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    "title": "HONDURAS, BRITISH",
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    "verified_text": "a british crown colony in central america. its area is 8,598 sq. m. and the estimated population (1923) is 45,527; the birth rate was 37-91 per 1,000 and the death rate 20-50. belize, the chief town, had a population in 1921 of 12,661. in 1923 there were 65 primary schools with 6,774 pupils on the registers. the government expenditure on public education in 1923 was £10,615. there were five private schools conducted by religious institutions, with 499 pupils. finance and commerce —the chief sources of revenue were customs duties, excise and land tax and the sale and letting of crown lands. revenue and expenditure for the four years 1921-4 were:— 1920-1 1921-2 1922-3 i ene eo 8 £232,496 | £227,409 | £234,059 | £224,928 i9i,ii4 290,284 226,114 207 57 customs duties levied on the majority of imports were, in 1923-4, £115,969; preferential treatment is accorded to goods of british origin, 10% ad valorem being accorded to manufactured goods. forestry products are the chief source of the colony’s wealth, but agriculture has tended to engage the population. the forest area was estimated at 4,000,000 ac., or nearly one-half of the entire area; and 9,967,186 superficial ft. of mahogany were ex- ported in 1923, as well as 663,437 superficial ft. of cedar wood. primitive methods of cultivation employed have prevented the development of banana cultivation: in 1923, 332,500 bunches of bananas were exported, and 5,964,706 coconuts. the chief imports were, in order of importance, clothing and articles of apparel, foodstuffs, cotton goods, hardware and machinery. the balance of trade was adverse during the years 1922-4. the total trade figures were:— revenue expenditure 1921-2 1922-3 1923-4 imports . £688,000 | £692,716 | £830,504 exports . 627,000 | 593,178 | 657,794 in 1922, 71° of the export trade was with the united states and 19°38% with great britain. | the united states gold dollar is the monetary unit, and british and united states gold coin are legal tender. in 1912 banking business was taken over by the royal bank of canada. deposits in the six government savings banks were in march 1924 $164,236. see a. b. dillon, geography of british honduras (1923); colonial office reports, annual series, london. hongkong or hianc-kianc (see 13.657) is an island off the southeast coast of china, 11 m. long and from 2 to 5 m. broad. it is a british crown colony and was ceded to great britain by the chinese govt. in 1841. the total population of hongkong and the leased territory of kowloon was estimated (1923) 681,000, of whom the majority are chinese british sub- jects. at the washington conference the chinese delegates asked (dec. 3. 1921) for the surrender of all the leases of chinese territory, including kowloon, to foreign powers, but mr. (lord) balfour declared that great britain could not contemplate the surrender of kowloon, as without it hongkong would be strate- gically untenable. he also pointed out that hongkong ranks 361 ‘easily first among the ports of the world,” was a free port and therefore that its preservation was not only a british but a world interest. shipping and trade.—the total shipping entcring and clearing at hongkong in 1924 was 764,492 vessels of 56,731,077 tons; barely more than one-third of the tonnage of ocean going ships was british. hongkong’s annual turnover of trade aggregates nearly 150 million sterling a year. iler import of opium remains important, amounting in 1923 to 550 chests uncertificated indian opium and 216 chests persian opium. the persian opium went to formosa; of the indian opium 2090 chests were for the macao opium farmers and 186 for the government monop- oly. the total imports of all goods in 1924 (including bullion) were valued at £75,155,000, of which 13:1% came from the united kingdom; the total exports at £63,675,000 of which only 1-2% were consigned to the united kingdom. there are no duties upon imports and exports except on liquors and tobac- co and a light due on shipping of 2 cents per ton for each call. hongkong itself produces litle and is principally a port of trans-shipment for goods. some of her chief exports are rice, tin, tea, tobacco, etc. revenue and expenditure-—the budgets for the three years 1924-6 are as follows:— e revenue hongkong dollars expenditure hongkong dollars 1924. svcs 1925 (revised estimate) 1926 (estimate) . 24,209,638 22,279,855 23,790,615 26,726,426 30,032,127 21,367,743 in spite of apparent deficits the colony’s credit balance was expected to be over $5,000,000 at the end of 1925 and about $2,500,000 at the end of 1926 as the government, in view of large balances in the treasury from previous years deliberately budgeted for deficits. industries—-the four leading industries are shipbuilding, rope-making and the manufacture of sugar and cement. other industries are glass blowing, soapmaking and toy manu- facture, etc. in 1921 hongkong’s shipbuilding yards launched more vessels than the rest of the british empire, outside the united kingdom, together. the boycott of 1925.—¥or 80 years hongkong progressed in mutually advantageous trade relationships with amoy, foochow and canton and swatow in south china, but in june 1925, an anti-foreign boycott began in china which interrupted commer- cial intercourse. the circumstances leading to this boycott were mainly the discontent of “‘ young china ” with foreigners’ extra-territorial rights and with foreign concessions, and the impotence of the central government in peking to enforce its own mandates. at the beginning this anti-foreign feeling was mainly directed against japan and led to various strikes in japanese cotton mills in shanghai in the early part of 1925. on may 30 1925 the famous “ shanghai incident ” occurred when a meeting was held by chinese students to protest against the action of japanese mill-owners who a fortnight before had fired in self-defence on chinese strikers. ordered to disperse the students resisted and attacked the police station. the police fired on the mob, killing four outright and wounding several, five fatally. this incident was the signal for a violent anti- foreign outbreak. as british interests predominate in china british firms were the main objects of attack by means of a com- mercial boycott and hongkong, as the exemplification of the british empire, was an obvious target. the first serious manifestation was the withdrawal of ships’ crews on june 10, followed by a general exodus of workers. regulations were promulgated by the “ all china general labour union ” and the ‘“ canton-hongkong strike com- mittee,” the main points of which vis-a-vis hongkong were that goods exported from or imported to kwangtung should not pass through hongkong and that foreign vessels passing through hongkong should not discharge cargo in kwangtung. in con- sequence of this boycott serious damage has been done to hong- 202 kong’s trade. the policy adopted by the british govt. has been that of patience, 7.e., allowing the chinese merchants to dis- cover for themselves that hongkong is not the only sufferer by the suspension of trade relations. (see china.) bibliography.—hongkong general chamber of commerce report for 1925; the directory and chronicle of china, japan, ete. (1926), china year book (1925). hookyorm (see 2.58), parasitism caused by the hook- worms necator americanus, ankylostoma duodenale, and, more rarely, ankylostoma braziliense, which inhabit a relatively small portion of man’s small intestine. a single healthy female hook- worm passes daily several hundred eggs which leave man in his excrement. under favourable conditions, such as its deposit on suitable soil, larvae form therein, hatch, develop to an infective stage, and enter the soil. infection ordinarily occurs through the piercing by infective larvae of the skin, commonly of one who walks barefoot over infected soil. carried by the circulation from the skin to the lungs, larvae reach the air passages and, like all foreign bodies, are driven up these to the throat, are swallowed, and so finally reach the small intestine. man’s normal mecha- nisms are thus subverted to the hookworm’s use. the treatment of ankylostome infestation involves, firstly, dis- infestation by a vermifuge or anthelmintic, and, secondly, neutral- isation of ill effects consequent on infection. to increase their concentration in the bowel, and presumably their eflicacy, anthel- mintics have customarily been preceded by purging and fasting. accumulating evidence however suggests that purging lessens effectiveness. starvation, beyond the ordinary nightly fast, in- creases, for some drugs, risk of poisoning the host. anthelmintics are best given in the early morning. the ideal vermifuge, with a dosage which poisons all hookworms without endangering the host, is non-existent. the dosage employed for any drug should give the greatest efficiency compatible with safety, and may be termed the optimum dose. attainment of increased safety is attempted by dividing the optimum dose into fractions, usually 3 or 4, given with intervals of one or two hours, by which means treatment can be stopped at any stage should 1) effects appear, while efficacy is apparently increased; nevertheless supervising costs of mass treatment are thereby increased. subsequent removal of the drug by purgation lessens risk of poisoning. the many millions of persons infected throughout the tropics necessitates mass treatment, the essentials of which, namely safety, efficacy, cheapness, and palatability are varyingly com- bined in the five anthelmintics in present or recent use. these are eucalyptus-chloroform, betanaphthol, thymol, oil of cheno- podium, and carbon tetrachloride. by some they have been administered promiscuously to whole communities in which ex- amination of a few individuals has shown a high rate of infection. eucalyptus-chloroform has been almost completely abandoned as inefficient. pure betanaphthol, in optimum dosage of two grammes, is inefficient; in larger doses it has caused deaths in india and brazil. thymol and oil of chenopodium, in their respective optimum doses of 4 grammes and 1-2 cubic-centimetres or mils (the latter dose equalling 48 drops or 20 minims) have for n. americanus equal efficiency and minimal risk; contrary statements emanate from the use of oil of chenopodium in ex- cessive dosage of 3 mils, due apparently to considering a drop of this liquid as equivalent to a minim. for a. duodenale cheno- podium appears the better drug, and is, in london, the cheaper. its active principle is ascaridol. unfortunately the oil contains markedly varying quantities of this substance, and its amount lessens on keeping. ascaridol, extracted and administered in place of the whole oil, is effective but relatively costly. carbon tetrachloride, recently introduced, has been taken by many thousands of persons in dosage of three mils, and has proved most efficient. the medicinally pure drug produces in large doses, in dogs, extensive fatty degeneration, followed by necrosis of the liver, and, apparently, of the kidneys; changes aggravated by starvation and fatty food, and lessened by glucose. extensive similar change has been present in man when death has followed hook wor m—hooper clearly this dose requires reduction, so that the efficacy of carbon tetrachloride under optimum dosage has still to be ascertained. it is the cheapest of all advocated treatments. a combination of this drug with ascaridol is being tested. hygienically viewed, treatment of whole unsanitated com- munities lessens the risk of further infections; since destruction of female worms diminishes the seeding of egg-containing ma- terial upon the soil, and, on the whole, the number of infective larvae originating therefrom. nevertheless, an imperfectly treated, and still lightly infected, person, seeding a favourable spot, is a danger to the community. individually viewed, disinfestation, by treatment, of the ob- viously ill and presumably heavily infected, restores health, always provided damaged tissues be still repairable. in the case of apparently healthy, but infected, persons, comparison of their condition of general health, wage-earning capacity, blood state and, in children, development of body and mind, before, and again a sufficient period after, disinfestation shows that they are often markedly improved by disinfestation; so that a light infection definitely handicaps the apparently healthy. whether the lightest infections do, or may, penalise the indi- vidual is questioned. if, as now appears likely, we can detect in- fection by a single female worm, treatment producing complete disinfestation of such cases, combined with critical observation of conditions before and after effecting this, will doubtless shortly settle this point, so vital to the individual and community. tron and arsenic, ineffective before, may be essential for com- bating anaemia after disinfestation. treatment of skin lesions at the site of infection varies with the condition present. (see parasitology; tropical medicine.) brsliograpiy.—“ ancylostoma ceylanicum, a new human parasite,” indian medical gazette (june, 1913); ‘' the hookworm and the war loan,” (may, 1917); '‘ an investigation into the ankylostome infection in the darjeeling district of bengal,” ind. jl. med. res. (oct., 1916, and oct., 1917); jzeokworm disease and ifow to prevent it, supt. govt. printing, india; “‘ ankylostome infestation, the changing problem,” brit. med. ji. (mar., 1923); “the mass diagnosis of ankylostome infestation,’’ trans. roy. soc. trop. med. and iiyg. (pt. 1., dec., 1922; pts. i]. to vi1., jan., 1924; pts. viii. to xiti., dee, 1924; pt. xiv., oct., sek ae ies be -2 hooker, sir joseph dalton (1817-1911), british botanist (see 13.671), died at sunningdale, berks., dec. 10 1911. hooper, horace everett (1859-1922), publisher of the encyclopedia britannica, was born in worcester, mass., dec. 8 1859. he was of english descent, his father’s family hav- ing settled in new england about 1650, while his mother was a descendant of john leverett, governor of massachusetts, 1672-9. having been educated in the public schools of wor- cester and of washington, d.c., he started in business in early life at denver, colo., but a few years later removed to chicago, where with others, he organised the western book & stationery company, with book stores in a number of the large western cities. in 1895 he moved to new york and joined a company for the sale of the century dictionary, and his success in this enterprise led to wider fields. in 1897 he went to london and arranged with a. & c. black, publishers of the encyclopadia britannica, for a reprint of the oth edition of that work, and with the times for its sale through that paper. later he purchased the copyright. by reducing the price and by providing for pay- ments in small monthly instalments the sale of the work was revolutionised, 70,000 sets being sold in the next five years. the success of this enterprise led mr. hooper to have prepared, in 1902, 2 large supplement in 11 volumes (under the editorship of sir donald mackenzie wallace, president arthur t. hadley of yale, and mr. hugh chisholm) which, added to the volumes of the oth edition, formed the roth edition. for this also there was a large sale. his next enterprise was the historians’ h1s- tory of the world, 1904, a work in 25 volumes. meanwhile mr. hooper’s relation with the times grew more close. he took an intimate part in the business management, and it was at his suggestion and under his personal direction that the times the 3-mil dose. a number of such deaths are now recorded. | book club was formed. in 1908 when the proprietorship of the hoover timcs passed into the late lord northcliffe’s hands, mr. hoop- er’s connection with that paper came to an end. in 1903 mr. hooper entered upon a larger enterprise than any yet attempted, the preparation of an entirely new edition, the tith, of the encyclopedia britannica, under the editorship of mr. hugh chisholm. this was published in the closing months of 1910 and the first of 1911 under an arrangement with the cambridge university press. hitherto all large works of refer- ence had been issued volume by volume over a period of years. by his energy and the liberal expenditure of money, mr. hooper arranged that the r1th edition of the encyclopedia britannica should all be published at the same time, thus greatly enhancing the usefulness of the work. of this edition 75,000 sets were sold in the next few years, the use of india paper being one factor in its success. in 1915 mr. hooper published the work in a smaller and cheaper form known as the handy volume issue, the con- tents being identical with the original issue. in this form nearly 200,000 sets were sold within a few years. the last enterprise in which mr. hooper was engaged was the publication in 1922 of the three war volumes of the encyclopedia britansica, which supplemented the 11th edition, and with the 29 volumes of that edition constituted the r2th edition. mr. hooper’s success in publishing and distributing so widely the important works mentioned above lay partly in the original- ity, boldness and brilliance of his operations, but chiefly in his faith in the intelligence and ambition of the great masses of the people. he believed in the educational value of good books, and that the people would order such books and use them if the matter were properly placed before them. the ideals he set before himself were the maintenance in the encyclopedia bri- fannica of the highest standard of scholarship and the placing of the work as an educational aid in the greatest number of homes. many professional educationalists of note have done less than he toward popular enlightenment. for a number of years mr. hooper lived in england. he was a strong believer in the unity of the english-speaking peoples, and exerted his influence toward the removal of causes of friction between england and america and the establishment of cordial feeling and a mutual under- standing. he died at bedford hills, n.y., june 13 10922. hoover, herbert clark (1874- ), american engineer and public official, was born of quaker parentage on a farm at west branch, ia., aug. to 1874. after the death of his father in 1878 and of his mother three years later, he was brought up in the farm homes of quaker relatives in iowa and oregon. at the age of 13, while attending night school at salem, ore., he began to earn his own living, working in truck gardens and as an oflfice boy. when leland stanford, jr. university was opened in 1891 he entered with the first class and specialised in engineering. graduating in 1895, he worked for a time with the u.s. geo- logical survey, in california mines, and as a junior engineer in california, colorado and new mexico. in 1897 he went to australia as mining engineer; returned to the united states in 1899; and subsequently accepted the post of chief engineer of the newly established dept. of mines at peking, china. in china he made extensive surveys, which, however, were inter- rupted by the boxer outbreak. he returned to california in 1900 and thereafter was engaged as an engineer in the united states, china, australia, burma and elsewhere. when the war brought this phase of his career to a close in 1914, the companies for which he was directing engineer employed upward of 175,000 men. mr. hoover was in europe in 1914 on a mission for the pro- jected panama-pacific exposition, and so happened to be in london at the outbreak of the world war. at that time thou- sands of americans in europe found their funds shut off, and mr. hoover organised a committee for their relief, facilitating the return of over 100,000. the sudden invasion of belgium by the germans rendered a large part of the belgian civilian popu- lation destitute, and on oct. 22 1914, the commission for relief in belgium was organised and mr. hoover appointed chairman. (see relief). its activities were later extended to devastated northern trance. this organisation administered over $950,- 363 000,000, provisioning some 10,000,000 people—a task requiring the most rigorously economical system of food distribution. the commission operated a fleet of about 200 ships. mr. hoover’s services were rewarded by king albert i. of belgium, who, as a unique distinction, ordained him ‘‘ citizen of the belgian nation and friend of the belgian people.” in aug. 1917, after the entry of the united states into the war, president wilson appointed mr. hoover u.s. food admin- istrator. he at once established an organisation throughout the united states for stimulating production, preventing speculation and hoarding, and conserving food supplies. exports of food were increased from a pre-war rate of 6,000,000 tons per annum to a rate of 20,000,000 tons per annum. he established the u.s. grain corp. and the sugar equalisation board, which, together with the food purchase board under his direction, purchased and delivered all army, navy and forcign supplies, the total turn- over amounting to over $11,000,000,00c. mr. hoover also served as chairman of the interallied food council. after the armistice, which at his suggestion provided for the furnishing of food supphes to enemy countries, he became chief executive officer of the joint allied committee which later developed into the supreme economic council. he also established the amer- ican relief administration, which, together with the u.s. food administration and u.s. grain corp., was instrumental in alle- viating the food situation of europe, separate food administra- tions being formed in 23 different countries. by the autumn of 1919 these organisations had handled some $700,000,c00 worth of supplies. asa result the great typhus epidemic in poland and rumania was successfully resisted. six million outcast and ill- fed children were cared for through a special fund. after the armi- stice mr. hoover raised a fund of over $50,000,000 with which to continue child-feeding in eastern and central europe during 1920 and 1921. in 1922, he superintended the systematic dis- tribution of food to 12,000,000 persons in the famine-stricken districts of russia, a task requiring over 1,000,000 tons of food and an expenditure of over $65,000,000. in 1920 mr. hoover’s friends conducted an unsuccessful cam- paign to secure his nomination for the presidency on the repub- lican ticket. after harcling’s election as president, mr. hoover entered his cabinet as secretary of commerce. he signalised his assumption of office by a complete reorganisation of the de- partment, his object being to change the attitude of government toward business from that of interference to that of co-operation. hie sought the aid and advice of prominent men engaged in indus- try, agriculture and commerce, and, with their co-operation, co-ordinated the various bureaux of his department, in order that it might serve most effectively the interests of producers, manu- facturers and distributors. noteworthy among the means em- ployed was the encouragement, through a division of simplified practice, of a general reduction in the number of different varie- ties and sizes in which articles of commerce were manufactured. (see standardisation.) both as a means of stabilising credit and production and as an aid in the expansion of foreign trade, the statistical services of his department were widely expanded and made promptly available. the patent office and the bureau of mines were transferred to mr. hoover’s department in 1925. legislation pending in 1926 for the placing of civil aviation and wireless telegraphy under its supervision failed. early in 1923 mr. hoover had aroused interest by pointing out the danger of a foreign monopoly of raw materials and urged a world-wide scarch for new sources and increased supplies of rubber. this action was directed chiefly against the alleged monopoly of rubber by great britain, the government of which had passed legislation affecting the price of rubber, the united states being the chief consumer of this commodity. his other important activities included the chairmanship of the st. law- rence river and colorado river commissions and of the north- eastern super-power committee. ele presided over a number of national radio conferences and served on the world war foreign debt commission. at the republican national convention of 1924 he was put forward, against his protest, for the vice-presi- dency, and received 3344 votes, gen. dawes being nominated 364 with 6823. he was at different times offered the secretaryship of the interior and of agriculture, but he preferred to remain at the head of the dept. of commerce. outside his official activities mr. hoover organised in 1922 the american child health assn. and became its first president. iie also served as trustee of stanford university, where he founded the hoover war library. in 1925 he accepted the chairmanship of the national research endowment, which undertook to raise $20,000,000 for research in pure science. he wrote economics in mining (1906); principles of alining (1909), and, jointly with his wife, lou henry, a translation (1912) of agricola’s de re metallica, a latin treatise on mining and metallurgy which had remained the standard textbook for almost 200 years after its appearance in 1550. he published american individualisn: in 1922. (j. w. t.) hornaday, william temple (1854- \\, american zoologist, was born at plainfield, ind., dec. t 1854. he was educated at the iowa state college. having made a special study of zoology, he travelled extensively to collect specimens, visiting (1874-9) florida, cuba, the west indices, south america, india, ceylon, the malay peninsula and borneo. from 1882 to 1890 he was chief taxidermist at the u.s. national museum, washington, d. c. in 1896 he became director of the n.y. zoological park at the bronx, new york city, from which position he retired in 1926. he was active in promoting game preserves and instigating legislation for the protection of wild life, having been instrumental in founding the permanent wild life protection fund ($105,000). it was largely due io his action that the bison was saved from extinction on the ameri- can continent. hornaday wrote a number of fascinating works on animal life, among which may be mentioned two years in the jungle (1885) american natural iistory (1904); camp-fires in the canadian rockies (1906); our vanishing wild life (1913); afinds and man- ners of wud animals (1922); a wild animal round up (1925). horne, henry sinclair horne, rst baron (1861- ); british general, was born feb. 1 1861. he joined the royal artillery in 1880 and served on the staff throughout the south african war (1899-1902). in 1912 he became inspector of artillery, and in aug. 1914 he went to france in command of the artillery of the i. army corps. at the end of ro15 he was given charge of the xv. army corps in egypt and he took this to france in april 1916, and commanded it during the opening phases of the battle of the somme. his method of employing his guns during these opcrations attracted much attention and was signally successful, as was recognised by his being chosen in sept. to succeed sir c. monro as leader of the i. army. his troops took a prominent part in the battle of arras, 1917, and when the enemy, in march and april 1918, made his great effort they repulsed all attacks that were made upon their front. then, when the allies’ counter-offensive developed in the late summer, their part in the final victorics was conspicuous. for his services he was raised to the peerage as baron horne of stirkoke, and received a grant of £30,000. horne, sir robert stevenson (1871- ), british politician, was born at slamannan manse, stirlingshire, feb. 28 1871. educated at george watson’s college, edinburgh, and the university of glasgow where he graduated as m.a. and ll.b. he took first-class honours in philosophy in 1893 and in 1895 became lecturer in philosophy at university college, ban- gor. called to the scottish bar in 1896, in rg10 he became a k.c., and stood unsuccessfully as a unionist for stirlingshire in both the general elections of that year. in the course of the war he was appointed assistant inspector-general of transpor- tation. in 1917 he was made director of the admiralty dept. of materials and priority. in 1918 he became director of the ad- miralty labour dept., being also made third civil lord of the admiralty and created k.b.e. later in the same year he was elected unionist member for the hillhead division of glasgow. in 1919 he became minister of labour and as such presided over the national industrial conference of february and april roro. in 1920 he became president of the board of trade and received y hornaday-——horse-racing the g.b.e. in 1921 he was appointed chancellor of the ex- chequer in succession to mr. austen chamberlain, in mr. lloyd george’s coalition ministry, but he did not accept office under mr. bonar law or mr. baldwin. instead he associated himself with the management of two or three large commercial under- takings, including one of the leading english banks and became an important figure in business circles. he was elected lord rector of aberdeen university in 1921. horniman, annie elizabeth fredericka (1860- j, british theatrical manager, was born at forest hill, london, on oct. 3 1860. educated privately, she studied art for a period at the slade school under prof. legros. at an early age she be- came interested in the theatre, and to the furtherance of this cause most of her subsequent life was devoted. her first theatri- cal enterprise at the avenue theatre, london, in 1894 was a failure. in 1904 she became associated with the abbey theatre, dublin, and subsidised the irish national theatre society, which presented a series of plays by irish dramatists dealing with vari- ous phases of irish life. she will be chiefly remembered, however, for her institution in 1907 of the repertory theatre movement in manchester. she acquired the gaicty theatre, manchester, in 1908 and converted it into a repertory house in which some of the best known plays of modern times were originally pro- duced. in 1921 she relinquished her control as owner and con- ductor of this enterprise, after 14 years of unbroken success.",
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