HOCKEY

since the world war, hockey has definitely established itself in great britain as a very popular game. during the years immediately belore 1914 there was a steady increase in the number of clubs affiliating to the various county associations, and also in the number of teams put into the ficld. to-day there are about 1,oc0 clubs in england alone. in ireland, the game more than held its own, but in scotland and wales there was little or no progress, due in some measure to lack of suitable grounds. in the services and at the univer- sities, however, every year saw new adherents to the game. and since 1908 cambridge has given a “ full blue” for hockey. in 1910 the foreign countries in which hockey was played were france, germany, belgium, denmark and the netherlands. an annual match was instituted between england and trance in 1907 and in 1913 germany was also met. turning to british dependencies, we find associations flourishing in australia, new zealand, south africa and india. | 358 the post-war period in great britain is noteworthy for the fact that the game is rapidly becoming more democratic. this is largely due to the initiative of the large banks, insurance companies and business houses in providing larger and better grounds for their employees. a newcomer to the ranks in the services is the royal air force, which has some 30 affiliated stations. this arm of the services, together with the navy and the army, form the combined services hockey assn., which plays annual matches with one or other of the five divisions into which the englishcounties are grouped. the number of public schools playing hockey is now considerable. the game throughout the world.—it is, however, mm forcign countries and, in a less degree, in the dominions, that hockey has made a large stride forward since the world war. taking europe first of all, spain, austria, switzerland and czecho- slovakia, have many flourishing clubs. the french have taken to the game with enthusiasm, and they hold inter-regional matches, corresponding to the divisional matches held in england. the belgians are forging ahead and the germans have a large number of players, hamburg being the chief centre. turning to the dominions, australia and new zealand are making headway. in south africa, too, the game is increasing in popularity, with the result that in 1925 a south african federation was formed. but so far as numbers are concerned, india is the biggest hockey country in the world. it is roughly computed that there are about 3,000 teams in india and recently an all-india federation was formed to include the 24 provinces. the game in india is generally played all the year round; the natives are very fast and amongst them are many clever players. japan is a newcomer to hockey and has formed an association to which some 50 clubs are afliliated. the japanese army and navy have also included the game in their athletic curriculum and there are several service teams. in china a few of the more educated chinese prefer hockey to association football, and it is extensively played in china by foreigners of various national- ities, principally in hongkong, shanghai, pekin and tientsin. binitrograpiry.—s. christopherson and e. l. clapham (rev. by e. green), [tockey and lacrosse (1909); fe. ix. white, learning to play field itockey (1920); s. h. shoveller, zzockey (1922); h1. frost and h. j. cubberley, field hockey and soccer for women (1923); k. e. lidderdale, jfockey for girls and women (1924); sce also the iteckey annual, and the hockey and amuateur football monthly (london). (s. hi sy) united states and canada.—the game of ice hockey is native to canada and was first played in an organised way in the cities of kingston, quebec and montreal and before many years it was the acknowledged national wintcr game of the country. the game was introduced into the united states in the early 9o’s, when canadian teams played in new york city and baltimore. to-dayit is a recognised winter sport throughout many of the northern states. although in canada and the united states the game is very generally played on open-air rinks, all organised club or league hockey is played in covered rinks. practically all the covered hockey rinks in the united states and a considerable number of those in canada have artificially frozen ice surfaces, which give assurance of a good shect of ice, no matter how the weather con- ditions may vary during the ice hockey scason. in canada and the united states, organised hockey is played under the juris- diction of leagues or associations—the professionals, the ama- teurs, the colleges and the schools having their respective leagues or associations. the playing rules and the laws of the game are fundamentally the same in all leagues or associations. ‘there is some variation in the rules pertaining to off-side play, penalty for fouls, and other minor points. the principles of the game are quite simple. an ice hockey team is composed of six players, cach one having a desig- nated position. there are the goal guard, the right and left defence, and the three forwards—right-wing, left-wing and cen- tre. a stated number of substitute or relicf players are al- lowed each team—not more than six. the game requires steadi- ness. and speed on the skates, dexterity and agility, the capacity to think and act quickly, and physical fitness. the hockey stick hodges—hopfefman is made of clm wood, except for some of the lower grades that may be made from ash. it is with the stick alone that the player manipulates the object called the puck, which is a disc made of rubber, one inch thick and three inches in diameter. the ob- jective point in the game is to score by driving, pushing or sliding the puck through the opponents’ goal. present-day rinks are laid out to give an ice surface of anywhere from 180 to 2to ft. long by 80 to 83 ft. wide. a goal post with nets attached is fixed at each end of the ice surface about to to 15 ft. from the end board. the goals are four feet high and six feet wide.. (tis hodges, frank (1887- ), british pohtician, was born at woolaston, gloucestershire. at the age of 14 he entered the vivian colliery at abertillery, s. wales. his fellow miners pro- ided him with a scholarship to ruskin college, oxford, in 1909, and he later went to france. returning to the mines, he also conducted classes in economics and french. in 1912 he became a miners’ agent and six years later secretary of the miners’ iederation of great britain. in 1921 he was made jomt secre- tary of the national wages board. elected to parliament in 1923 as member for lichfield, he resigned his post as secretary of the miners’ federation. he became a civil lord of the ad- miralty in the labour ministry of 1924. he lost his seat at the election of that year; and in 1925 was made general secretary of the international miners’ federation. he is the author of aly adventures as a labour leader (1925). hodgkin, thomas (1831-1913), british historian (see 13.557), died at falmouth march 2 1913. hodler, ferdinand (1853-1918), swiss painter, was born at gurzelen in the canton of berne march 14 1853. he received his early education in drawing from a swiss landscape painter at thun, but his artistic career began at geneva in 1872, where he worked under barthelemy menn, at the same time studying at the university. in 1874 he won the calame prize for a land- scape. after various journeys, notably in spain, which explains the spanish influence in much of his earlier work, he settled down in geneva where, with a few intervals, he remained until his death. among his most important pictures are the “ cortege des lutteurs ”’ (1887), “ la nuit ” (1891), “ l’elu ” (1894), ‘“eurythmie” (1895), “ l’emotion,” ‘la verite”? (1905), “le jour,” “l’amour” (1908). ife also painted humorous portraits and landscapes, together with many water colours and lithographs. ile received many commissions for decorations from official bodies, notably the large-scale decoration on the wall of the hall of arms in the national museum of ziirich called “la retraite de marignan ” (1900). in 1907 he was entrusted with the decoration of the university of jena, and in rgit he painted his “ unanimite” for the town hall at hanover. he died at geneva mav 19 1918. hoffding, harald (1843- ), danish philosopher (see 13.561), resigned his professorship at the university ot copen- hagen in 1915. among his later works are: moderne filosaffer (1904, english version 1915); spinoza’s ethica (1906, etc.); henri bergson’s filosofi (1914, english version 1915); dew siore humor (1916, english version 1924); totulitet som anategort (1917); oplevelse og tydning (1918); ledende tanker i det rode aarhundrede (1920); relation som kategori (1921). hoffman, malvina (1887- ), american sculptor, was born in new york city june 13 1887. she studied sculpture in new york with herbert adams and gutzon borglum, and in paris with auguste rodin. after obtaining recognition in parts, where she was awarded a first prize at the salon in rorr for “ russian dancers,” she settled in new york. her memorial group, ‘ the sacrifice,” presented to harvard university by mrs. robert bacon, but placed temporarily in the cathedral of st. john the divine, new york city, is considered the finest of her works. three portraits by her of paderewski, when exhibited in new york in 1920, attracted great admiration. other works of hers are “‘ john muir ” in the american muscum of natural history, new york city; ‘‘ modern crusader ” in the metro- politan museum of art, new york city; “ bacchanale russe a in the luxembourg muse, paris, and ‘‘ gervase elwes ” in queen’s hall, london. one of her latest commissions was a hofmannsthal—holtzmann heroic size stone group over the entrance of bush house, strand, london. miss hoffman was married to mr. s. b. grimson june 6 1924 in new york city. hofmannsthal, hugo von (1874— ), austrian poet, was born in vienna ieb. 1 1874. he took the degree of ph.d. at the university of vienna and when still a schoolboy originated the romantic school in austria by his lyric and semi-dramatic poetry, which arousecl much controversy at the time. he was not uniniluenced by stefan george’s example and ]lermann bahr’s criticism, but the mclody and colour of his language, and the art with which he gave poetic expression to complicated spiritual moods, in particular, were entirely new. a genius for appreciating bygone cultures and a sensitive understanding of the beautiful in art and in nature, characterised both the youth and the man. hofmannsthal is little indebted to contemporary realism, but his almost too susceptible personality is tinged by innumerable literary influences from the attic tragedians down to victor hugo, swinburne, browning and d’annunzio. this lack of originality is especially noticeable in his dramatic poems, not a few of which are simply old plays of sophocles, for cxample, of calderon, moliere and otway cloaked in modern form and spirit. nevertheless he has an abiding place in the history of literature as founder of the whole german neo-romantic drama. a few of his dramas became known outside austria through the music of his friend richard strauss, others through reinhardt’s festival at salzburg. iiis collected poems appeared in to11. in later years he turned his attention to society comedy. the most characteristic of his dramas are: gestern (1892); der abenteurer und die sdengerin (1899); der tor und der tod (1900); der tod des tizian (1901); oedipus und die sphinx (1906); cristinas heim- kehr (1922); das salsburger grosse welttheatre (1922); and his libretti: elektra (1903) and der rosenkavalier (1911). see mono- graph by sulger-gebing (1905). hogg, sir douglas mcgarel (1872- ), british lawyer and politician, was born feb. 28 1872, the son of quintin hogg, founder of the polytechnic, london. he was originally intended for a business career, and on leaving eton spent cight years with his father’s firm of west india merchants. after serving in the south african war (1899-1902), on his return to england he abandoned commerce for the law. called to the bar in 1902 he forthwith took a leading position as a junior, and when he be- came k.c. in 1917, immediately came to the front. his deadly power of cross-examination, easy mastery of facts and _ fig- ures and persuasive speech made him formidable in every kind of case. in 1922, on entering parliament as conservative member for marylebone, he became attorney general and a privy councillor in mr. bonar law’s government, receiving the usual knighthood given to a law officer. in opposition, or in oflice he showed him- self a powerful debater, his vigorous speech on the campbell pros- ecution (see english history) had not a little to do with the de- feat of mr. mac donald’s labour government. when the con- servatives returned to power in 1924, sir douglas hogg was re- appointed attorney general, with a seat in the cabinet. (r. s-d.) holland, henry scott (1847-10918), english <livine, was born at ledbury, hereford, jan. 27 1847. he was educated at eton and balliol college, oxford; in 1872 he was ordained, be- coming the same year a tutor at christ church. in 1882 he was senior proctor of the university, and the same year was made a canon of truro and examining chaplain to its bishop. he was appointed a canon of st. paul’s in 1884, and in 1886 precentor. he refused the offer of the see of norwich in 1893, but in ro1o was appointed regius professor of divinity at oxford. he «ied at oxford march 17 1918. scott holland was closely associated with the christian social union for many years. he was a suc- cessful tutor and a popular professor; but it is as a preacher that heis most vividly remembered. in r905 his personal studies, which first appeared in the commonwealth, were published in book form. he also wrote a notable essay on faith, several volumes of sermons and a life of the singer, jenny lind. sce life, by stephen paget (1921). 309 holland, john philip (1841-1914), american inventor, was born at liscannor, county clare, ireland, in 1841. he was educated at limerick, and was a school teacher in ireland prior to migrating to the united states. he was teaching in new jersey when the civil war broke out and the conflict between the “ merrimac” and the ‘‘ monitor” suggested to him the idca of a submarine. he became a pioncer in this field and one of the most successful designers of submarine craft. the first boat, built in 1875, was a failure and it was not until his ninth attempt in 1898 that he produced a serviceable submarine from the practical standpoint. this boat was commissioned for the u.s. navy and orders for others were placed with holland. his great achievement was the furnishing of the submarine with two methods of propulsion, a 50 h.p. gasolene engine to be used when on the surface and electric storage batteries when sub- merged. the british admiralty acquired all the patents for great britain, although his avowed purpose had been to invent a craft that would overcome the british naval supremacy. hol- land then turned his attention to the construction of submarines for sea-going purposes, constantly umproving upon his original model, and all his subsequent boats were built for the u.s. navy, the types tending constantly to become larger. he diced at newark, n.j., aug. 12 1914. holland: see dutch literature; netherlands. hollywood, cal., u.s.a., the principal seat of the motion- picture industry, was annexed to los angeles (q.v.) in 1gto. holmes, oliver wendell (1841- ), american jurist, was born at boston march 8 1841, the son of oliver wendell holmes, the poet and essayist (sce 13.616). he graduated from harvard in 1861. on the outbreak of the civil war in that vear he enlisted and served three years in the 20th mass. volunteers, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. he was wounded three times—at ball's bluff, antictam and fredericksburg. he con- cluded his military career as aide-de-camp on the staff of the 6th div., retiring in july 1864. in that year he commenced the study of law at harvard, obtaining his ll.b. in 1866, and was admitted to the suffolk (mass.) bar march 4 1867. he prac- tised law in boston, and in 1870 was appointed instructor in constitutional law at harvard, at the same time becoming editor of the american law review, which latter position he held for three years. in 1871-2 he was university lecturer in jjuris- prudence. in 1873 he edited the r2th edition of kent’s com- meniaries, since recognised as the standard edition. in the same year he became a member of the firm of shattuck, holmes & munroe and engaged in an active practice. in 1880 holmes was appointed lecturer on common law at the lowell institute. hisarticles in the american law review contained the germs of the lectures which he delivered before the institute, and these in turn, in an amplified form, were pub- lished in 1881 under the title the common law. the object of the work was to present a general view of the common law, and this was done with a wealth of illustration, a charm of language and a clarity of reasoning which, apart from the erudition dis- played, gave mr. holmes an international reputation. in 1882 he was appointed professor of law at the harvard law school, but resigned to accept an appointment on dec. 8 of the same year as associate justice of the supreme judicial court of massa- chusetts. this position he occupied for 17 years, becoming chief justice on aug. 2 1899. on dec. 4 1902 he became an associate justice of the supreme court of the united states. as a judge his opinions are conspicuous for their litcrarv style and epigrammatic force. in 1924 he was awarded the roosevelt memorial association medal for the development of public law. in addition to the works already mentioned he published in 1891 a small volume of speeches, re-issued with additions in 1913 and coltected legal papers (1920). holroyd, sir charles (1861-10917), british painter- etcher (see 13.618), died at weybridge, surrey, nov. 17 1917. ve atranged for the transference of a large portion of the turner bequest to the tate gallery, london. holtzmann, heinrich julius (1832-1910), german theo- logian (see 13.620), died at baden-baden germany aug. 6 1910. 360