KIEL CANAL

the kiel canal con- nects the north sea and the baltic. the sluices at the entrances at ifoltenau (the harbour of kiel) and brunsbiittelkoog (mouth of the elbe) are 1,082-6 ft. long, 147 ft. wide and 45:9 ft. high. the canal is 53-3 nautical m. long and 37:07 ft. deep. vessels are admitted on it which do not exceed the following dimensions: depth 29-7 ft., width 131-2 ft., length 1,033-5 ft., height of masts over the water line 131-2 feet. steam and motor-propelled ves- sels pass up the canal under their own power. the highest speed permitted is 8-1 knots, the lowest 5-4. other vessels are tugged, either by private tugs or the tugs of the canal administration, as desired. pilots are compulsory. they come on board outside the canal wharves in front of the entrances and are advisers to the ships’ captains, who remain responsible for the conduct of their ships while using the canal. management.—the kiel canal is owned by the german reich, which administers it through the reichskanalamt in kiel. the managing director in kiel and the port captains at the entrances to the canal are in charge of the shipping and the administration of their sluices under the reichskanalamt. special officials are in charge of the preservation of the canal works. art. 380-386 of the treaty of versailles (june 28 1919) lay down certain regula- tions respecting the kiel canal. canal and pilotage dues are limited to a rate sufficient to cover the cost of administration, maintenance and improvements. all mercantile and war vessels of nations at peace with germany have permanent free use of the canal, without special permission, and on an equal footing (but as foreign ships of war pass through german territorial waters in approaching or leaving the canal they are expected to obtain permission through diplomatic channels). subjects, goods and vessels of all nations enjoy equal treatment as regards payments and attention. traffic on the canal is subject only to general police, shipping and sanitary and customs regulations. goods in transit arrive under seal or are accompanied by customs officers and are not subject to any further customs formalities. in the event of violations of any of these conditions, or of dis- putes as to the interpretation of them, any interested power can appeal to the jurisdiction instituted for the purpose by the league of nations. a local german authority at kiel is qualified to deal with disputes in the first instance. the kiel canal being the safest, most convenient, shortest and cheapest route from the north sea and the baltic is increas- ingly used by merchant vessels. in 1913, 53,382 ships passed with 10,350,000 tons net displacement; in 1924, 45,843 ships with 14,- ©70,000 tons net displacement. (moc. m.) kindersley, sir robert molesworth (1872- ): british financier, was born nov. 21 1872 and educated at repton school. he entered upon a business career in london and became a partner in the banking firm of lazard bros. and company. during the world war he became widely known to the public as president of the national committee for war savings. his 638 services were recognised with the award of a k.b.e. in 1917 and three years later he was created g.b.e. he became a director of the bank of england and in 1924 was appointed a member of the body which prepared the dawes scheme after inquiring into germany’s capacity to pay her war debts. (sce savings movement.) kinematograph: see motion pictures. king, william lyon mackenzie (1874- ), canadian statesman, was born at berlin—now kitchener—ontario, dec. 17 1874, the son of john king and isabel grace, daughter of william lyon mackenzie, m.p., who had been prominent in the struggle for political freedom in 1837. he was educated at to- ronto university, and became fellow of political economy in the university of chicago and of political science in harvard uni- versity. mr. king entered the public service of canada in 1gooas deputy minister of labour, and acted as editor of the labour gu- zette for some years. he was chairman of several royal commis- sions on industrial and immigration problems. in 1906 he repre- sented canada in negotiations with the british govt. on immi- gration from britain, and in the same year the honour of c.m.g. was conferred on him. he was canadian representative to the govt. of india on immigration from the orient and was one of the british delegates on the international opium com- mission in china in 1909. he was elected as a liberal member of parliament for north waterloo in 1908, and in 1909 was ap- pointed minister of labour in the laurier administration. from 1914-7, under the auspices of the rockefeller founda- tion, mr. king investigated the subject of industrial relations, and afterwards wrote indusiry and humanity, a study in the principles underlying industrial reconstruction (1918), as well as other studies on economic subjects. during the world war he assisted leading industrial corporations in amcrica to maintain a continuous maximum output of essential war supplies, and industrial representation plans were drafted under his direction which were adopted by the colorado fuel and iron co., the bethlehem steel corporation, the bethlehem shipbuilding cor- poration, the general electric co., the consolidation coal co., the international harvester co. and other industrial corpora- tions in america. at the national liberal convention at ottawa in 1919 he was selected as the successor to sir wilfrid laurier, and became leader of the opposition in the same year. in 1921 he became prime minister of canada, and in this capacity he attended the imperial conference in 1923. as premier —mce. king’s administration followed the coali- tion govt. which had been created during the war, and, although formerly there had been two parties in the house, a third party, known as the progressives, was also returned in the general elec- tions of 1921. it was this party which supported the liberal government. on the dissolution of the house in 1925 an at- tempt was made to return to the two-party system of govern- ment, but the progressives were still given support. the prime minister himself was defeated, together with several of his min- isters, but owing to the support and co-operation of the progres- sives he was enabled to retain control. after the war many new problems arose, and both the conservatives and the liberals de- clared their policy. an able speaker, mr. king in his appeal to the electorate urged the adoption of a tariff for revenue, and sug- gested that the problem of taxation could be solved with the aid of an advisory board on taxation. he also stated his willingness to give the principle of public ownership of railroads a fair trial, though he was averse to either a privately or publicly owned railway monopoly. the liberal party further advocated the re- form of the senate of canada by fixing an age limit, and by abol- ishing the life tenure of office for senators. the object of this reform was to make the senate more responsive to public opinion. mr. king maintained that the principle of canadian nationalism could best be developed within the british empire, and that the bonds of empire would be strengthened by recip- rocal trade treaties. he stated that no attempt would be made to dictate to great britain how she should tax her people. the policy of the liberal party as expressed by mr. king may be summed up as “ unity, moderation and progress.” (a. g. d.) kinematograph—kipling kipling, rudyard (1865- ), british man of letters (see 15.825).—theappearance of puck of pook’s hill in 1906 marked the last attempt of kipling to essay any new kind or manner of writing. with one doubtful exception, all his later books can be referred to the existing categories. in 1909 appeared an un- authorised volume called a buft the funnel, into which an ameri- can publisher collected a number of unprinted sketches and storics belonging to the period 1888-90. mr. kipling issued an authorised edition in new york (1909), but it has never been published in england. the first authorised collection to follow actions and reactions (1909), was rewards and fairies (1910), a companion volume to puck of pook’s hill, and neither better nor worse than its predecessor. this pair of volumes tries to create for the young a semi-historical mythology of the english countryside. the attempt was quite well worth making, and some of the stories and verses are good; but they are not told simply enough. mr. kipling’s love of england is not of the kind that goes to the making of myth. in rorit mr. kipling joined mr. c. r. l. fletcher in the prqduction of a history of england for the young. his contribution took the form of 24 poems, some of which are happily stimulative to the historical imagination, though as read with the accompanying text, presenting to the young a rather limited view of national duty. the years from 1912-4 brought nothing but reprints and recensions, notably songs from books (1913), containing the verses and chapter headings from all the volumes except the jungle books and justi so stories. mr. kipling inevitably contributed to the literature of the war. for several newspapers he wrote poems and sets of articles, the most important of the latter being the new army in train- ing (1915), france at war (1915), the fringes of the flect (1915), tales of the trade (1916), and destroyers at jutland (1916). the last three were collected into a volume called sea warfare (1916). in 1917 appeared a diversity of creatures, a collection of stories and verses in the old manner, clever, but not attractive. another volume of poems, the years between (1919), contained occasional verses written in war time, with some others of earlier date. the volume is vaguely accusatory and oracular, and contains as much of the publicist as of the poet. in the same year appeared the pamphlet the graves of the fallen, describing the work of the imperial war graves commission. letters of travel (1920) re- printed some 24 articles ranging in date from 1892 to 1914, and showed how little the author had changed in style and matter over along period. the one work by mr. kipling that lay outside his usual range was vhe irish guards tn the great war (1923), a lengthy and competent compilation, including some original matter in the old familiar manner. land and sea tales for scouts and guides (1923) intended for the instruction or inspira- tion of the young, is unworthy of the author and the purpose. mr. kipling received many honours from universities at home and abroad, and in 1922 was elected rector of st. andrews. the rectorial address, which was published as independence (1923), attracted much attention. mr. kipling is, hke macaulay, a writer who remained to the end what he was at the beginning. some of his writings are better than others, but none of them are older or younger than others. his earliest work conveys a sense of full experience; his. latest has no other sign to post-maturity than a growing acerbity and tendency to scold. his immense efficiency was never of the kind in which genuine growth or development is possible; but such as it was it remained undecayed. mr. kipling’s prose is clear, firm, tense and terse and the shaping of his best stories is admirable. he possessed (as shakespeare possessed) the journal- ist’s ability to use with apparent mastery the ‘‘ cant ” of many trades and callings: but this gift, though engaging, is artistically unimportant. mr. kipling often wrote as a publicist; but it is as a creative writer that he must be judged. regarded merely as a political teacher he would have to take alow place. no large or consistent or even practical body of doctrine can be drawn from his vague accusations and rhetorical warnings, and, indeed, none need be looked for. the creeds of poets are more important kirk—kitchener to themselves than to their readers. mr. kipling did his best work for empire, not by thinking or writing imperially, but by revealing india artistically. mr. kipling always worked in the spirit of a good craftsman. though immediately popular as a writer, he never sought per- sonal publicity, and never consciously wrote down to the groundlings, even of politics. his gencral style indicates a long study of the bible and his metres show that the influence of swinburne was strong and enduring upon him. admiration of the biblical prophets, however, produced in both writers a tend- ency to the large, cloudy, oracular utterance that appears more profound than it is. but in all essentials, mr. kipling is an orig- inal and underived writer. he noticeably added to the public stock of quotations and to the repertory of poems known to everybody. few writers. have found such a large body of sin- cere admirers in so many regions, ranks and callings of british people. bibliography.—c, charles, rudyard kipling (1911); w. a young, a dictionary of the characters and scenes in the stories and poems of rudyard kipling (1911); r. durand, a fandbook to the poetry of rudyard kipling (1g14); c. falls, rudyard kipling (1915): j. palmer, rudyard kipling (1915); a. rumson, aipling’s india (1915); w. ww. worster, amerlin's isle: a study of rudvard kipling’s england (1920); r. t. hopkins, rudyard kipling (1921); kipling's sussex (1921); g. f. monkshood, the less familiar kipling and kiplingana (1922); e. w. martindell, a bibliography of the works of rudyard kipling (1923); r. t. hopkins, the kipling country (1924); rudyard kipling’s world (1925). (gz:s;*) kirghiz or qirghiz republic, an autonomous socialist soviet republic of the r.s.f.s.r. the capital is orenburg. (see siberia.) kirk, sir john (1832-1922), british explorer (see 15.829), died jan. 15 1922. kitchen equipment: sce household appliances. kitchener, horatio herbert’ kitchener, earr (1850-1916), british field-marshal (see 15.838).—kitchener was promoted field-marshal just before he left india in ro909, and the order of st. patrick was conferred on him on his arrival in england in 1910; but between india and england had occurred a visit to australasia, where he had been invited to examine the military arrangements, and where the very thorough suggestions which he made for their improvement were acted on with a promptitude which bore full fruit in 1914. except for his command of the troops at the coronation of king george, kitchener was now for the first time for nearlv 40 years to enjoy some months of leisure; but the failure of the government to employ him aroused unfavourable comment, which was only silenced when in the late summer of rot1 he accepted the post of british agent and consul-general in egvpt. the next three years were perhaps the happiest of his life; he was in familiar circumstances though he had many changes to note, since he had handed over the sirdarieh to sir francis wingate. on the day he landed at alexandria, italy was presenting an ultimatum to turkey, and there is no doubt that kitchener’s presence and his prestige were mainly responsible for the safe passage of egypt through the critical period of the tripoli and balkan wars, and that no one but himself would have been able to prevent collisions between the greek and italian colonists and the natives. his idea was to keep the country busy with the contemplation of its own affairs, and he initiated a policy of economic reform the effects of which were to be enduring. [lis programme comprised such items as village savings banks, the five feddan law, the opening of cotton markets all over the country, cantonal courts, the promotion of the department for agriculture to a ministry, school buildings, sanitation and press supervision, and the heightening of the aswan dam—all of ab- sorbing interest to him, all receiving his assiduous care. lord cromer’s great service in egypt had been rewarded by an earl- dom while he was still at the agency, and the prime minister advised the king that no lesser title should adorn his successor during his tenure of the office. the london gazetie of june 1914 announced that the sovereign had been pleased to confer on 639 viscount kitchener the honour of an earldom, and the telegram announcing his new dignity reached him just as he was starting for england on his annual leave. at the war office—kitchener had intended that leave to last until sept., but on july 31 all heads of missions were ordered to repair to their posts, and on aug. 3 kitchener was actually on board the channel boat when a message arrived from the prime minister requiring him to stay in england. three days later he took over the seals of the war office, to find, in his own words, “there is no army.” the meaning of that trenchant observa- tion was that for the titanic task the country had undertaken the british miniature expeditionary force, however gallant, was manifestly inadequate. kitchener instantly laid his plans for an army of 70 divisions, coolly calculating that its maximum strength would be reached during the third year of the war, just when the enemy would be undergoing a sensible diminution of his resources in man-power. his scheme, of course, ran clean contrary to all accepted ideas: it had always been held that in time of war, though armies could be expanded, they could not be created, and to imagine otherwise sccmed as surprising to our friends as to our enemies. the french general staff gracefully remarked that men had called new armies into being and men had utilised and maintained existing armies, but that for lord kitchener it was reserved to perform the two feats simulta- neously. the germans derided the kitchener plan as imprac- ticable. in the early days of 1916 kitchener could tell the cabinet that 67 divisions were afoot and three in the mould; he was met by a representation that we must choose between a diminution of our forces and a reduction of our monetary advances to our allies. he declined the dilemma. he did not think that england could present cither of these conclusions to her allies without proof positive that expenditure could not be reduced nor national in- come increased, that her administration was free from extrava- gance, that her taxable capacity was fully exploited and that all parts of the empire were pulling their weight. the conflict of opinion was sharp and short, with the upshot that the 70 in- fantry divisions were assured of their existence, and the way was prepared for the kitchener armies to take their part in the battle of the somme which he knew was planned for the coming summer. ‘i have no fear,” he said, “‘ about winning the war; i fear very much we may not make a good peace.” if he did not live to take his place at versailles, at least as regards the creation and placing in the field of the great force which was to hold high england’s honour he could review a finished work, for his last division to go overseas took ship the very day on which he him- self set out on the journey from which he was not to return. kitchener’s vision or intuition served him to protest, though vainly, against the concentration of the original b.e.f. so far forward as maubeuge; his rapid and accurate grasp of a situa- tion caused him to hurry to france after the retreat from mons to insist, in the name of the government, on the british army remaining in the allied line; and enabled him in rg15 to pro- nounce that the evacuation of the gallipoli peninsula could be— effected with infinitely less loss than had been gloomily predicted. apart from these occasions he did little to interfere with the actual conduct of operations in the field. he knew and sympa- thised with the commanders, gave full consideration to their views, and did all that lay within human power to provide them with what was necessary for the performance of the duties as- signed to them: moreover, he gave them his entire trust and his unswerving support; what this means to a commander perhaps only those with the experience of a commander can realise, and kitchener himself had tasted of that experience. of the great difficulties which beset the secretary for war, perhaps the greatest and the most discussed was that of providing guns and ammunition for a constantly and rapidly increasing army. the real root of the trouble was that the nation had plunged into armageddon without armaments; there was not only a lamentable lack of munitions, but a total absence of all machinery for producing them. with barely means to keep the original expeditionary force on its feet, kitchener had to provide 640 for a long and far-flung struggle with a powerful enemy who for 4o years had devoted himself to preparation. a friend who in the early weeks of the war noted in him signs of strain asked him if he were sleeping well. ‘‘ i shall never have a good night’s rest,”’ he answered, “ until i have 2,000,000 rifles and their ammuni- tion, and that cannot be yet.” the output of arms and ammuni- tion—when one remembers that a start was made from zero and that at the battle of neuve chapelle more stuff was fired than in the whole south african campaign—reached an amazing total in the first nine months of the war, and no finer provision of material was made from end to end of it. it was alleged at one time that the great production of ammunition in the autumn of rors was due to the energy of the newly born ministry of munitions, and a confident claim was made on behalf of this department to the increased supply of high explosive shells. before the end of the war kitchener’s work was challenged in some quarters on this point; the answer furnished by the dossier of the master-general of ordnance presented a defence of the war office, whence, as a matter of fact, came the first proposal of high explosive for use in france. to be precise, the ministry of munitions was set up during the first week of june 1915. it was not until the end of oct. 1915 that a single component of ammunition worth speaking of was delivered from the ministry of munitions’ factories or orders, and not until april ro16 that the first complete round, made and filled under the orders and arrangements of the ministry, was delivered to the army authorities. in other words, the army, for a period of more than 18 months, was furnished with continually increasing supplies under the former arrangements. with the change of the government in 1915, when the prime minister and the war secretary alone retained their offices, an unhappy attempt was made from g.h.q. in france to inflame public opinion against the man to whom a few weeks earlier the commander-in-chief had written, ‘‘ thank god you are there, and i mean it.”” the attempt failed to shake the rock of public confidence on which kitchener stood, right up to and even beyond, his last hour: messages of goodwill poured in to him from camps at home and overseas, and from every class and community and corner of england; a month later he received, on his way to and from the guildhall, one of the greatest ova- tions of his life—and the order of the garter. if kitchener did not travel quite easily on political lines, his close personal touch with england’s allies was not the least of his contributions to the war, and his early and constant friendship with france gave him, so to speak, a flying start in gaining the best relation- ships with her public servants. russia’s rele was to him a matter of vital importance if the war was to be brought even within his own three year’s limit; but in the autumn of rors he said to joffre at chantilly, ‘ you are calculating on russia remaining till the end of the war; i am making my calculations on her being out within six months.” he had not been afraid to commit himself to serious respon- sibilities as to arming and equipping the almost weaponless russian hosts, but even so it is as difficult to account for, as it is impossible to deny, the almost uncanny influence which his name exercised throughout the great eastern empire. ie was thus able to criticise russian methods with a freedom and to press his advice—more especially at the critical moment when italy ‘was hanging back-——with an insistence that would have been tolerated at the hands of no other foreigner. proposed visit to russia.—early in may 1916 the tsar urged that kitchener should visit russia, promising that his counsel would be taken to the full even if that counsel included certain transfers of control into british hands. the consent of the british sovereign was obtained, and it was decided that kitch- ener should start from scapa flow on june 5 for archangel. he was asked to examine thoroughly the whole russian situation: he was given a free hand to make arrangements and conditions which he thought advisable; he was to use all the influence which he had already acquired with the tsar and the russian military authorities to set the russian military house in order, and he was asked to come back to england with all speed. klein—kluck ’ on the afternoon of the appointed day, kitchener, having paid a visit to lord jellicoe on his flagship, embarked on the ‘“ hampshire,” which was directed to proceed on what, with the prevailing wind—as reported—would be the lee side of the orkneys and shetlands. the arrangements made for the voyage of the cruiser have been, and perhaps always will be, open to question. it is at least certain that an unswept channel was chosen for her passage and that, under stress of weather, the destroyers who formed her titular escort turned about, leaving the vessel, with her priceless freight, to steam to her doom. a faithful steward had suddenly to give an account of his steward- ship. the same electrical impulse which the next morning pro- claimed kitchener’s death to the world induced an emotional current so intense as to lack precedent or parallel. for a moment it seemed as if a hush had fallen as universal as it was profound, and when the hush was broken there was exposed in full the sway which kitchener had established over the hearts and minds of all sorts and conditions of men, and that the one man in england who had taken the least pains to win popularity was the hero of many peoples. a weck later the sovereign and his consort passed through the throngs in and around st. paul’s cathedral to a simple service of hymn and prayer; simultaneously, at two-mile intervals from the sea to the somme, british soldiers bade a vale to the great soldier; while in all parts of the world where two or three english- men were gathered together the name oi a great englishman was commemorated. the queen-mother at once placed herself at the head of a movement to secure a permanent and practical memorial, and in answer to her appeal there poured in from every point of the empire—from men, women and children of all colours, classes and creeds—a stream of money, gathering in volume until it reached the astonishing sum of over £700,000. on dec. 10 1925 a memorial chapter in st. paul’s cathedral was dedicated to earl kitchener and all who fell in r914-8. (g. ar.) klein, felix (1840- ), german mathematician, was born at diisseldorf april 25 1849, and after studying at the uni- versities of bonn, gottingen and berlin was appointed professor of mathematics at the university of erlangen. he later took up similar professorships at the munich technical college and at the universities of leipzig and g6ttingen (1886), and finally became at the latter university director of the school of mathe- matical physics. klein, who became a member of the prussian academy of sciences, specialised in the practical application of mathematics and mechanics, and in conjunction with a. sommer- field worked on the problem of gyratory motion. he took special interest in educational questions, and his well-known treatise on the teaching of mathematics in germany appeared in 1909. among klein’s other works should be mentioned vorlesungen diber das ikosaeder und die auflesungen der gleichungen vom fiinften grad (1884) and vortrdge iiber ausgewdhlie fragen der elementargeometrie (1895). klinger, max (1857-1920), german painter, etcher and sculptor (see 15.847), died july 4 1920 at grossjena near naum- burg. ; kluck, alexander von (1846-— ), prussian general, was born may 20 1846 at miinster, westphalia. ee took part in the austro-prussian war of 1866and the franco-prussian war of 1870, and was twice wounded at the battle of colombey- neuilly. in 1906 he was promoted to the rank of general of infantry, and at the outbreak of the world war was inspector- gencral of the viii. army inspection. iie was placed in chief command of i. army of the west, which he led in the battles of maubeuge and st. quentin and the advance upon the marne. (see frontiers, battles or the.) at the battle of the marne, the faulty disposition of the german forces in the line of battle and the success of the allied offensive compelled von kluck to withdraw his army to the aisne positions. (see marne, first battle of the.) in march rg1s5 he was wounded while visiting the front trenches, and was placed on the retired list in oct. 1916. he gave his account of the earlier operations in der mursch auf paris und die marne-schlacht (1920). knight—knighthood and chivalry knight, daniel ridgway (1845-1924), american artist (see 15.851), died in paris march 9 1924. of his paintings, “ hailing the ferry ” is in the pennsylvania academy, phila- delphia, and “ the shepherdess ” in the brooklyn institute museum. .