GUAM

american naval station in the north pacific, the largest of the marianas islands. the native popu- lation, 69% of which lives in the chief town, agafia, was 14,912 on june 30 1923, and 15,160 0n june 30 1924. on the latter date there were also living on the island 550 non-natives, besides the personnel of the naval establishment amounting to 814. with the non-natives are included the families which are the result of marriages with native women. 295 production.— agriculture is the chief occupation, and the government is making efforts to develop this, so that the island may be more nearly self-supporting and have a larger surplus for export. copra is the chief crop and about the only export, the normal crop being about soo tons. in 1923-4 the first coco- nut-oil mill in the island was erected. maize and other food- stuffs grow readily. a good grade of coffee is produced, and excellent tobacco can be grown. fish are plentiful in the waters surrounding the island, but the fishing industry has never been dleveloped to its full capacity, and fish foods are imported. fducution.—education is compulsory up to the age of 12. ir 1923-4 there were 16 primary schools, one intermediate school. one high school and one school for americans, besides two pri- vate schools. pupils attending the schools were 2,833, of whom 2,676 were in the public schools. the number of american teachers increased from 4 in 1922-3 to 14 in 1923-4. teaching is in english. athletics are a recognised part of the curriculum, and baseball is played enthusiastically throughout the island. about 40° of the public receipts are expended on education. finance aid trade——the revenues for the fiscal year 1923-4 amounted to $137,805, and expenditures to $152,781. revenues for 1923-4 included land taxes, about $42,000; licences, about $15,300; court fees and fines, about $10,650; customs and revenue collections over $9,o00 (approximately $6,657 being customs collections); and productive industries, about $27,600. the government is also collector of customs and revenues. the bal- ance of trade is heavily against guam. imports and exports in 1923 were valued at approximately $674,556 and $94,086, respec- tively, and in 1924 at approximately $632,721 and $66,095 respectively. in 1923 1,432,568 lb. of copra were exported to the united states, and in 1924 2,110,000 pounds. the heaviest import is of food supplies, amounting in 1924 to over $245,000. the only banking institution is the bank of guam which was established by the naval govt. in 1915, for general banking business and as a depository of the naval govt. of guam. it has a capital stock of $15,000 fully paid up. on june 30 1924 its surplus amounted to $29,000. administration.—the administration is directly under the department of the navy, and the governor is a naval officer with the rank of captain who is appointed by the secretary of the navy. the governor has full power and authority to make laws for the government of the island, from which there is no appeal. he is assisted by a native congress which has only advisory power. the guam congress on july 1 1925 resolved that the congress of the united states be petitioned to enact a law making all native chamorros of guam citizens of the united states, or that congress grant them the privilege of becoming citizens of the united states by naturalisation. the cadastral survey is proceeding rapidly and new roads are being constructed. the dollar line has established a regular service to guam, and there are regular sailings to manila and japan. recent public improvements are a new post-office in agafia, the capital, school buildings and a number of roads. bimtiocraruy.—l. m. cox, the island of guam (1917); uss. bureau of census, census of guam (1920); guam agricultural experiment station, bulletin (washington, annual, 1921, etc.). (j. a. ro.) guarantees: sce sanctions and guarantees. guardians, board of: see poor law. guatemala (sce 12.661).—a republic of central america and a member of the league of nations. its estimated area is 48,250 square miles. the capital, guatemala city, was com- pletely destroyed by earthquake between jan. 25 1917 and jan. 24 1918. i. political history guatemala was little affected by the world war, but on april 27 1917 she broke off diplomatic relations with the ger- man govt., and on april 23 1918 adopted ‘ the same belligerent attitude as the united states.” guatemala was one of the sig- natories tothe treaty of versailles june 281919. in 1915 man- uel estrada cabrera, who had been dictator since 1898, was 296 re-elected for the term 1917-23. in 1920, however, a group of intellectuals known as the unionist party opened a newspaper campaign against him, which developed into a revolutionary movement and spread to the national assembly. when the army became infected cabrera resigned (april 1920) in favour of the vice-president, carlos herrera, who was elected president by the national assembly. his government was promptly recog- nised by the powers. herrera, who had wide experience of agri- culture, banking and commerce, aimed at encouraging foreign capital, stimulating immigration and internal development. hie worked energetically to repair the damage caused by the earthquake of 1917-8, and erected many valuable public build- ings. on oct. 10 1921, after prolonged preliminary negotiations, guatemala, honduras and salvador signed a pact of union at san jose, agreeing to form a central american union. (see ceen- tral american union.) each state, for the time, was to conduct its own internal affairs; but the signatory states were to constitute a unit on foreign affairs and for matters of common interest. costa rica and nicaragua failed to enter the union. on dec. 7 1921 the opposition overthrew herrera, leader of the unionist party which was favourable to the union, and gen. orellana, leader of a military faction, was elected president in march 1922 for a term of six years. a revolt against him in july was put down with bloodshed. pres. orellana repudiated the pact signed on aug. 20 1922 by nicaragua, honduras and salvador (see central american union) on the ground of avoiding “ entangling alliances.””? ilis government was represented, nevertheless, at the washington conference of 1922-3 and signed the conven- tions there agreed upon. in june 1924 it was the first central american republic to adopt the international commissions of inquiry provided for by the washington conference. the na- tional assembly ratified the general treaty of peace and amity there drawn up. in aug. 1924 guatemala reached an agreement with the united states, according mutual most-favoured-nation treat- ment in customs, and in nov. effected a commercial treaty with germany on the same principle. by a decree of april 28 1925 all foreign companies domiciled in guatemala must appoint a representative for legal and non-legal transactions. in april 1925, also, women obtained independent legal personality. under the 1923 general treaty of peace and amity, guatemala agreed to limit its armed forces for a period of five years to 5,200, and moreover to restrict aircraft to 10 aeroplanes and to maintain no navy. edueation.—primary education is free and compulsory be- tween the ages of 6 and 14. in 1917 there were 1,942 govern- ment schools, with 54,479 pupils in attendance. after the de- struction of guatemala city by earthquake in 1917-8 education suffered a check until 1924, when it received special attention. in 1924 there were 1,477 government schools, and a number of private secondary, professional, normal and vocational schools, as well as four schools of commerce. there were 94,177 pupils in attendance and 4,284 teachers. ii, social and economic conditions the census of 1920 gave a population of 2,004,900, and the esti- mates for 1923 were 2,454,000. about 60% of the population are pure indians. in oct. 1924 a contract was authorised for the admission of one hundred czechoslovak farmer families, for whom were assigned 4,500 hectares of undeveloped lands. dwell- ings, medical attendance, schools and hospital service were included in the contract. finance-——a new monetary system was introduced in nov. 1924, with the quetzal (equal to the dollar) of 1-504665 grammes of pure gold as the unit, having a value of sixty pesos. it was to be coined in 5, to and 20 quetzal denominations, with subsidiary silver and copper coins. the silver peso in oct. 1924 was worth $.5376, although only unconvertible paper currency was then in circulation. provision has been made since feb. 1925 for a circulation reserve fund, by a tax of an added 50 cents a quintal on cofice and a graded tax of 20 to 30 cents on sugar exports. guatemala the government budget for the years 1921-4 was (in pesos) :— revenues expenditures 256,261,970 306,810,074 385,874,260 466, 190,332 387,365,234 348,489,894 396,121,964 471,969,841 in 1924 revenue in quetzales was 8,101,686 and expenditure 8,095,573. current expenditure for 1921 deducting items nat requiting cash outlay, such as amortisation of the external debt by transfer securities in london to the council of foreign bondholders, was actually only 324,049,887 pesos. increase in 1922 revenues was largely due to the high rate of foreign exchange and to collection of the export tax on coffee in gold. the total debt dec. 1922 was £1,908,563 constituted as follows:— $1,257,898, 11,923,401 silver pesos and 181,887,314 papcr pesos. at the end of 1924 the external debt was considered as £1,875,603 and the internal debt {1,426,961. the total debt was then in dollars 13,239,240. industry.—exports mainly consist of coffee and sugar; cotton and bananas are among the growing exports. the figures of the years 1922-4 for the exports of coffee, sugar and bananas were:— bananas coffee (ib.) (bunches) sugar (lb.) 94,000,000 96,000,000 $9,000,000 24,000,000 27,000,000 18,000,000 3,884,170 4,384,077 5,547,531 the principal imports are cotton goods, flour and other foodstuffs. the average wheat production is 400,000 bu., equivalent to 90,000 barrels of flour. milling is not commercially developed. during the year preceding may i 192§ the cotton crop reached 30,000 quintals, a large increase in spite of poor crops in certain parts. commercial conditions in 1925 were excellent, duc to high coffee prices. im- portation of automobiles and other luxuries was heavy. import duties for 1924 amounted to 19,921,316 pesos and $3,009,315, or a total of 3,341,336 quetzales. exports produced revenues of 56,713 pesos and $1,435,492, or a total of 1,436,437 quctzales. a banking decree stabilising exchange aided merchants in the conduct of business, a contract for developing petroleum fields by a new york company in the departments of ezabal and alta verapaz was ap- proved in nov. 1924. another contract provided for similar develop- ment in alta verapaz, quiche and huehuetenango. changes in the mining and petroleum development jaw make the sole tax 10 per cent on the gross product in two zones and eight per cent in two others. contracts endure 40 years; the geological surveys must begin within six months from the date of the concession. the foreign commerce for 1913 showed imports worth $10,062,000 and exports worth $14,450,000. for recent years the figures were:— 1921 all countries imports . exports . : united kingdom imports . exports . france imports . exports . germany imports . exports . united state imports . exports . $10,751,660 12,065,949 $13,369,611 $10,840,781 12,130,826 14,725,567 1,665,643 355,249 2,289,047 133,618 1,599,131 300,591 355,678 17;977 1,199,910 1,961,395 6,644,449 7,883,386 307,148 24,694 1,302,267 2,047,320 6,519,630 11,330,986 for 1924 the exports to the united states were $10,089,156, and the imports $8,823,542. communications.—ritish interests in the international railways co., incorporated in 1912, and controlling 597 m. of railway, were acquired by american capitalists in 1924. a branch is to be con- structed from the mexican boundary and the caribbean coast to the southern end of salvador. a new line south to asuncien mita has been approved by the minister of promotion, a private rodd- building programme, initiated in 1924, provides for the building of new roads from guatemala city to san jose: from antiqua to panajachel, thence to quezaltengo; and from guatemala to santa ana in salvador. the frst of these will serve important coffee and sugar export interests. three wireless stations largely supplant telegraph lines, which are difficult to maintain in the tropical forest. they are at quezaltenango, a gift from mexico, puerto barrios and at the capital. guchkov—guiana, french bispliograpny.—c. w. domville-fife, guatemala and the states of central america (1913); a. caille, au pays du printemps eternel; la guatemala et son avenir economigne (1914); d. g. munro, the five republics of central america (1918); d. g. munro, guaie- mala: five republics of central america (1919); j. v. mejia, geografia descriptiva dela republica de guatemala (1922); department of over- seas trade reports on the econemics and financial conditions in guatemala, published by hi.m. stationery office, london. see also the annual reports of the various government departments, gua- temala. (igh. bp. guchkov, alexander (1862- ), russian politician, was born in moscow. ie studied at the universities of moscow and berlin and, after leading an adventurous life of travel, en- tered politics. he helped to found the russian “ octobrist ” party in the hope that the tsar’s govt. would work with the mod- erate liberals of the zemstvo, while safeguarding the monarchical principle. in ror0 guchkov was elected president of the duma, but as stolypin became more reactionary, the octobrists lost their standing ground, and guchkov eventually resigned the presidentship of the duma. in the elections to the fourth duma he failed to secure a seat. during the world war, however, he was in charge of the red cross organisation on the german front, and devoted his energies to refitting the army on the technical side. when the march revolution of 1917 broke out guchkov became minister of war, but he was powerless against the mounting tlood of desertion and demoralisation in the army, and resigned in despair. emigrating he found himself without proper place and influence, and later took refuge in paris, where he pleaded for a reunion of all parties against the bolsheviks. guerrini, olindo (1845~1916), italian poet (see 12.672), died at bologna oct. 21 1916. gueschoff, ivan evstratiew (1849-1924), bulgarian politician, was born at philippopolis feb. 1849. he was educated first at philippopolis, and was then, in 1865, sent to owens col- lege, manchester, for four years. he remained at manchester ‘in business with his father until 1872, when he returned to bul- garia. in 1877 he was arrested by the turkish governor and condemned to death for political propaganda against turkish rule, but was saved by the intervention of the british and amer- ican consuls. he then began to send accounts of the turkish atrocities to the times and the daily news (london). in 1878 gueschoff became general manager of the bulgarian national bank at sofia, and was minister of finance from 1894 to 1897. he was elected president of the sobranie (national assembly) in 1901 and became prime minister in 1911. as such, he con- cluded defensive alliances with serbia, greece and montenegro against turkey, and so paved the way for the balkan victories of t912. after the london peace treaty, may 30 1913, gueschoff resigned with his cabinet. during the world war he retired from politics and became president of the bulgarian red cross. he died at sofia march 11 1924. guesde, jules basile (1845-1922), french socialist (see 12.672), died in paris july 28 1922.