KANSAS

the population of kansas on july i 1925, according to the state census of that date, was 1,812,936, as compared with 1,769,257 by the federal census of 1920. the estimated population on july 1 1926 was 1,820,296. four cities (kansas city, wichita, topeka and hutchinson) had over 25,000 inhabitants in june 1926. 43.5% of the population lived in cities and towns of over 1,000 inhabitants. in the ten years from ro1s5 to 1925 the rural population increased only 5,000 while the urban population increased 135,000. agriculture-—kansas is pre-eminently an agricultural state. it is the largest producer of wheat and corn taken together in the union. the wheat crop in 1924 was 151,690,970 bu., and the corn crop was 118,789,236 bushels. the crops next in importance were oats and barley. there is an extensive livestock industry. afineral products —there are considerable deposits of bitumi- nous coal along the eastern border of the state; production amount- ed in 1924 to about 4,150,000 short tons. natural gas yielded 27°8 billion cu. ft. in 1920. there has been little effective control of the distribution of gas, and distributing companies have fixed rates in total disregard of their original contracts. the most striking development of the decade in this field had been in the production of petroleum which stood at only 3,000,000 bar- rels in 1914, jumped to 36,500,000 in 1917, reached the peak at 45,500,000 in 1918 and stood at 28,483,000 in 1924. the supply of materials for cement secms inexhaustible and the value of this product is exceeded only by those of oil, coal and gas. kansas ranks fourth in the union in the production of salt, of which the production in 1924 was reported by the state geological survey at 794,303 short tons, valued at $3,176,000. the joplin zinc and lead field overlips the southeast corner of the state, but while the field approaches exhaustion on the missouri side, it is capable of indefinite development in kansas. the output of zinc in 1924 was 105,392 short tons, valued at $13,700,960. manufactures and transport-—federal statistics distinguish 36 industrial groups in each of which the value of the annual out- put exceeds $300,000. the larger interests are based upon prod- ucts of agriculture. the largest is the slaughtering and packing of meat, which in 1923 produced products valued at $224,661,483 —almost one-tenth of the total output of the united states. nearly the whole of this industry is localised in kansas city. the next largest industry is the milling of flour, which is widely distributed over the state. slaughtering and milling together contribute considerably more than half the value of the manu- factured products of the state. railways and the industries sub- sidiary to them employ a large part of the jabour of the state. 630 the railway mileage was 9,384 in 1923. the electric interurban railway mileage was 582 in 1923. with the building of hard- surfaced roads motor-bus lines are superseding electric railways. constiiution.—kansas in 1925 was still governed by her orig- inal constitution, adopted in 1859. ‘twenty-one amendments were made prior to rg1o and seven have been added since that time. the suffrage was extended to women in 1912, and under pressure of the world war the suffrage was limited in 1918 to citizens of the united states. provision was made for recall of public officers in 1914, but the supreme court decided that the clauses are not self-executing, in that they make no provision for special elections, and the legislature has not seen fit to give them effect. the constitutional requirement that all property be taxed at a uniform rate has delayed tax reform. an amendment per- mitting the classification of property for purposes of taxation was rejected by the people in 1914 and 1920 but finally carried in somewhat altered form in 1923. two amendments were adopted in 1920. one, resulting from the efforts of gov. allen to reduce farm tenantry, authorised the creation of a fund to assist in the purchase of farm homes. the other so far removed the prohi- bition of state action in works of internal improvement as to allow the state to assist counties in building roads. no action has been taken by the legislature under either head. legislation. —generally speaking, legislation has followed the drift in other states. an exception was the “ blue sky ” law, for the regulation of investment companies, passed in igri and amended in detail in 1913 and rors. it prohibits the sale in the state of stocks not approved by a board, consisting of the secretary of state, the attorney-general and the state bank commissioner, and thus prevents the floating of worthless securities. it has been extensively copied in other states. another step in advance was the act of 1913 which provides for-the nomination and elec- tion of judges by separate ballots without party designation. since 1910 the administration of the state has become central- ised to a high degree. the first step was taken in 10913 in reference to the various educational institutions, and in 1925 all the higher educational institutions were put under the control of a single board called a board of regents, consisting of nine members appointed by the governor for terms of four years and electing their own chairman. a provision that part of the board retire annually is intended to give it permanence and remove it from political control. an attempt, made by gov. capper in 1917 and renewed by gov. allen in 1921, to consolidate on a similar plan the various bureaux that compose the state board of agriculture did not succeed. in 1911 the state board of railroad commissioners was superseded by a public utilities commis- sion, modelled on the commissions already established in new york and wisconsin, to which was given supervision of all public utilitics in the state. the eighteenth (prohibition) federal amendment was ratified jan. 14 1919. in 1919 a general strike in the coal-fields broke out, which suspended production and threatened a_ coal famine in the midst of an exceptionally severe winter. gov. allen took over the coal-mines and began their operation by means of volunteers recruited chiefly from among the students in the educational institutions, and called the legislature in special session to provide against the recurrence of such condi- tions. the result was the passage in 1920 of an act which created a court of industrial relations, consisting of three members. the act declared the manufacture of food and clothing, the min- ing of fuel and transport to be essential industries and ‘“‘ affected with a public interest ’’ to such a degree as to justify public control. the right of collective bargaining was recognised but strikes were prohibited and the court was given authority, either on its own initiative or on complaint, to investigate and to issue orders regulating limitation of production, hours and conditions of labour, and rate of wages. originally the public utilities com- mission was merged in the industrial court, but in 1921 the former was re-established—a separate body and the labour bureau and the industrial commission were merged in the latter. finally in 1924 the tax commission, the public utilities com- mission and court of industrial relations, including the depart- kansas city, kan.—kansas city, mo. ment of labour, were consolidated in a single board of five mem- bers called the public service commission. the power of the court to fix wages has been annulled by the courts but in other respects it functions satisfactorily operating with the bureau of labour as a department of the public service commission. a considerable number of cities have abandoned the old city council form of government. an act passed in 1907 and amended in 1909 and 1913 authorised the adoption of a commission form of government in cities of the first and second class. up to 1917, 54 cities reorganised under this law. in ro17 the legislature authorised the city-manager plan. all cities that have reorgan- ised since then (14 by 1925) have adopted this plan. history—kansas has been overwhelmingly republican in politics and there has been practically no democratic press in the state. the following have been governors since 1909: w. r. stubbs, rep., 1909 and ror1. g. m. hodges, dem., 1912. a. capper, rep., 1914 and 1916. h. j. allen, rep., 1918 and 1920. j. davis, dem., 1922. s. paulen, rep., 1924. _ bibliograpity.—session laws and senate and house journals are issued after each legislative session. the last edition of the com- piled statutes was issued in 1923. reports of executive departments are brought together in a collective volume entitled combined de- partment reports. other important publications are the bienntal reports of the state board of agriculture and the state board of health and the collections of the state iistorical society. the state library issued in 1920 a reprint of the proceedings of the con- stttutional convention of rs§0, with much supplementary historical matter, edited by h. g. larimer. (f. il. h.*) kansas city, kan., u.s.a. (see 15.660), annexed about 1,000 acres of territory between toro and 1920 and over 2,000 more, including rosedale, in the following years. its area is now (1926) 23 square miles. the population in 1920 was 101,177 (104.9 males to 100 females}, of whom 14,405 were negroes and 11,721 foreign born; in 1925 the state census gave it as 116,053. the meat packing industry, in which the city ranked next to chicago, con- tinued to overshadow all other industries, contributing 75-80% of the total value of factory products within the city limits, which totalled $164,081,000 in 1909, $468,686,000 in 1g19, $235,561,733 in rg2t and $262,446,752 in 1923. the packing industry and the livestock market illustrate the economic unity of the two kansas cities. the packing houses are on the kansas side; the state line runs through the stockyards, of which 92% are in kansas; the livestock exchange is in the missouri city. by 1925 over $7,000,000 had been invested in the water, light and power plant; the park area had been increased to 300 acres; the connecting boulevards to 25 m. and plans for 50 m. more had been made by the city planning commission. <a zoning ordi- nance was adopted in 1924. a city hall was erected in 1011; a memorial building, dedicated to those who lost their lives in the wars of the country, in 1925; and a beautiful county court house was under construction in 1926. kansas city, mo., u.s.a. (see 15.661), the nineteenth city in point of size, and the seat of a federal reserve bank, was in 1924, with its contiguous neighbour across the state line, the largest market in the country for hay, stock and feed cattle, and stock hogs. it ranked first in distribution of lumber, seeds, kaflir corn and agricultural implements; second in meat-packing and as a live-stock and horse and mule market; third in manufac- ture of flour and soap and as a grain market; fifth in capacity of grain elevators; sixth in post-office receipts; and tenth in bank clearings. the population in 1920 was 324,410, of whom 30,719 were negroes and 27,320 foreign born; in 1925, according to the official estimate, it was 367,481. in 1924 the output of the manufacturing plants of greater kansas city was valucd at $604,326,719; the goods distributed by the wholesale houses at $727,327,171. manufacturing was increased after the world war by the establishment of branch plants of many eastern firms. the making of open-hearth stecl for local consumption developed. large oil refineries were built, with direct pipe-lines from the producing fields. transportation facilities were in- creased by auto-bus lines over hard-surfaced roads bui't in every direction; and by the kansas city terminal railway, which kapok—karolyi operates a system of depressed tracks, constructed at a cost of $50,000,000, and a union passenger station opened in 1914. by 1925 the public school system included 90 elementary schools, five senior and three junior high schools, a teachers’ college, a junior college, 31 combination and special schools; a bond issue of $5,000,000 for new buildings and equipment had just been authorised. the common “ chest” for 45 philan- thropic agencies was nearly $1,000,000; a city plan had been adopted (1922); there were 3,470 ac. in the parks and play- grounds, 95 m. of continuous boulevard, an exceptionally fine baseball park and 10 golf courses; a comprehensive zoning ordinance had been passed (1923); a new water supply plant to cost $11,000,000 was under construction; the liberty memorial, designed as the central] feature of a group of buildings for cultural purposes, was nearing completion opposite the union station plaza. the cost of living in kansas city is relatively low (94:4% of the average for 31 american cities, dec. 1924). in 1925 a new charter—the fourth prepared within eight years, and the third submitted to the voters—was adopted by a large majority, setting up the council-manager form of government. kapok: sce cellulose; fibres. kapp, wolfgang gr68=1927): german deliticini, was born in new york july 24 1868. tle was the son of friedrich kapp, a national liberal member of the reichstag in bismarck’s time, and grew up under the bismarckian influences. having held various minor official posts, he founded the agricultural credit institute in east prussia, which achieved great success in pro- moting the prosperity of landowners and farmers. he was con- sequently in close touch with the junkers of east prussia and during the world war made himself their mouthpiece in an attack on bethmann hollweg (die nationulen kreise und der reichskanzler (1916). he was also one of the founders of the “vaterslandspartei.” for a bricf period in 1918 he was a con- servative member of the reichstag. kapp remained in the background till march 12 1920, when the republican govt. suddenly issued an order for his arrest. it became known that he had organised, with general von liitt- witz and other officers, a conspiracy to occupy the government offices, andl assume power in berlin. this he actually succeeded in doing on the morning of march 13. kapp was installed in the imperial chancellary and at once styled himself “‘ chancellor of the reich.” president ebert and most of his ministers fled, first to dresden and then to stuttgart. the kapp govt. was, however, short-lived. the working classes of berlin rendered its continuance impossible by declaring a universal strike, and on the evening of march 17, kapp and liittwitz fled to berlin. war- rants were issued for their arrest, but liittwitz disappeared com- pletely, and kapp eventually escaped by acroplane to sweden. in april 1922 he returned to germany and was immediately arrested for high treason, but he died on june 12 from the conse- quences of an eye operation at leipzig, before the case was heard. karachi, india (sce 15.672), has grown very rapidly, and the population, which was 216,883, half hindu and half moslem, in 1921, has nearly doubled since rg01. in 1920-1, 364 plans for new buildings were approved, and 367 in 1921-2. among no- table public buildings are the municipal offices, begun before the world war but unfinished in 1923; the fine port trust offices and customs house (1015); a small causes court, revenue office and paper-currency office; the jehangir kothari hall; a home for poor and defective persons, a new maternity home, and a wel- iare association building; a masonic temple, a commercial college and several schools. the foundation stone of a new building for the chamber of commerce was laid in 1924. a parade with terraces and a pier to the water’s edge was opened at new clifton in 1921, and a people’s park has been laid out in the old bed of the river lyari. a new embankment road skirts the old town and forms the southern boundary of the park. a contract was placed in 1925 for a new conduit from malir, 16 m. long, to increase the supply. karachi is a progressive port with a great future. it receives the produce of the punjab, sind, baluchistan, afghanistan, much of rajputana, and part of the united provinces, while the 631 delhi trade has shown a tendency to pass through karachi rather than bombay. the great sukhur barrage scheme, which recelved official approval in 1921, will bring the exportable prod- uce of a further 3,500,000 acres to the port. trade has recovered gradually from the effects of the war, and the exports are largely wheat. the imports are mostly cotton and woollen goods and yarn. a new boat basin was built in 1911, a wharf for coasting steamers in 1912 and work on other extensions is in progress. it is planned to build 13 new berths on the west side of the harbour. land for six berths was reclaimed in 1923-4, and it is hoped that three berths, each 550 ft. long, will be finished by 1927. the north-western railway, on which karachi is de- pendent, is now double-tracked as far north as samasata. karnebeek, herman adriaan van (1874- ), dutch statesman, was netherland’s delegate to the second peace con- ference at the hague in 1907. in 1911 he became burgomaster of the hague, holding this position until 1918, when he was ap- pointed foreign secretary. in 1921 he presided at the second assembly of the league of nations. karolyi, michael, count (1875- ), hungarian poli- tician, born on march 4 1875, and descended from a famous and wealthy family, count karolyi, after a delicate childhood, took his degree at budapest university, exhibited keen interest in horse breeding and horse racing and became, in succession to his uncle, president of the hungarian co-operative society (hangya). he then travelled a good deal, spending much time in paris. in roo2 he stood for parliament as a liberal but was defeated. in 1905 he was elected to a short parliament and took no further part in hungarian public life until 1909 when he be- came president of the hungarian agricultural societ y, and worked for the creation of an agrarian centre party. he then resigned from the conservative agricultural society and, having come under the influence of the writings of karl marx, became leader of the radical wing of the independence party, and led the parliamentary opposition against count stephen tisza, then prime minister, with whom he fought a duel. opponents of count karolyi have maintained that his jealousy of tisza and his enmity against the older statesman were the dominating motives of his career. count karolyi, in his auto- biography, #7ghting the world, while admitting that it was tisza who drove him into a democratic camp, has maintained that his political ambitions were to break the relations between austria and hungary, substituting for them a russo-hungarian rap- prochement, and also to destroy the capitalist system. in order to provide party funds for these purposes he entered into secret negotiations with the french govt. and visited america. his return from that country coincided with the outbreak of the world war and he was interned in france, but was soon released on the understanding that on reaching hungary he would do his best to bring the war to a speedy conclusion. he then se- ceded from the independence group and founded the k4rolyi party for the purpose of breaking with the germans and entering into a separate treaty of peace. in spite of these opinions he married, on nov. 7 1914, the step-daughter of count julius andrissy, a statesman with utterly opposite views, and became an officer in the national defence hussars. he concentrated his activities throughout the war on pacific aims in the hope that their realisation would achieve in hungary the enactment of universal suffrage, socialisation of industry and the division of land amongst the people. on oct. 25 1918, when the war was clearly lost, count karolyi founded the national council composed of his own personal supporters, social democrats and radicals. the werkerle cabinet resigned, and count hadik was appointed premier by king charles. on oct. 30 there was a revolution, led by the soldiers’ council and supporters of the national council, who occupied practically all strategic points in budapest. the next day count hadik resigned and in the name of king charles archduke joseph had no alternative but to appoint count karolyi as prime minister, who then took the oath of allegiance to the king. the same day, oct. 31 1918, count tisza was assassinated in his budapest home by revolutionaries. on nov. 632 16 the hungarian people’s republic was proclaimed at a public meeting under the auspices of the national council, and full powers were entrusted to the cabinet of which karolyi was prime minister. on jan. 11 1919 the national council formally proclaimed k4rolyi as president of the people’s republic. it was a short-lived triumph. the forces of disruption and discontent soon got completely out of hand and on march 21 1919 count k4rolyi handed over the government to the soviet of bela kun. count k4rolyi remained in the country un- molested until the eve of the collapse of terrorism and then left hungary for czechoslovakia. later he was expelled from italy for communist propaganda and made his headquarters in paris, visiting the united states, where he was prohibited by the gov- ernment from continuing propaganda presumably against the hungarian govt., which might have affected the league of nations’ loan for hungarian reconstruction. the high court of hungary found, after public trial at which count k4rolyi was legally represented, that on account of his actions during the war and in organising the revolution he was guilty of high treason and felony. as a result of that verdict count k4rolyi’s estates were confiscated, a large portion of them being divided under land reform, among some 5,000 smallholders. other accusations made against count ka4rolyi by his fellow-countrymen were that by his systematic encourage- ment of mob-law and military indiscipline and by his weakness as prime minister and president he was the direct cause of the bolshevist reign of terror and the subsequent occupation of hungary by the rumanian army. it is further officially main- tained that by negotiating a separate armistice with gen. franchet d’esperey at belgrade karolyi deprived hungary of many territorial and other rights to which she was entitled under an armistice previously concluded by gen. diaz on the italian front with the austro-[tungarian armies. | (w. go.*) kata thermometer.—in considering measurement of ventilation we must bear in mind that the ordinary thermometer merely gives the average temperature of its surroundings. while the human body produces heat, and all day long is keeping itself at body temperature, the thermometer does not produce heat, but just registers the effect of the surrounding atmosphere upon itself. an instrument is needed, then, to indicate the cooling and evaporating power of the air. the kata thermometer is such and is far more indicative of human feeling than the ordinary thermometer. it records not only the effect of the temperature of the surrounding air on the cooling of its surface when at body temperature, but of the wind and any movement of the air, and also how quickly cooling takes place when its surface is wet, as the skin is when perspiration 1s going on. the kata thermometer is a large-bulbed alcohol ther- mometer of standard size with stem graduated from 100° to 93° fahrenheit. it is warmed up in hot water till the meniscus rises above 100° f’.; the bulb is then dried, and the rate of cooling of the meniscus from 100° to 95°}. taken with a stop-watch. from a factor number determined for each instrument the cool- ing power is deduced in millicalories (1/1coo gramme caloric) per sq. cm. of the surface of the bulb at body temperature per sec- ond. in still air the dry kata thermometer has a cooling power of about 10 at o° c., and about 5 at 20°c.; with a wind of o-m. per hour it has a cooling power of abeut 40 at o° c., and 20 at about 15° or 16°c., and so on with different rates of wind. wind is far more important than temperature to the cooling of the body; thus the still air is easily borne. in the case of the wet kata thermometer a wet muslin glove covers the bulb. in fac- tories, schools, etc., the reading of the cooling power of the dry kata thermometer should not be less than 5-6 with a tempera- ture of about 60° f., 7 at 70 and 8 at 80°, otherwise the efficiency of the worker and pupil will tend to go down. observations made by the industrial fatigue board in pottery, boot and shoe, cotton and printing works, showed that a great number of read- ings were below 6. the general mortality is greater in the trades with the lower readings. great improvements could yet be made in this respect. see medical research council, special report, no. 73 (1923). (l. e. h.) kata thermometer—keith kato, taka-akira, count (1859-1926), japanese states- man (see 15.696), resigned his post as ambassador in london in dec. 1913, having in the previous year been created a baron. returning to japan, he joined prince katsura’s third cabinet as foreign minister for the third time but resigned soon after. he then reorganised the doshikai, created by katsura, and renamed it the kenseikai or constitutionalist party, of which he became president in 1913 (see japan). in april 1914 he joined the okuma cabinet as foreign minister, resigning in r915. it was during his incumbency that japan sent the so-called 21 demands to china. in aug. 1915 he was elected a crown member of the house of peers and in the following year was created a viscount. the following decade proved a quiet period for kato, but in 1924 he became premier of the coalition cabinet of the kenseikai, the seiyukai and the kakushin club. his administration was made historic by the passage of the universal manhood suffrage law. owing to dissensions among members of the cabinet, kato reorganised his ministry on aug. 1 1925, forming it exclusively with members of the kenseikai party. on jan. 28 1926 he died in tokyo while in office. the emperor, learning the gravity of his illness, conferred upon him the dignity of count. katsura, taro, princr (1847-1913), japanese soldier and statesmin (see 15.697).—in aug. rott he resigned the premier- ship in favour of marquess saionzi, after completing the work of financial reform and treaty revision which he had undertaken, and received the rank of prince. on dec. 20 1912 he again ac- cepted office as premier. in feb. 1913, however, a vote of censure on the premier was moved in the diet for the alleged misuse of imperial rescripts, and on feb. 10 the prince resigned office. his health was already failing, and he died in tokyo octs 46 1013. kavalla (sce 15.701).—this port on the coast of eastern macedonia, with an exposed harbour, has a population of about 20,000. the immediate hinterland is a rich tobacco-growing country, but kavalla is handicapped by the fact that the railway from salonika to dedeagach runs through drama, 22m. inland from the coast, with no branch line to kavalla. kavalla has belonged to greece since the balkan war of tg12-13. it was coveted by bulgaria as a maritime outlet, and m. venisclos was inclined to concede it to her, but this policy was ruled out by the outbreak of the second balkan war. after the outbreak of the world war, when bulgaria was still neutral, the british govt. attempted to attach bulgaria to the allied cause by otlering to cede cyprus to greece, on condition that greece ceded kavalla to bulgaria. this offer was rejected by king constantine’s govt.; bulgaria intervened on the side of the central powers; and kavalla has remained under greek sovereignty, though the bulgarians occupied it during the salonika campaign. during the negotiations over the peace treaty of neuilly (g.v.) with bulgaria, m. veniselos offered to connect kavalla with the al- ready existing narrow-gauge railway in the struma valley, which runs from the bulgarian side of the frontier to soha. this would have contributed to the fulfilment of article 48 of the treaty, in which the principal allies assured to bulgaria an eco- nomic access to the aegean sea; but no action has been taken upon the offer of m. veniselos. see jfandbook of alacedonia, (british admiralty, 1920). keane, john joseph (1839~1918), american roman catho- lic archbishop (see 15.706), died at dubuque, ia., june 22 1918. he had retired in rorr. keith, sir arthur (1866- ), british anthropologist, was born at old machar, aberdeen, feb. 5 1866. he studied medicine at aberdeen university; university college, london; and leipzig. he lectured extensively on anatomy and surgery, became a leading authority on anthropology, and an expert on the reconstruction of prehistoric man from fragments or fossil re- mains. he was fullcrian professor of comparative anatomy at the royal institution from 1917 to 1923, became conservator of the museum and ffunterian professor at the royal college of surgeons in 1g08 and acted as honorary secretary of the roval institution from 1923. he was secretary and later president of the anatomical society of great britain, president kelantan—kientucky of the royal anthropological institute (1913-7), and in 1913 was elected f.r.s. and membre de la societe danthropologie de paris. he was knightedin1g21, and was designated as president of the british association for 1927. (see man, evolurtion of.) his published works include introduction to the study of anthropoid apes (1897); izuman embryology and morphology, 4th ed. (1921); ancient types of man (1911); the human body (1912); antiquity of man (1915, 2nd ed. 1925); menders of the maimed (1919); engines of the human body (1919, 2nd ed. 1925); nationality and race (1919); and religion of a darwinist (1925). kelantan: sce malay states. | keller, albrecht (1845-1920), german painter (see 15.718), died in munich july 13 1920. kellermann, bernhard (1879- ), german novelist, was born at fiirth on march 4 1879. in his early books he en- deavoured to describe his emotional experiences, vester und li (1904), ingeborg (1906), der tor (1909), english translation the fool (1925). as the result of his travels abroad he wrote das meer (1910), english translation the sea (1928), an exotic novel, and his japanese book sassa yo yassa (1912), the main part of which is devoted to a description of japanese dances. his novel der tusnel, dealing with the future, chicily concerns the relations between europe and america and caused a great sensation on its appearance in 1913. je wrote articles on the world war in his capacity as correspondent, and also produced two books, der akricg im westew (1915) and der krieg im argonnerwald (1916). after a long interval he published in 1920 his novel on the german revolution, der 9. november, english translation the oth november (1925), and later still his novel schwedenklees ericbnis (1923). in addition toa further novel, die heiligen (1922), he also wrote the drama die wiedertdufer von afiinster (1925). kellogg, clara louise (1842-10916), american singer (see 15.719), died at new hartford, conn., may 13 1916. she was the author of alemoirs of an american prima dona (1913). kellogg, frank billings (1856—- ), american diplomat and lawyer, was bern at potsdam, n.y., dec. 22 1856. in 1865 he went with his parents to minnesota, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, he practised in rochester, minn., for ro years, removing in 1887 to st. paul. he was re- tained as special counsel for the united states in the actions against the paper trust and the standard oil case. he also appeared as special counsel for the interstate commerce com- mission in the investigation of the harriman railways, and for the united states in the action to dissolve the union pacific and southern pacific railway merger. he was a delegate to the re- publican national conventions of 1904, 1908 and 1912, and was elected u.s. senator from minnesota for the term 1917-23. he was also u.s. delegate to the fifth international conference of american states at santiago, chile, 1923. in 1924 he was appointed ambassador to great britain, succeeding g. b. m. harvey. he resigned in feb. 1925, to accept an appointment as u.s. secretary of state. in this capacity he took a firm stand in support of united states citizens whose property rights in mexico were threatened by proposed mexican legislation. kellogg, vernon lyman (1867- ), american zoologist, was born at emporia, kan., dec. 1 1867. lle graduated from the university of kansas, subsequently studying at cornell university, leipzig and paris. he was successively assistant and associate professor of entomology at the university of kan- sas, 1890-4, and professor of entomology and lecturer in bionom- ics at stanford university, 1894-1920. having acted as a director, in brussels, of the american commission for relief in belgium, 1915, he served as assistant to the u.s. food adminis- trator, 1917 and in various capacities with the american relief commission in poland and russia, 1918-21. he became per- manent secretary and chairman of the division of educational relations of the national research council, washington, d.c., 1919. he wrote american insects (1904); evolution and animal life, with d. s. jordan (1907); darwinism to-day (1907); the animals and man (1911); headquarters nights (1917); herbert hoover, the afan and his work (1920); nuova, or the new bee 633 (1921); human life as the biologist sees it (1922); mind and heredity (1923); and frolution (1925). kendal, william hunter (1843-1917), british actor (see 15.727), died in london nov. 7 1917. kent, rockwell (:882- ), american painter, was born at tarrytown heights, n.y., june 21 1882. his early education was obtained in a boarding school in connecticut. he studied architecture for a time, but turned to painting, and was a pupil of robert henri. of a roving disposition, he went to sea as ship’s carpenter, painting what he saw in his travels, and writing his impressions, his work was quite individual in its character, and attracted great attention by its unique qualities of light and shade. he also produced some book illustrations. his chief paintings in the united states are “‘ marine ” in the metropoli- tan muscum, new york city, and “ lone woman ” and ‘moth- er and child,” in the brooklyn museum. he wrote two books of travel wilderness and voyaging, and contributed to magazines. kentucky (see 15.740), a state of the united states of america. the population in 1920 was 2,416,630, as compared with 2,289,908 in rgto—an increase of 5-5 per cent. there were 1,227,494 males and 1,189,136 females. ‘he whites numbered 2,180,560, an increase since 1910 of 7-5 %3; the negroes, 235,038, a decrease of 9-8°%; foreign-born whites, 30,780. the density in 1920 was 6o'1 to the sq. m.; in toro, it was 57%. the urban > population increased from 24-3°%5 in i91ro to 26-2% im 1920. the estimated pepulation of 1925 was 2,488,423. the popula- tion of towns with over 20,000 inhabitants in 1910 and 1920 was as follows:— | 1910 1920 louisville | 223,928 234,891 covington 53,270 bybee lexington 35,099 41,534 newport 654,092 | 29,317 education —the large number of illiterates reported in 1910 (208,084) led to the creation of two illiteracy commissions in to14 and 1918 respectively. in rowan county in torr night schools for adult illiterates were inaugurated. a compulsory attendance law, consolidated schools, better organisation, and more revenue, reduced illiteracy from 12-1°%% in roro to 8-4% in 1920. an act of r920 granted to counties and cities ample taxing powers to provide for their schools. the census reported 702,301 children of school age, of whom 654,092 were enrolled in 1925. iligh schools shared in this expansion, increasing from 83 in i9t0 to 493 in 1924. new state normal schools were established in 1922 at morehead and murray. a griculinre-—the number of farms increased from 259,185 in 1910 to 270,626 in 1920, but improved land decreased from 14,354,471 acres to 13,975,746 acres, despite the eflorts of the reclamation service, which expended $1,620,027 in the counties bordering on the great rivers and in the western coal area. this drainage and flood-prevention work involved 471,874 acres. the number of farm owners increased from 170,332 in 1910 to 179,327 in 1920; the number of tenants decreased in the mining counties and increased in mason, boyle, mercer, fayette, bourbon, and jessamine. the value of farm property rose from $773,797,090 in ig10 to $1,511,901,077 in 1920. the average value of farms in 1910, $2,452, rose to $4,823 in 1920, and the average value of the land from $21.83 per acre to $48.62. live stock on jan. 1 1925 included 334,000 horses, 272,000 mules, 536,000 milch cows, 433,000 other cattle, 715,000 sheep and 859,000 swine. the total value of live stock in 1920 was - $148,125,506. the total value of farm crops in 1924 was $200,- 760,000; in 1925, $178,816,000. field crops in 1920 were valued at $347,338,838;and in 1924 at $200,760,000. low tobacco prices in 1913 and 1920 led to demands for co-operative marketing associations, of which the most notable were organised under the bingham act of 1922. in general, these efforts were successful, although the dark to- bacco “pool” released its members from their contracts in 1925. tobacco is the chief crop: in 1922 there were 525,000 acres under cultivation yielding 446,290,000 ib. worth $87,019,000 634 but in 1924 corn (76,200,000 bu.) exceeded in value the tobacco yield. minerals —the output of coal rose from 14,623,319 tons in 1910 to 55,187,000 tons in 1925; to provide for the increased output, most of which was produced in the eastern counties, the louisville and nashville railroad constructed 333 m. of track and expended $30,000,000 during the decade of 1910-20. because of low prices, petroleum was only marketed in small quantities before 1916. stimulated by the war demand, prices rose from $2.05 per barrel on jan. 1 1917 to $4.50 at the close of 1920. the following table shows the production during certain periods: no. of barrels produced 9,226,472 value $24,459,016 33,556,241 14,129,106 8,949,185 7,064,553 the most productive pool, big sinking, was opened in lee county, and a new field appeared in the south western counties, centering about allen and warren. in many locations the drillers opened gas wells which have reduced the state’s depend- ence on west virginia’s supply, and mt. sterling, winchester, paris, lexington, frankfort, and louisville now obtain natural gas. the principal oil refinery is at louisville. from 1go9 to 1919 the capital invested in mines, quarrics and wells rose from 26 to 201 millions, or 651°; the value of products from 12 to 98 millions, or 715%. the value of manufactured products in 1921 was $302,742,000. communications. —~steam railway track increased from 3,641 m. in 1910 to 3,956 m. in 1923. there were 493 m. of electric railway track in 1924. additional pipe-lines for oil were supple- mented by river boats, for which locks were built by the united states government. the state highway commission, set up in 1920, which had an income in 1924 of $11,157,000, controlled 2,360 m. of road in 1925. a new bridge has been erected at high bridge; and, near by, the dix river dam, developing 30,000 h.p. of electric current. _ finance —the old revenue system, based on a general prop- erty tax, proved inadequate to meet the cost of progressive legislation. the assembly in 1917 created a tax commission and classified grouping replaced the old property tax, so that the rate on general property became 50 cents per $100 assessed valuation. there is a graduated inheritance tax. increased by licence and franchise revenues, the general fund is apportioned to various purposes. under the new law, bank deposits rose from $11,000,000 in 1916 to $179,c00,c00 in 1917; assessed values from $922,000,000 in 1917 to $2,184,202,703 in 1925; railway valuations from $160,000,000 in 1917 to $233,372,000 in 1924. the total revenue in 1925 was $25,038,577. on july 1 1926 the bonded debt was $3,939,298. a floating debt, in the form of treasury warrants, sometimes exceeds $10,000,000. legislation.—the acts of the general assembly contain many provisions in regard to labour, education, and public health. the child labour act of 1908 was improved in igi0, 1912, i9i4 and 1916. other progressive laws cover the subjects of tax re- form, prisoners, banking, insurance, vital statistics and sanita- tion. in general the assembly has welcomed all offers of federal co-operation in matters of agricultural extension, road-building, and public health. an act of 1920 to prevent the sale of worth- less securities was due to the speculation in oil shares after 1916. a series of acts permits all cities to adopt the commission plan. history.—the increase of prices during the world war brought prosperity to purveyors of coal, petroleum, live stock, food and tobacco, and lured many producers into unwise ventures where they suffered severe losses after 1920. kentucky felt keenly the advent of national prohibition, inasmuch as her distilling industry in 1914 occupied first place, with an output valued at $48,862,526. between 1910 and 1925 the democrats controlled the assembly and elected three governors: j. b. mccreary (1911-5), a. o. stanley (1915-9) and w. j. fields kenya colony (1923-7). the republicans in 1919 elected as governor e. p. morrow, who had been defeated by only 471 votes in rg15. they chose as united states senators, r. p. ernst in 1920 and f. w. sackett in 1924, in which year, for the first time in her history, kentucky cast all her electoral votes for the republican party. in 1912 the 120th county (mccreary) was organised out of parts of pulaski, wayne, and whitley. in nov. 1917 the united states supreme court declared void louisville’s race- segregation ordinance. bibliography.—on the administrative features see report of the efficiency commission, 2 vol, (frankfort, 1924); education, public education in kentucky (n.y., 1921); history, fzistory of kentucky, ed. by c. kerr, 5 vol. (chicago, 1922). (e. t.*) kenya colony, formerly known as british east africa (see 4.601), has an area (1926) of about 223,000 sq. miles. in 1925 the greater part of the province of jubaland (q¢.v.) was ceded to italy. population 1926 census: europeans 12,529, asiatics (ex- t cy ja ag guns kenya english miles 50 loo —sa5. ky, kilometres : 50 100 150 cluding arabs) 26,789, arabs 10,557, africans (estimated) 2,483,500. a census of non-natives taken in 1926 gave the fol- lowing result: europeans 12,505; indians 26,758; arabs 10,552; others 3,821. an unoffcial estimate placed the nalives at some 2,600,000. the arabs are people long settled in the coast lands; the other asiatics are mainly british indians (22,822 in 1921). the chief towns are mombasa and nairobi (q.v.). [. political history kenya presents problems not found in other parts of tropical africa, where the white population is practically confined to officials, missionaries and traders, inasmuch as it contains an elevated area of about 15,000 sq. m. where climatic conditions have made it possible for a european community to make a permanent home. indian population presented another racial factor, and the task of the administration was largely to reconcile the claims of the europeans with those of the indians, and the claims of both races with the rights and interests of natives. white settlement in the highlands began in 1904; the census of ror1 showed 3,175 europeans in the country, as against 11,886 asiatics. the settlers had the advantage of finding the uganda railway built. they engaged in stock-raising and grew colfee, maize, wheat, barley, flax and vegetables. in the lowlands, — sisal, tobacco and coco-nut plantations were started. for manual labour they were dependent on the natives, and the bulk of the kenya colony farm work was done by the kikuyu, a tribe with an aptitude for agriculture. sir percy girouard (governor 1909-12) achieved the somewhat difficult task of working harmoniously with the settlers, whose grievances then were chicily over the delay in getting land grants, but who were already beginning to claim a share in the government. the next year (1913) was most notice- able for the acute controversy which arose over a missionary con- ference at kikuyu, when the bishop of mombasa (dr.w.g. peel) officiated at a communion service in a presbyterian church at which anglicans, presbyterians, wesleyans and others com- municated. apart from the theological controversy this service aroused, it served to draw attention to the fact that, up to that period, by far the greater part of the work not only of christian- ising but of civilising the natives and giving them industrial as well as literary education was in the hands of missionaries. the war period.—the world war caused a setback in the economic conditions of the country. the majority of the white male settlers went on active service and agriculture and stock- raising suffered in consequence. very heavy demands were also made on the natives, who had to supply carriers, transport oxen and meat to the troops. they responded well to these demands and large numbers of natives joined the combatant ranks. after the war a brief period of revival in trade was followed by a longer period of depression. major-general sir edward northey, who took over the governorship on jan. 31 rorg, had to deal with the difficulties created by a period of change and strain. the white settlers were restive, the indians were demanding political rights, the natives were in great need of careful guidance—so that on the one hand they should cultivate their reserves and on the other hand supply the labour required for public works and the farms and plantations of europeans. to add to the trials of the people, white, black and brown, a currency crisis arose through the rise in the exchange value of the rupee—the indian rupee being the legal currency. an ill-advised stabilisation of the ru- pee at 2s. in feb. 1920 was quickly followed by the introduction of a coinage based on british currency. in may 1921 the shilling (divided into 100 cents) was made the standard coin. these currency troubles inilicted much hardship on the producing classes. dissatisfaction arose also over the great difficulties en- countered in carrying out a scheme launched in‘1919 to establish ex-soldiers from great britain on the land. by 1924, however, the settlement was, on the whole, a success. over 700 farms out of 1,000 granted to ex-combatants were being worked. change of status —during this period of strain the change from a protectorate to a crown colony was effected (july 1920). the new colony was named after mount kenya, the most com- manding natural feature of the country. the coast lands which formed part of the sultanate of zanzibar were not annexed but became the kenya protectorate. in ro19 a change in the con- stitution had introduced, for europeans, an elective element in the legislative council, 11 single-member constituencies being created, with adult franchise on a residential qualification. at the same time two members were nominated to represent the indian community. this discrimination against indians was deliberate. sir edward northey, the then governor, stated in july 1919 that “ though indian interests should not be lost sight of, european interests must be paramount.” prolonged agita- tion followed. the indians claimed equal rights with europeans and a common franchise, and they had the strong and unremit- ting support of the government of india. the white settlers, to whom the development of the country’s resources was very largely due, vehemently contested the claims of the indians, most of whom were clerks, mechanics, shop assistants, small traders and labourers, though they included professional men and merchants of high standing. the whites further alleged that the indian influence on the natives was bad. ‘the whole question came under consideration by the british govt., whose decision was given in the kenya white paper in july 1923. the most significant part of this decision was that— the interests of the african natives must be paramount, and that if, and when, those interests, and the interests of the immigrant races [european and asiatic] should conflict, the former should 635 prevail. as in the uganda protectorate, so in the kenya colony, the principle of trusteeship for the natives, no less than in the man- dated territory of tanganyika, is unassailable. in respect to the franchise the british govt. decided on a communal system of representation—that its, separate electoral rolls for europeans, indians and arabs. the rr seats on the legislative council for europeans were retained; five seats on the council were allotted to the indians and one seat to the arab community, all on an elective basis; while one member was nomi- nated specially to represent the natives. by means of other nominated members the government, however, retained control of the council. the franchise apart, the british govt. decided against the segregation of indians in townships, but the practice which had been followed of reserving land in the highlands for europeans was maintained. the european community, despite some disappointment, loyally accepted the british govt’s. decision; the indians con- tinued their agitation—which included a refusal to pay the poll tax—and refused to elect members to the council. in dec. 1924, however, more moderate counsels prevailed and it was de- cided to accept seats on the council. this settlement was largely due to the wisdom and courage of sir robert coryndon, who be- came governor in sept. 1922, and, while a firm upholder of native rights, fully recognised the work done by the europeans and the services rendered by the indians. sir robert died at nairobi on feb. 10 1925 and was succeeded by sir edward grigg. in respect to the natives, the policy of the administration was to guide them through their own chiefs and tribal organisations, and gradually to teach them the art of government. these efforts, supported by the missionaries and by many of the white settlers, met with a considerable measure of success. in 1922 they were extended to include, in addition to medical, educational and other services, direct encouragement of stock breeding and agri- culture in the native reserves. this lessened the potential supply of labour for the europeans, some of whom held that the first duty of the native was to work for the white man—though figures showed that the natives working on european farms in- creased from 53,000 in 1919-20 to 87,000 in 1923-4. compulsory labour for private persons had been definitely prohibited in 1920. the root of the labour difficulty was that the population was insufficient for the intensive cultivation both of the european farms and the native reserves. in 1925 certain companies ob- tained permission to import labourers from portuguese east africa. in 1924 a parliamentary commission, of which mr. ormsby- gore was chairman, spent two months in kenya, one of its main objects being to consider plans for the development of east africa as a whole. it was followed in feb. 1926 by a conference at nairobi of the governors of all the east african territories. the parliamentary commission wrote in terms of high praise of the european settlers, ‘‘ pioneers in a hurry,” who desired to build in the highlands “a distinctive type of british civilisation ” while obtaining “a more complete inter-relation and co-opera- tion between the european and the african than exists either in south or west africa.” il. economic conditions under agreements reached in may 1926 the masai reserves were increased by a portion of the disputed area known as the “promised land.” the triangular portion of the yatta plateau, which was to have been included as far as the wakamba reserve was omitted, as no natives have occupied it. kenya depends almost wholly on agriculture (including stock-raising), and development is largely a matter of increased means of communication. external trade passes through mom- basa (q.v.). the railway to that port also carrics the produce of uganda. since 1917 kenya and uganda have formed an ad- ministrative unit for customs purposes, and there is complete freedom of trade between the two territories. the figures of trade therefore represent the total of both territories. on analysis it is shown that kenya takes the bulk of the imports and uganda supplies more than half the exports. the value of com- 636 mercial imports into kenya in 1913-4 was £2,147,000, the value of exports £1,482,000. for 1924, a normal year, the value of im- ports for consumption in kenya was £4,038,000, while the domes- tic exports of kenya were valued at {£2,239,000. the chief ex- ports from kenya were coffee, maize, hides and skins (the last chiefly from native reserves). kenya coffee is of high quality and is much favoured on the london market. it was not until 1922 that serious efforts were made to cultivate cotton, and the area in kenya suitable for cotton is not very large. up to 1925 the output was small but prospects were encouraging. the main mineral export is carbonate of soda from the magadi lake. communications—the transport system of kenya and uganda is under one administration, known officially as the kenya and uganda railway, marine and ancillary services. since april 1921, when a central railway council was instituted the revenues from this source have been devoted exclusively to transport pur- poses; and in feb. 1926 the office of high commissioner of transport was created, it being held by the governor of kenya. in 1911-2 a branch line (91 m.) was built to the magadi soda lake; another railway (32 m.) was built from nairobi to thethika river (towards mount kenya). in 1915-6, for military purposes, a railway was built from voi via taveta to kahe in (then) ger- man east africa. it links the uganda railway with the tanga railway. the voi-taveta line was bought by the uganda rail- way in 1923 and reconditioned. in 1921 a bold policy of railway development, accompanied by harbour improvements, was adopted, both to meet the needs of the settlers in the uasin gishu and trans-nzoia districts and the requirements of uganda for the transport of its cotton crop. it was decided to build a line from nakuru on the uganda rail- way across the uasin gishu plateau to the border of uganda, whence it would be continued to the nile. by 1925 this railway had reached turbo, 145 m. from nakuru, and the next section of 75 m. to tororo, inside the uganda protectorate, was under construction. in 1923-6 the nairobi-thika line was extended another 90 m. to nyeri, and other smaller branch lines built. road development was slow, but a motor road was made from nairobi to tanganyika territory and another motor road from nai- robi tothe sudan. there are aerodromes at kisumu and nairobi. revenue.—since 1912 the country has been self-supporting. between 1909-10 and 1913-4 revenue increased from {£503,000 to {1,123,000 and expenditure from {669,o00 to {1,115,0co. in 1920-1, the last year in which the raihway returns were included in the ordinary budget, the figures were, revenue {2,978,786, expenditure £2,976,960, a surplus of {1,826 only. in 1922 and 1923 expenditure considerably exceeded revenue, but in 1924 revenue was {2,111,665 and expenditure £1,861,511—a surplus of £250,054—evidence that the years of acute commercial de- pression had passed. at the end of 1924 the funded public debt of kenya was £8,500,000,incurred principally for transport devel- opment. the railway revenue in 1924 amounted to {1,635,000, and the gross expenditure to £878,000. the kenya white paper (cmd. no. 1922) of 1923 and the report of the east africa commission (cmd. no. 2387) 1925, are important british official publications, of which a full list is given in the colonial office list (london, yearly). see also the annual reports issucd by the colonial office, and the annual railway, native administration and other reports issued at nairobi; lord cranworth, a colony in the making (1912) and profit and sport in british east africa (1919); c. w. hobley, bantu beliefs and magic (1912); norman leys, kenya (1924); a handbook of kenya colony and protectorate, a british admiralty publication (1920); the east african red book, 1925-6 (nairobi, 1925), and the year book and guide to south and east africa (london, annually). (fook: ca) kenyon, sir frederic george (1863- ), british scholar, was born in london jan. 15 1863. educated at win- chester and new college, oxford, he became a fellow of magdalen college, oxford, in 1888. the following year he was appointed an assistant in the british museum, and became in 1898 assistant keeper of mss. in 1909 he was appointed director and principal librarian. created k.c.b. in 1912, he was president of the classi- cal association in 1913, of the british academy 1917-21 and of the society for the promotion of hellenic studies 1919-24. in kenyon—keyes 1918 he became professor of ancient history in the royal acad- emy. he was created g.b.e. in 1925. among his numerous published works are three editions of aristotle’s constitution of athens (1891, 1904, 1920); classical texts from papyri in the british museum (1891); catalogue of greek papyrit in the british museum (1893, 1898, 1907); our bible and the ancient aanu- scripts (1895); palaeography of greek papyri (1899); handbook to the textual criticism of the new testament (1901, 1912). a student of elizabeth and robert browning’s poetry, in 1912 he edited the centenary edition of robert browning’s works. in 1914 he published an account of the buildings of the british museum. ker, william paton (1855-1023), british man of letters, was born at glasgow aug. 30 1855 and educated at glasgow university and balliol college, oxford. he was elected fellow of all souls college in 1879, professor of english literature and his- tory at cardiff in 1883 and of english literature at university college, london, in 1889, a post which he held until 1922. in 1920 he was elected professor of poetry at oxford. his studies of mediaeval literature were specially noteworthy, and among his publications were epic and romance (1897); the dark ages (1904); essays on mediaeval literature (1905); sturla the his- torian (1907); the art of poctry (1923); and a number of collected essays and lectures published in 1925. but these last works of this singularly inspiring teacher, a scholar of wide and humane sympathies, were posthumous. he died suddenly in the alps, at macugnaga on july 17 1923 and was buried there. keratry, emile, comte pr (1832-1904), french author and politician (see 15.733), died in paris april 7 1904. kerensky, alexander feoqdorovich § (18381- ie russian politician, was born at simbirsk, and studied at the university of st. petersburg, where he took his degree in law, and afterwards joined the st. petersburg bar. in 1912 he was elected to the fourth duma and joined the labour group. he was in reality an adherent of the social revolutionary party, but as it was impossible in those days to enter the duma under this flag he chose the group of toil (labour) in preference to the social democrats, whom he considered to be too pedantic and distant from the people. asa member of the duma he attained a certain notoriety by impassioned speeches, but he was never con- spicuous for constructive statesmanship. when the first revolu- tionary government was formed kerensky was nominated minister of justice and was for a short time head of the provisional government. (see russtra.) key, ellen (1849-1926), swedish author, was born dec. 11 1849 at sundsholm, the daughter of emil key and countess sophia posse. she carly showed a keen interest in religious, lter- ary and political affairs and lectured on various subjects in her native village. in 1868 her father became a member of the riks- dag, and the family accordingly moved to stockholm. it was then that she started to contribute to the feminist periodical idun. in 1879, owing to family misfortune, she was forced to adopt the teaching profession. she also established lecture courses for young women. her success as a lecturer was such that she was able to abandon teaching, and in 1903 went abroad ona number of jecturing tours. she wrote numercus works in many languages, chieily concerned with the welfare of women and children. her liberal theories concerning love and marriage at the time met with great opposition. she died in april 1926. her principal work is tankebilder, “ ideas,” 2 vol. (1898); and lifslinjer, eng. tr. “ lines of life,” 3 vol. (1903-6). see g. monod in la revue bleue (1907) and e. faguet in la revue latine (1907). keyes, sir roger john brownlow (187 2- ), british sailor, was born oct. 4 1872 and entered the navy in 1885. ile took part in the vitu expedition in 1890 and for his service in china in 1900 was promoted commander. from 1905 to 1907 he served as naval attache at rome, vienna, athens and con- stantinople. in tor2 he was appointed commodore in charge of the submarine service. during the world war he took part in the battle of heligoland bight, aug. 1914, and in the cuxhaven keynes—-kindersley raid. in rors he became chief of staff to admiral de robeck, in command of the eastern mediterranean squadron in the dardanelles.. he was promoted rear-admiral in 1917, appointed director of plans at the admiralty and later took command of the dover patrol. in this capacity he directed the naval raid on zeebrugge and ostend, april 23 1918, and was rewarded with the k.c.b. in 191g he was created a baronet and received a grant of £10,000 in recognition of his services. he commanded the battle cruiser squadron of the atlantic fleet from 1919 until 1921 when he was promoted vice-admiral and became depu- ty-chief of the naval staif. in 1925 he was appointed commander- in-chief of the mediterranean station. keynes, john maynard (1883- ), british economist, was born at cambridge, june 5 1883, the son of john neville keynes, registrar of cambridge university. educated at eton and king’s college, cambridge, where he was 12th wrangler (1905), and president of the union society (1905), he entered the civil service in 1906 and from 1906 to 1908 served at the india office. he was a member of the royal commission on indian finance and currency 1913~4, and in 1915 he jojned the treasury, where during the world war he did important work in connec- tion with loans to the allies. at the paris peace conference he was the chief representative of the treasury and deputised for the chancellor of the exchequer on the supreme economical council, jan—june 1919. he advocated certain principles which he considered should be applied to the financial and reparation clauses of the peace treaty with germany and when they were rejected he signified his disagreement with the treaty by resign- ing in june 1919, and published in the same year his famous the economic consequences of the peace. he was made fellow and subsequently bursar of king’s college, cambridge. in 1924, he became chairman of the nation, ltd. in 1925 he mar- ried lydia lopokova, the famous russian dancer. his works include indian currency and finance (1913); a treatise on probability (1921); a revision of the treaty (1922); and a tract on monetary reform (1923). keyserling, hermann, count (1880- ), german philosopher, was born at kenno in livonia on july 20 1880, of a noble family. until he was 14 years of age, keyserling remained on the k6nno and raykiill estates. he then went to the russian school at pernau, and afterwards studied geology and zoology at geneva, chemistry at dorpat, and geology at heidelberg. in 1902 he became a doctor of philosophy and in 1903 went to paris, where he wrote criticisms on art, and also philosophical articles. his first hterary works were das gefiige der welt (1906) and unsterblichkett (1907). during the years 1907-11 he travelled in europe. in r1g10, the prolegomena zur naiurphilosophie ap- peared, and he then turned his attention to the study of meta- physics. in 1019 he married the granddaughter of prince bismarck. his principal work is das reisetagebuch eines philoso- phen (1919), which has been translated into english as the travel diary of a philosopher (1925). he also founded the ““ school of wisdom” at darmstadt. see h. keyserling, der weg sur vollendung (darmstadt, rg1q). khiva (see 15.777), was once the capital of the khroahrezm republic, whose territory has now been absorbed into turkmen- istan (see siberia). khiva has always held a unique status in russian asiatic dominions and even now is understood to be itself, together with a small area surrounding the town, adminis- tered directly from moscow, though the surrounding country forms part of other political units. kiamil pasha (1832-1915), turkish statesman, was the son of an artillery officer, salih agha. having completed his mili- tary training in egypt as a cavalry lieutenant, he was appointed by the khedive, abbas pasha, tutor in english to his son [brahim pasha. in 1861 kibrizli mehemmed pasha took him into the serv- ice of the ottoman government. he was twice governor of je- rusalem and three times governor of beirut. in 1878 he was ap- pointed governor of kossova and soon afterwards of aleppo, with the rank of pasha. he resigned as the result of the british pro- test against his conduct during the armenian revolt at zeitoun, and returning to constantinople became under-secretary for the 637 interior. in 1881 he became minister of evkaf, and after the resignation of the kutchuk said pasha cabinet in that year, grand vizier. in spite of his forced resignation from the gover- norship of aleppo he steadily pursued a pro-british policy. he resigned the grand vizirate in 1887 owing to russian interven- tion, but was reappointed in 1896. he was dismissed by sultan abdul hamid, however, owing to his proposal that a cabinet re- sponsible to the nation should be formed, and was sent to smyrna as governor, where he remained for 12 years. after the promulgation of the constitution (1908) kiamil pasha joined the kutchuk said pasha cabinet and soon after be- came grand vizier for the third time. he was, however, strongly opposed by the union and progress party. durimg the balkan war (1912) he became grand vizier for the fourth time, but was forced to resign in 1913 as the result of a military coup d’etat and the unpopularity of the peace terms accepted by him. he re- tired to egypt, and although he returned later to constantinople he was forced by the government immediately to leave. he went to cyprus and died there in 1915. kiamil pasha knew english, french and arabic and published a book on turkish history in three volumes.