number of cases only 2 or 3 can be remembered as not having yielded satisfactorily to treatment—even after a repetition of the operation. the procedure, under an anaesthetic, is quite devoid of danger, and the after-effects are of brief duration and only slightly painful. subluxations and dislocations.—the actual reductions of gross dislocations do not enter to any great extent into the purlicu of the manipulative surgeon. there is, however, a large num- ber of conditions due to minor displacements which constitute an important branch of his work. principal among these must be placed displacements and fracture-displacements of the semi- lunar cartilages of the knee-joint. this field is an enormous and most important one, for the number of persons of both sexes who sustain such injuries is legion. in original unreduced displace- ments, reduction must be carried out by appropriate manipula- tion at the earliest possible moment. in chronic or recurrent cases, manipulation is also very frequently effective in bringing about a cure of a very troublesome and disabling condition. the brilliant results obtained in this type of case have been known for many years, but the underlying pathology has been a profound puzzle until it was recently shown: (a) that by far the commonest type of injury of the internal semit- lunar cartilage is the complete longitudinal tear; (b) that in this type of case, the outer portion of cartilage is nearly always found in the interior of the joint; (c) that by appropriate manipulative technique this displaced fragment may be made to retrace its steps and come into apposition with the inner fragment; (d) that when this has been effected, there is a good chance of repair occurring between the two fragments. cases with adhesions.—these constitute another important class. it is essential first of all to make quite clear what we mean by the term “ adhesion.” it is probably known to most that an inflammatory process is usually accompanied by the exudation of lymph from the blood-vessels of the part. this lymph tends after a short while to become organised, 7.¢., changed into con- nective tissue, or, as it is usually called, “ fibrous tissue.” let us imagine, for example, that owing to a severe sprain of the knee the lining membrane of the joint has become inflamed. as a result there is an outpouring of this lymph by the blood- vessels of the membrane, and various folds and layers of this selfsame membrane tend to become adherent by this intlamma- tory exudate. when this has become converted into fibrous tissue, adhesions are actually present which may give rise to marked disability. it is characteristic of adhesions that, when pulled upon or stretched, severe pain usually results. further adhesions give rise to a variable amount of limitation of some particular movement or movements of the joint, which is apt to be overlooked unless a most careful examination be made. swelling of the joint after exercise, muscular wasting, and a sensation of weakness and often an actual giving-way of the joint, are not infrequent characteristics of adhesions. danger of resi for joint cases—as previously stressed, the doctrine “‘ rest inflamed structures”? has been responsible for the formation of countless thousands of joints disabled by ad- hesions. however true the doctrine may be in certain other or- gans and structures of the body, and even this is debatable, in the manipulative surgery case of a joint it is dangerous, for the function of a joint is move- ment and movement must always be instituted at the earliest possible moment in almost any inilammatory condition, except in those ultra-acute conditions where movement is impossible and in some cases of tubercular disease and of myositis ossificans. when a joint has become crippled owing to the presence of adhesions, how is the joint to be restored to its pristine health and vigour? the answer is manipulation. it is obviously impossible, in a short article of this nature, to detail the various technical methods of manipulation that apply to the different joints. anaesthesia, although not absolutely essential, is a valuable aid in many cases, owing to the complete muscular relaxation thereby attained. the cases that are attended with the greatest success are those in which the adhesions are slight and in which the subsequent reaction is negligible. in more marked cases much benefit often follows from a series of manipulations separated by short intervals. although particular emphasis has been laid on adhesion in connection with joints, it is most important to remember that this may occur in many other important situations, particularly in the vicinity of muscles, or in their sheaths, or between differ- ent groups of muscles. this may also occur in connection with tendons and their sheaths, and in fascial or connective-tissue structures. functional or hysterical cases —these constitute an interest- ing and important group in which good results by manipulation are sometimes attained. it must be remembered that a func- tional case is primarily mental and this condition is particularly apt to occur after injury in a person of nervous temperament. although there is no actual organic disease of the joint—at any rate in the early stages—yet it is extraordinary how a functional condition of a joint may simulate some organic disability of the same joint. great experience and clinical acumen are often required to form a correct diagnosis of such types. the great value of manipulation in these cases is that a vicious circle is thereby broken, and, although an anaesthetic is not absolutely essential, yet, if some such anaesthetic as gas or gas and oxygen be given, it has a powerful suggestive effect upon the patient. it is usually found that, as soon as the patient is under the influence of the anaesthetic, the joint, which pre- viously was held awkwardly and stiffly, becomes relaxed. the surgeon places the joint in the position which was erstwhile im- possible and retains it thus until the patient is fully consctous. the patient is then shown the increased mobility and encouraged immediately to move the joint through this increased range. much subsequently depends upon the patient being surrounded by an atmosphere of cheerfulness and encouragement, and everyone with whom the patient comes in contact must endeav- our to play his or her part in the cure and to assure the patient of its completeness and finality. a great responsibility thus de- volves upon friends and relations that the good work of the manipulator may not be subsequently jeopardised by misplaced sympathy or injudicious advice. it must be borne in mind that in cases of long standing, actual organic changes may occur in an hysterical contracture, and the contracture, which was previously due to muscular sprain, be- comes fixed by scar tissue. it is therefore important that manip- ulation should not be delayed too long in these cases, especially as the mental state becomes more fixed and more difficult to treat with the passage of years. cases relieved by munipulation.—this large group includes a great many conditions due to discase rather than injury, the principal probably being the group of infections and intoxications usually known by the name “‘ rheumatic,” especially in its more chronic forms. here again it is obvious that those cases in which only a slight degree of stiffness of a joint is present are much more satisfactory from the point of view of treatment than cases of marked stiffness or cases in which well-marked destruc- tion of the joint surfaces has occurred. it is important also to wait until all signs of activity have subsided and furthermore to eradicate the cause wherever possible before having recourse to manipulative measures. in nearly all cases of strains and sprains manitoba—-mansfield gentle manipulation at the earliest moment is recommended be- cause the reparative processes of nature act most effectually when, as far as possible, no interference whatever with ihcir functions is resorted to. (hb) manitoba (see 17.584), a province of the dominion of canada. by an act of the canadian parliament passed in the session of 1911-2 the eastern boundary of manitoba was extended north to lat. 60° n. and northeast 10 the point where the meridian of 89° w. intersects the southern shore of hud- son bay. this gave the province possession of two ports on hudson bay—fort churchill and port nelson. the effect of the change was to increase the area of manitoba to 251,832 sq. m., of which about 13,500 sq. m. are covered by lakes. ‘the population of manitoba in 1921 was 610,118 an increase of 32°23% over rg1t. the rural population was 348,502 and the urban 261,616. the legislative assembly consists of 55 members with an executive council of the premier and six members. the province is represented in the dominion parliament by 17 mem- bers of the house of commons and six senators. there is an excellent secondary and public school system. higher education is provided by the university of manitoba which has affiliated with it several church colleges and professional schools. the manitoba agricultural college, near winnipeg, is supported by the province. production and industry—the following table shows the total vield in bushels of the principal field crops for 1910, the annual average 1922-4, and 1925:— i9io 34:f25,949 39,378,379 6,506,634 29,205 176,675 av. 1922-4 1925 39,453,000 71,770,000 52,156,000 5,152,000 1,664,000 45,773,000 67,955,333 31,837,333 5,857,667 1,844,000 in 1925 the number of live stock amounted to: horses, 359,839 cattle, 720,745; sheep, 101,997; and swine, 298,507. dairving became firmly established after 1915, and both production and export greatly increased. in 1924 the chief dairy products were creamery butter, 12,632,804 lb.; dairy butter, 9,285,464 ib.; cheese, 500,633 lb.; and milk over 200,000,000 gallons. large quantities of fish are obtained from lakes winnipeg and mani- toba, principally whitefish, sturgeon, pike and pickerel. the annual value of the fisherics during the post-war period exceeded $1,000,000. copper ore occurs in the pas district. gold has been found in contiguous areas. a mottled limestone is quarried at tyndall, east of winnipeg, and is in wide demand as building stone. gypsum deposits are mined northeast of lake manitoba. portland cement is manufactured at winnipeg and babcock. the average annual pro- duction of minerals from 1919 to 1923 was valued at over $2,500,000. the province possesses extensive water power resources. the avail- able power at ordinary minimum flow is estimated at about 3,250,000 horse-power. the turbine installation in 1925 was only 169,325 horse-power. the chief industries are mcat-packing and flour milling. in 1922, 768 manufacturing establishments with a capital of $84,662,378 gave employment to 13,789 employees, who received $17,891,064 in salaries and wages, and utilised $54,619,248 worth of material in producing goods valued at $94,417,608. communications,—railway mileage increased from 3,221 m. in 1910 to 4,521 m. in 1925. the transcontinental lines converge at winnipeg. branches have been constructed linking up these lines with the area west of lake winnipeg and with hudson bay. direct lincs south to minneapolis and st. paul give connection with the united states. great progress was made in the construction of roads after the passing of the manitoba good roads act in igt4: 6,191 m. of roads had been authorised and $10,985,497 expended by the government and municipalities between the passing of the act and aug. 31 1924. (see canada.) (cd, as mace. g.) maniu, julius (1873- ), rumanian politician, was born at simlaul sylvanie (transylvania). he studied at the uni- versities of cluj, vienna and budapest, and was for many years professor of law at the theological academy in blaj. at the age of 26 he joined the national rumanian party of transyl- vania. in spite of the bitter opposition of count stephen tisza, maniu was elected deputy and sat in the parliament at 791 budapest from 1906 till t910. when the world war broke out maniu was sent to the front and in 1918 was fighting against italy. when he realised that the collapse of the central empire was in sight, he went to budapest, where a national rumanian council was formed, maniu taking charge of military and foreign affairs. he then went to vienna and organised the revolt of hungarian regiments, composed of rumanians of transylvania, stationed in vienna and prague. on dec. 1 1918 the rumanian national assembly at alba-iulia proclaimed the union of ‘transylvania and the banat with rumania and elected maniu, president of the consiliul dirigent (local government) which took over administrative control throughout ‘lransyl- vania. in roig maniu was elected president of the national rumanian party of transylvania, which in 1925 coalesced with the nationalist-democratic party. maniu became the chief of this new formation, which took the name of the national rumanian party. mann, thomas (1875—- ), german poct and novelist, was born at liibeck june 6 1875. at the age of 19 he went to munich where he was at first employed in a fire insurance com- pany, but wrote novels at the same time. he then abandoned his practical calling and attended lectures at munich univer- sity in literature, history and the history of art. he visited italy, and was afterwards, for a time, editor of simplisissimus. hlis chief work, excellent in both style and construction, is the period novel, the plot of which is laid in liibeck, buddenbrooks, verfall ciner familie (1903, eng. trans. 1924). his other books include aenigliche hohcit (1915), der zauberberg (1925), and a number of shorter novels including der tod in venedig (1912) and tonto kreger (1914). ile also wrote one drama, fiorenza (1906) and betrachtungen einer un politischen (1918), a declara- tion of conservatism. sce fr. leppmann, thomas mann (1916). manning, william thomas (1866-— ), amcrican prot- estant episcopal divine, was born in northampton, england, may 12 1866. he graduated at the university of the south, sewanee, tenn., and entered the ministry from the diocese of california, being ordained deacon 1889 and priest 1891. ie be- came rector of trinity church, redlands, cal., 1892, and was appointed professor of theology in the university of the south, 1893. he became successively rector of st. john’s, lansdowne, pa., 1896; rector of christ church, nashville, tenn., 18098; vicar of st. agnes’s chapel, trinity parish, new york city, 1903. in 1904 he was appointed assistant rector of trinity church, new york city, becoming rector in 1908. he was con- secrated bishop of new york may 11 1921. a constant advo- cate of christian unity, he was prominent in promoting the world conference on faith and order. in 1925 he inaugurated the public movement for the completion of the cathedral of st. john the divine, new york city. manoel ii., cx-king of portugal (1889- ), was born at lisbon nov. 15 1889, the younger son of carlos i. by his wife marie amelie of orleans. on the assassination of king carlos and of the crown prince luis, duke of braganza, feb. 1 1908, dom manoel succeeded to the throne of portugal, but he only retained it for a short time, as the revolution of oct. 3 1910 forced him to flee the country (sce portucal). he took refuge with his mother in england, and finally settled at fulwell park, twickenham. on sept. 4 1913 he married, at sigmaringen, princess augusta victoria of hohenzollern, daughter of prince wilhelm of hwohenzollern. dom manoel supported the portu- guese royalist risings of ro1r and 1912, and in the latter year met the pretender to the portuguese throne, dom miguel, at dover in order to concert a common plan of action. on the outbreak of the world war, however, he appealed to all classes of his former subjects to lay aside political feelings and unite against the central powers. mansfield, katherine (1890-1923), british writer, was born at wellingion, new zealand, the daughter of sir ih. beau- champ, and spent most of her girlhood in new zealand. she published [v2 a@ german pension (1911), and in 1913 married john middleton murry, the critic, with whom she had been asso- ciated in the publication of a literary review, reyvihm. her 792 brilliant talent for the short story form was displayed in a collec- tion issued as bliss (1920), and her acute critical powers in fre- quent contributions to the athenaeum, then edited by her hus- band. this was followed by the garden party (1922), but a career of great promise, and small but perfect achievement, was cut short by death, after a long illness, at fontainebleau jan. 9 1923. further stories, the doves’ nest, appeared later in that year, also a volume of poems, and in 1924, something childish, tales and fragments of minor interest. manship, paul (1885- ), american sculptor, was born at st. paul, minn., dec. 25 1885. he studied at the st. paul in- stitute of art, the pennsylvania academy of fine arts at phila- delphia, and in new york city. in 1909 he went to rome, hav- ing been awarded a scholarship at the american academy there, and remained abroad three years. on his return to the united states his works quickly attracted attention by their individual- ity and his figures, exhibiting archaic traits skilfully coupled with intensely modern feeling, placed him in the front rank of ameri- can sculptors. in 1914 he was awarded the g. f. widener memo- rial gold medal at the pennsylvania academy of fine arts, obtaining also a gold medal at the san francisco exposition, 1915. he devoted himself chiefly to classical subjects, but exe- cuted two very striking portraits, ‘‘ john d. rockfeller ”’ and ** miss manship,” the latter beinga study of his daughter, aged three days, which is in the metropolitan museum of art, new york city. among his other chief works are the j. p. morgan memorial in the metropolitan museum of art; the “ infant her- cules ’’ fountain in the courtyard of the american academy at rome; “ dancing girl and fauns” and “ indian and prong- horn antelope ” in the art institute, chicago; “ yawning,” in the st. paul institute; and “ centaurs ” and “ little brother ”’ (statuette) in the detroit museum of art.",
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