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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1926)",
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    "chunk_id": "1926:l d w nyasaland protectorate:6cf5ffb2f6a0",
    "title": "(L. D. W.) NYASALAND PROTECTORATE",
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    "verified_text": "area about 40,000 sq. miles. population (1924 estimate): europeans 1,462; asiatics 669; natives 1,210,344. the increase in the native population (10,410 since the 1921 census) was wholly due to immigration from portuguese nyasaland. - the five years before the world war were marked by steady progress, notably in the advancement of the natives. in 1913 mr. (later sir) george smith was appointed governor, a position he held for to years, guiding the affairs of the protectorate with conspicuous ability. during the war the northern part of the country was invaded by the germans from east africa (sept. 1914) and there was stiff fighting around karonga on lake nyasa. later, nyasaland was one of the bases of gencral northey in his operations against the germans. [ractically every european of military age joined the nyasaland voluntecr reserve; the nyasaland battalions of the king’s african rifles rendered good service, while over 150,000 natives were employed as carriers. chelembwe’s rebellion.—early in 1915 there was a revolt of some 500 natives in the shire ilighlands. the rebels were led by john chelembwe, a negro, trained as a teacher by the american baptist mission, who had taken a university course in the united states and had subsequently built a church in nyasaland and preached the independence of africans. chelemb- we and his followers attacked a planter’s house and killed three white men. one, a mr. livingstone (a descendant of david livingstone), was decapitated, and chelembwe preached in his church with mr. livingstone’s head placed on the pulpit. the rising was quickly suppressed by volunteers and native soldiers. chelembwe fled, was tracked by native police and shot dead {feb. 1915). this revolt, a symptom of ethiopianism, was no reflection of the attitude of the natives generally. under the guidance of christian missions—of which the principal are the church of scotland mission, the livingstonia mission of the united free church and the universities mission—the natives, naturally progressive, made marked progress, both in education and industries. the doyen of the missionaries, dr. robert laws, of the livingstonia mission, who exercised a powerful nyasaland protectorate influence throughout the protectorate, celebrated the jubilee of his work in nyasaland in 1925. economic progress since the war.—a considerable number of white men who came from south africa or great britain during the war settled in nyasaland as planters. but the development of the country was greatly impeded by the lack of adequate means of exporting produce, and both european and native cultivation suffered severely, though 1924 proved a good year for trade. the shallowness of the shire and zambezi made river transport hazardous. ‘to overcome this difficulty a railway, completed in 1915, was built from port herald, on the shire, to chindi, on the north bank of the zambezi, and in 1922 another railway, from beira to the southern bank of the zambezi, was opened. until, however, the zambezi was bridged (which had not been done up to 1926) this means of communication was unsatisfactory. moreover, as the railway from port herald stopped at blantyre, there was only road communication with lake nyasa and the produce of the northern part of the pro- tectorate had practically no outlet. most of the whites live in the shire highlands, the climate rendering the greater part of the country unsuitable for euro- peans. asstated by the governor, sir charles bowring, in 1924, “ the prosperity of the protectorate depends on the development of its tropical agricultural resources, partly by a limited number of european plantations, but principally by the natives them- selves with european instructors.” the natives, particularly the yaos, the amatonga and the angoni, are keen agriculturalists, and with the provision of ocean outlets the prosperity of nyasa- land will be assured. coffee growing has been almost abandoned, and the chief exports are tobacco, cotton, tea and fibres. imports, which in 1gro-1rr were valued at £111,000, had risen to £548,000 in 1924. exports were valued at £97,000 in rgro-r and at £583,000 in 1924. revenue, which was £76,000 in igog-1o, was estimated at £285,000 in 1924-5, while expenditure rose in the years named from £108,000 to £305,000. revenue was burdened by railway charges under guarantees given to the companies, the net railway revenue being insufficient to mect interest and sinking fund charges. bibliography.—-n. maclean, africa in transformation (1913); s. s. murray, a handbook of nyasaland (1922); w. p. johnson, nyasa the great water (1922); and my african remintscences (1924); donald fraser, autobiography of an african (1925); report of the east africa commission (1925), and the annual report on the protectorate issued by the colonial office, london. fi rigs) oakland—obstetrics akland, cal., u.s.a. (see 19.935), increased in popu- lation 44% in the decade after 1910, reaching 216,261 in 1920, of whom 49,895 were foreign-born (including 4,536 from china and japan). the census bureau estimate for 1925 was 253,700. after the world war there was a period of great industrial expansion, over $1 50,00¢,000 worth of building wasdone in oakjand in the five years 1921-5. bank debits nearly doubled between 1919 and 1923, increasing from $751,947,000 to $1,450,-~ 856,000. the number of ships which docked at the oakland har- bour in 1924 was 7,870. factory products were valued at $22,343,- 000 in 1909; $134,756,000 in 1919; $122,491,778 in 1923. hydro- electric power was furnished by two competing companies. the water supply (from the adjoining berkeley hills) was still in the hands of a private corporation, but a project had been undertaken by the city, in co-operation with adjacent municipalities, for bring- ing a supply from the sierra nevada mountains (at a cost of $39,000,000) anc its completion was expected by 1928. additions to the puslic buildings included a city hall, a municipal audi- torium, hish schools, a health centre and a public library. there were 57 playgrounds, covering 290 ac., with 418 ac. additional in parks, a boulevard skirting lake merritt and two municipal camps in the sierras. oberlander, adam adolf (1845-1923), german carica- turist (see 19.946), died in munich may 29 1923.",
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