GRENADES

a grenade is a small metal missile, usually filled with high explosive, which may be thrown by hand or projected with the aid of a ritle. grenades may also be charged with poison gas and incendiary or smoke- producing compositions, but the essential features of the various kinds remain the same. gunpowder grenades, made of wood, bronze and other materials, were used in the 16th century, to be revived later in a high explosive form at the siege of port arthur in 1904 and in the trench fighting of the world war. grenades are described as percussion or time grenades, according as to whether they explode on impact or after a definite time interval. hand grenades.—at the commencement of the world war, the limited supply of grenades in the british army was of the percussion type, in which a needle in the head of the grenade is by direct impact caused to fire the detonator, a head-on fall being insured by means of tail streamers. at a later date, an all-ways fuse was suggested which would fire the grenade in whatever position it alighted. the main disadvantage of the per- cussion type is the danger of it exploding if accidentally dropped after being made “live” prior to throwing by the withdrawal of the safety pin or other safety device. these considerations led to the adoption of time grenades as being safer in action and allowing time in case of accident for the bomber to get clear or grenfell—grey throw away the grenade. furthermore, time grenades are more easily improvised than percussion ones, and during the period of severe shortage of munitions in the world war, many such gre- nades were constructed locally out of any handy receptacle. for this purpose a short projecting length (usually 5 sec.) of safety fuse terminating in a detonator (for high explosive fillings) within the grenade was employed. various friction or strike and cap combinations were used to ignite the fuse before throwing. the principle of the time grenade is represented in its greatest perfection in the millsgrenade (seefig. 1), invented during the war, of which enormous quantities were supplied to the british forces. it consists of a barrel-shaped iron casting, a, externally grooved in segments to ensure good fragmentation, and of a size to be con- veniently clasped in the hand, weighing 1 lb. 8 oz. and containing 24 to 3 oz. of high explosive, 4; amatol orammonal in powder form is convenient. the essential principle is that the ignition of the 1ime arrangement cis caused mechanically, assoon as the grenade leaves the bomber’s hand. this is effected by the release of a 1.—section of mills grenade. fic. fic. 2.—grip for throwing. striker d actuated by a powerful spring e which until then is re- strained by a lever f. on withdrawing the safety pin g, this lever is still held to the grenade by the thrower’s fingers (see fig. 2), but on the grenade leaving his hand, the loose lever flies off and a cap # is struck which ignites the 5 sec. length of safety fuse c, which in turn fires the detonator 7 and explodes the grenade. rifle grenades.—previous to the world war rifle grenades had been designed in order to obtain an increase of range beyond the restricted limits of hand throwing. these grenades were of the percussion type with a steel tail rod, with or without a gas check, which was inserted about 10 in. into the muzzle of the ordinary service rifle and propelled by the gases from a blank cartridge, which impinges on the tail rod. the rodded rifle gre- nade described above is open toserious objections, being unhandy, and liable to bulge and split the barrel, particularly if the rod is not accurately straight and consequently tends to buckle. in any case, a severe strain is thrown on the rifle, which is eventually bound to damage it. this led to the introduction from the french of the discharger-cup or tremblon, which isa short cylindrical cup attached to the muzzle of the rifle, into which the grenade is fitted and from which it is propelled by the gases from a blank car- tridge fired in the rifle, acting on the base of the grenade. the mills grenade can be adapted for firing from a discharger-cup by the addition of a gas check plate, which 1s screwed into the base; the side of the discharger-cup holds the loose lever in posi- tion until the grenade is projected clear, when it flies off and sets the grenade in action. in this way rifle and hand grenades can be made practically interchangeable, thus simplifying both supply and transport in the field. future design.—the tendency of future design is in the direc- tion of percussion grenades, which are considered to be more effective than time ones, chiefly in that no time is given in which to get clear or to throw back the grenade before it explodes, in the event of the time fuse being too long in its burning. the chief difficulty to surmount is so to design the grenade that it is safe 201 if dropped vertically by accident, but is made “ live ” in the space of a short flight. other essential conditions are to act in any position of impact or fall after throwing, to be interchange- able with trifling adjustment as a hand or rifle grenade, to be weatherproof and mud proof and to be simple in manufacture and use. brptriograrny.—g. m. aijinslic, hand grenades (1917); g. dyson, grenade fighting (new york, i9i7). see also the official text book on service ammunition. (cd). ca) grenfell, wilfred thomason (1865- ), british medica] missionary, was born feb. 28 1865 at parkgate, cheshire. he was educated at marlborough and oxford, where he took the degree of m.d., and studied medicine at the london hos- pital under sir frederick treves. at his suggestion grenfell, in 1889, joined the reyal national mission for deep sea fish- ermen and for three years cruised with it in the north sea as medical missionary. in 1892 he went to labrador as first med- ical missionary and there did a great work, building hospitals, establishing homes and missions for the inhabitants, and organ- ising industrial schemes and co-operative stores. in 1906 he received the c.m.g. in recognition of his services. besides the work he did locally in labrador and northern newfoundland, culminating in the opening by king george of the seamen’s institute at st. john’s in 1912, grenfell lectured in canada, america and england in order to raise funds, and the mission expanded rapidly until, in 1912, its english, american and canadian branches were united by the formation in new york of the international grenfell association, of which grenfell became superintendent. during the early part of the world war he was attached as major to the harvard surgical unit in france. in 1920 he became f.r.c.s, and in the same year received the gold medal of the national academy of social sciences of america. ‘ grenfell’s publications include: uikings of today (1895); the harvest of the sea (1905); labrador: the country and its people (1909, re-issued 31913 and 1922 with additional chapters); - z tdvift on an iee-pan (1910); 4 labrador doctor (1920, abridged 1925): northern neighbours (1923). gretna, great britain, was the scene of a great under- taking during the world war. on a tract of land some rom. long and from one to two m. wide, partly in dumfries, along the north shore of the solway estuary, and partly in cumberland, hun- dreds of stone, brick and stecl buildings were erected for the mak- ing of munitions and providing for the wants of the workers who flocked there. these buildings included administrative build- ings, schools, churches, messrooms, shops, halls, post-oflices, fire- stations, etc., as well as factories, glycerine and ether distilleries, electric light and refrigerating plants. the buildings fell largely into two groups, one at dornock to the west, and one about seven m. to the east at mossband and longtown. there were in addition two garden villages, one at gretna, in the centre, and one four m. to the west at eastrigg, with some 16 sq. m. of agri- cultural land, which has since been settled with ex-service men. the whole undertaking, about which great secrecy was preserved during and after the war, cost over £9,c00,000 and employed at one time 24,700 people. it was sold in july 1924, although some members of parliament made efforts to secure its use as a national factory. grey, albert henry george, atu eart (1851- 1917), british administrator, the son of gen. charles grey, qucen victoria’s private secretary, and grandson of the 2nd earl, the prime minister (see 12.586), was born nov. 20 1851; he was educated at iiarrow and at trinity college, cambridge, where he graduated with a first class in law and history in 1873. as his uncle, the 3rd earl, had no children, albert grey was the hcir-presumptive to the earldom, and he sat in parliament as a liberal, first for south northumberland, and then for the tyneside division, from 1880 to 1886. the liberalism which he displayed in the house of commons and developed greatly in a crowded after-life was unlike the conventional radicalism of the period. he was an enthusiastic social reformer, and a whole- 292 hearted imperialist. he was one of the 93 dissentient liberals who by voting against the liberal govt. decided the fate of the home rule bill of 1886. he lost his seat in the ensuing gencral election and did not reappear in parliament till he suc- ceeded his uncle in the earldom in 1894. the interval had been largely filled with travel—chiefly along the by-ways of the british empire. he was in south africa when his uncle died, and his knowledge of, and interest in, that country led to his appointment in 1895, after the jameson raid, as administrator of rhodesia in succession to dr. jameson. there he became a close friend and ardent admirer of cecil rhodes, and it was natural that, on returning to england, he should join, in 1899, the board of the chartered company. he visited lord milner in south africa after the boer war, and returned once more in 1912 to unveil the rhodes memorial on the slope of table mountain. canada, however, where he went as governor-general in 1904, was the part of the british empire to hold the first place in his affections. ife was no stranger there, but had already visited the dominion twice, being brother-in-law of his predecessor, lori minto. his enthusiasm for the land and the people, his idealistic outlook, his bright and simple manner, his utter lack of conven- tionality and stiffness, his fondness for travelling and nature and sport captivated the canadian heart. his term of office was twice prolonged; but canada was loth to see him go in oct. 1911, even though his successor was to be the duke of connaught. never much of a party man, he was still less so after his return to public life in england. we devoted himself to the causes which appealed to him. of these the federation of the empire was the first, and he would only contemplate irish home rule as part of a federal scheme. he made a helpful contribution to licensing reform by the institution of the public house trust, and he worked hard for proportional representation. he for- warded all promising efforts for the improvement and organisa- tion of agriculture. lord grey died at howick, northumberland, after a serious operation, on aug. 29 1917, leaving, by his wife alice holford, a son who succeeded him in the earldom. grey of fallodon, edward grey, rsr viscounr (1862- ), british statesman (sce 12.588), became foreign secretary in sir henry campbell-bannerman’s ministry formed in dec. 1905. sir edward grey (as he then was) had previously an- nounced that the liberal govt. would maintain lord lans- downe’s policy of an eniente with france and an alliance with japan, and during the general election of jan. 1906 he was asked by france, who was being pressed by germany about morocco, whether, in case of a franco-german war, she could reckon on british assistance in arms. [le replied that he could promise nothing which would not be fully endorsed by public opinion, but that, if war were forced on france through the entente respecting morocco, he believed british public opinion would rally to her support. the irench govt. then suggested conversations between military experts. | after consulting the prime minister, the chancellor of the exchequer and the war minister, he agreed, on the understand- ing that such conversations should in no way bind the british government. the algeciras conference on morocco followed in the spring of 1906, and the constant support which, on his instructions, the british representatives accorded to the french helped to produce a satisfactory result and to strengthen the anglo-french entente. in tg907 he came to an understanding with russia. he concluded a convention with her about persia, by which the integrity of that country was to be main- tained, but britain recognised that russia had rights and interests in the northern zone and russia recognised that britain had rights and interests in the southern zone. in the same year he forwarded anglo-american friendship by sending mr. (after- wards lord) bryce to washington as british ambassador; and concluded a convention with spain binding the powers to maintain the sfutus quo in the straits of gibraltar and ncigh- bouring waters. in t908—the year in which mr. asquith, an intimate friend of sir e. grey, became prime minister—the european situa- tion was considerably modified by the assertion in oct. by grey of fallodon prince ferdinand of the independence of bulgaria and his assumption of the title of king and the simultaneous annexation by austria-hungary of bosnia and hercegovina, which she had administered under the treaty of berlin. these strokes of policy moved the indignation of both the russian people and the russian govt.; but the german emperor announced that he would stand by his austrian ally in “ shining armour ”’; and sir ek. grey, though he protested against the infraction of the public law of europe, was naturally unable to promise russia anything more than diplomatic support. the action of the central powers confirmed him in the view that it was they who might be the principal danger to european peace; but he was able to keep on friendly terms with them. the labours of the foreign oflice, coupled with membership of the house of commons, left him little leisure for forwarding the general policy of the government. nevertheless, as occasion arose, he defended all the principal controversial measures. his main preoccupation, however, was british relations with germany, who gave dramatic notice of her dissatisfaction with the spread of french aims and influence in morocco by dts- patching, at the beginning of july 1911, the gunboat ‘f panther ” to the northwest african coast at agadir, to protect, it was alleged, german interests. in view of this further attempt to test, and if possible loosen, the entente, he issued a warning, through the mouth of mr. lloyd george speaking at the mansion house, that britain intended at all hazards to maintain her place among the powers. ‘the warning sufficed 10 make germany lower her tone, and subsequently sir e. grey explained to par- liament that the foreign policy of the government was a con- tinuation of lord lansdowne’s and had got rid of the constant trouble with france and russia; that british friendship with these powers, far from constituting a hostile encirclement of germany, afforded a guarantee that neither would pursue an aggressive policy towards her; but that, when a nation had the biggest army and was increasing its already lig navy, it was natural that other powers should be apprehensive. while a section of radicals and labour men were suspicious of sir edward’s policy, public opinion in general (inclucing the conservative opposition) supported him and was pleased when in the following year his able services were marked by the very unusual distinction, for a commoner, of the order of the garter. in the beginning of 1912 he was a party to sending lord haldane on an informal mission to berlin to reassure the emperor and his government as to the pacific intentions of britain and to probe the intentions of germany. the cabinet formally noti- fied the german govt. that britain would neither make, nor join in, any unprovoked attack on germany. but nothing would content the german govt. but an absolute pledge by britain of neutrality if germany were engaged in war. a pledge which sir e. grey naturally could not give. largely in consequence of this ominous rebuff, he exchanged letters on nov. 22 1912 with the french ambassador, agreeing that, if either britain or france had grave reason to expect an attack by a third power or a menace to the general peace, both govern- ments would consult whether they should co-operate and what measures they should take in common, still he found himself able to work in general harmony with the german govt. in the efforts made by the powers, in conference in london, to bring a settled peace to the balkans, which had been distracted in 1912-3 by a series of local but furious and barbarous wars. in this matter the diplomacy of germany had appeared so reasonable that he was taken aback by her unyielding attitude in the negotiations arising out of the austro-serbian dispute. as soon as he heard of the austrian ultimatum delivered at belgrade on july 23 1914, he realised at once that russia could not allow serbia to be crushed and exerted’ himself in the most strenuous fashion to save europe from the threatened catas- trophe. acting generally in conjunction with france and russia, one or both, but in face of a lukewarm or hostile germany, he urged upon austria the extension of the alarmingly short time- limit of 48 hours; he proposed indefatigably various schemes for conciliation and conference; he pressed upon serbia the grierson necessity of going as far as possible to meet austria. in fact, serbia accepted almost the whole of the austrian demands; but austria would be content with nothing less than com- plete submission, and on the expiry of the time-limit de- clared war on serbia. on july 29 germany, asserting that war was inevitable if russia attacked austria, endeavoured to purchase the neutrality of england by undertaking, if england remained neutral, to make no territorial acquisitions at the expense of france—an undertaking which did not extend to the french colonies—and by promising to respect belgian integrity, after the war, if belgium had not sided against germany. sir e. grey next day absolutely refused to make any bargain of the sort at the expense of france and belgium. in view of the apparent threat to belgium, he asked france and germany whether they were prepared to respect belgian neu- trality provided it was not violated, and he asked belgium whether she would remain neutral. france and belgium both replied affirmatively, while germany temporised. hopeful negotiations which had been begun directly between russia and austria were wrecked by a german ultimatum to russia to countermand her mobilisation; and on monday aug. 3 germany declared war on france. the moment for decision had come for great britain. russia had asked her to declare herself against germany and so give the german general staff pause; france had asked her to co- operate as germany was about to invade french territory. the cabinet had hitherto been divided, a strong section press- ing for the preservation of neutrality, and so sir edward had been unable to reply favourably to either russia or france. but now germany had declared war on france, and was ap- parently about to disregard the neutrality of belgium. ‘the opposition, through mr. bonar law, tendered support for active measures to aid france and russia; and sir edward, with a cabinet rallying, with few exceptions, to his view, was able to make an appeal in the house of commons on aug. 3 for public and parliamentary support to a policy of action. the speech finally decided a wavering public opinion; with the exception of some radicals and extremist labour men, all parties, including the irish nationalists, accepted the necessity of war. sir edward demanded next day that germany should respect the neutrality of belgium, and, on the german refusal, england went to war. one of sir edward’s first tasks was to turn the association of the powers fighting germany and austria into an alliance, which bound its members to fight in common, and make peace in common. in the course of the negotiations for this purpose he did not hesitate to guarantee the support of great britain for the attainment of long-cherished national objects, provided that these did not conflict with the aims of liberation and self- development common to the allies: the most striking case being the promise, after turkey entered the war on the side of the central powers, that russia should have constantinople. much of his time and attention was occupied by difficult ques- tions arising out of the blockade of germany and the consequent interference with the trade of neutrals. public opinion in great britain constantly complained that the blockade was not en- forced with sufficient strictness; while the united states, as the principal neutral, harassed the british govt. by repeated notes, denouncing the methods of the british navy as un- necessarily prejudicial to american trade and contrary to inter- national law. he was perhaps more successful in his answers to the americans than in his justification to the british public; and a large body of opinion in america accepted his explanations as reasonable. the tenure of the foreign office by a statesman so high- minded, sincere and experienced as sir edward grey was everywhere regarded as such a valuable asset for great britain that it appeared only natural and fitting for mr. asquith, when contemplating the formation of a coalition government in may 1015, to lay down, as one of the essential conditions, that there should be no change in the office of forcign secretary. no one could refute with such authority the intermittent 293 assertions of the german chancellor that it was england and not germany that was responsible both for the origin and for the continuance of the war. when the pacifists called for nego- tiations in may 1916, he showed that when the germans professed a readiness for peace it was only for a peace on the basis that "germany had won and the allies were beaten; but the allies were not beaten, and the first step towards peace would be taken when germany began to recognise the fact. credit must be given to sir edward for facilitating, in the early summer of 1915, the entry of italy—till may 3 a member of the triple alliance—into the war against the central powers. it was, however, a bitter disappointment to him that his grave warnings failed to prevent bulgaria, in the autumn of the same year, from taking the field against the allies. allied troops were sent to salonika, and he offcred cyprus to greece in order to induce her to carry out her treaty obligations and go to serbia’s aid against bulgaria. but on this issue king constantine won the support of his people against m. veniselos, and serbia was crushed before help could reach her. in july 1916 an affection of the eyes, which had been giving him increasing trouble, made it advisable that he should have as much relief from work as possible, and he accepted a peerage. when a few months later, in dec., his friend and chief mr. asquith was succeeded in the premiership by mr. lloyd george, failing eyesight and political comradeship both united to de- termine him to bring his 11 years’ tenure of the foreign office to a close. he had served for a longer consecutive period than any predecessor, and in his official methods he carried out his own precept—that foreign policy required not striking effects nor bold strokes but careful steering. after his resignation lord grey took little or no part in public life for several years. happily, though he never regained normal vision, rest and quiet gradually worked a decided improvement in his eyesight. but, with the exception of a three months’ mission in 1919 to the united states to deal with questions arising out of the peace, he did not definitely emerge from his retirement till 1922. it was the time of the decadence of the coalition government and lord grey urged that it was not trusted and should come to an end, which happened within a few months; he was also anxious to resuscitate the liberal party, a process which was only partially effected. in foreign affairs he pressed for the re-establishment of good relations with france, and for the arrangement of an inclusive peace pact, beginning with france. when such a pact was concluded at locarno in 1925 he welcomed it warmly. but the cause to which he devoted most of his energy wus that of the league of nations. he was especially anxious that germany should be included as a member at the earliest possible date, and maintained that this should be the only business of the spring meeting of the league in 1926, which unfortunately separated without effecting it. much of his time in these years was taken up in the compila- tion of a straightforward narrative and vindication of his course in foreign policy, which was published in 1925 under the title twenty-five years, 1892-1916. he had published in 1899 another volume on fly-fishing, his favourite recreation. in 1885 he married dorothy, daughter of shallcross i. widdrington, of newton hall, northumberland. she was killed in a carriage accident in 1906, and in 1922 lord grey married, as his second wife, pamela, sister of george wyndham, widow of the 1st lord glenconncr. (g. e. b.) grierson, sir james moncrieff (1859-10914), british soldier, was born at glasgow jan. 27 1859 and joined the royal artillery in 1877. noted from the outset as an exceptionally keen student of his profession, from 1896 to 1900 he was military at- tuche at berlin. as a colonel he was with lord roberts during the advance from bloemfontein into the transvaal; but he was then transferred to china to act as british military representa- tive on the staff of count waldersce, commander-in-chief of the allied forces against the boxers. in 1904 he was appointed director of military operations. he commanded the rst div. at aldershot from 1906-10, and was in 1912 put in charge of the eastern command. on the outbreak of the world war sir j. 294 grierson was selected for the command of the ii. army corps. he proceeded to france, but died suddenly on aug. 17 1914 while his troops were still assembling in the area of operations. a good linguist and unusually well acquainted with most of the european armics, grierson had an understanding of “ja grande guerre ” | and an intimate knowledge of the german army that made his premature death an incalculable loss to the british cause. griffith, arthur (1872-1922), irish politician, was born in dublin march 31 1872 and began his working life as a printer. when the irish party was divided over the parnell case, griffith, hke dublin artisans in general, sided with parnell and against the clergy. but the rancorous quarrels which then disfigured irish politics disgusted young men and led them to despair of success along constitutional lines. new organisations came into existence in dublin, the most important being the gaelic league for the revival of the irish language. griffith joined this movement, but, since it was pro- fessedly non-political, his main activities were with the celtic literary society, the leading figure of which was william rooney. over and above all these minor groups there existed the irish republican brotherhood or fenian society, of which griffith be- came a member. he went to south africa in 1896, owing to lack of employment in dublin, but home-sickness brought him back to ireland in 1898. in 1899 the untied irishman, a weekly paper, was established, through the columns of which he was destined to influence ireland. early writings and aims.—at first rooney counted for more in the new movement than griffith, for he possessed that per- sonal magnetism in which griffith was lacking, yet after his death in rgo0r, the paper strengthened rather than weakened. no such journalism had appeared in dublin since the time of young ire- land. it was savagely political; but its politics had an idealism which was foreign to the agrarian revolution. griffith cared passionately for the things of the mind; his own writing had the beauty of trenchant steel; and he welcomed contributions from the best writers in ireland, w. b. yeats, “‘ a. e.” and the rest. no contributor expected to be paid, for all knew that griffith himself lived on a pittance. later, when the power of his pen was recognised, generous offers were made to him, but he rejected them, and steadily pur- sued his own aim. that aim was both destructive and con- structive. he sought first to divert his countrymen from the attempt to win self-government through parliamentary action at westminster, and secondly to persuade them to work for it in their own country. physical force was then popularly regarded as an illusion; and griffith, though ail his intimate associates were fenians, recognised that the majority of irish nation- alists did not think separation from britain possible. he there- fore resigned membership of the i.r.b., and aimed at winning over the separatists to work for a parliament in ireland united to that of england only by the link of the crown. as a means to this end, he proposed passive resistance and an appeal to moral force. payment of taxes was to be refused. members elected to parliament were to absent themselves from westminster, and to sit in ireland as a council and govern only by the assent of the nation. tribunals were to be set up to which cases should be brought, and the british courts were to be deserted. rise of sinn pein.—this policy was first publicly announced at a meeting in dublin in oct. 1902. the body which met called itself cumann nan gaodheal or “ society of the gaels.”” but the name chosen to represent their policy was sinn fein “ ourselves ’’— irish words which in their proverbial use mean roughly “ stand together.”” the name was soon transferred from the policy to its adherents. candidates were put forward at municipal elec- tions and by 1906 there were 14 sinn feiners on the dublin corporation. but griffith’s propaganda was mainly confined to the capital; and in 1907 a member of the irish party, who resign- ing his seat, stood for re-election as a sinn feiner, was heavily defeated. the attempt to return a sinn feiner to parliament was not renewed for ro years. the new policy at first did not make much headway. resist- ance to taxation proved difficult because all taxation except griffith income tax was indirect, and a large proportion of income tax payers were unionists. the only elfective forces were the per- sonality and the pen of arthur griffith. his paper changed its name in 1906 when damages for libel were awarded against the united trishman. that journal disappeared, and re-emerged as sinn fein. in 1907, when the parliamentary party had suf- fered a reverse, sinn fein appeared as a daily paper, but this experiment soon had to be abandoned, and after another bank- ruptcy eire became its name. griffith wrote no books: but he published in 1905 a pamphlet called the resurrection of hungary which described how an almost vanished language had been re- stored to national use, and how the elected deputies of an ancient nation, through a policy of abstention from the austrian assem- bly, gained full freedom under a dual monarchy. the volunteer afovemenit.grillith, during these years, taught the rising generation to despise and distrust not only the methods but the character of those who were then leading the main national movement and he was less scrupulous in his modes of attack than a publicist should be. yet when it became clear in ig9t1 that a home rule bill was seriously intended, he an- nounced his intention not to hamper redmond. but the measure proposed was wholly unlike his ideal and he condemned it root and branch, his most furious opposition being directed against that partition of ireland which he was later constrained to accept. in the shaping of events, neither he nor his paper counted for much till the growth of the ulster volunteers revived the hopes of the physical force party. griffith supported the counter-organisation of the irish vol-— unteers by word and deed. he was one of those who received the rilles landed at howth in july 1914. the outbreak of the world war revived all his importance. the volunteers split, nine- tenths of them adhering to redmond in support of the british cause but the remainder, active and determined, remained in ireland; and griffith’s paper was their main organ. the censor- ship attacked it, but instead of eire, there came out scissors and paste, a journal consisting of extracts from war news arranged to give an impression very unfavourable to the allies. it was only one of many journals. griffith had founded a school, a ‘‘ mos- quito press ” and had set the example of tenacity and courage. the easter ristng—the easter rising of 1916 was a surprise to the majority of irishmen. griffith took no part in it, and thereby lost influence with the extremists. but the british au- thorities remedied this by putting him into frongoch, the de- tention camp in wales, which became a crowded academy of sinn fein. yet when in july 1917 the prisoners were released, mr. de valera was chosen as their leader. griffith proposed this election at the convention of sinn fein, while he himself returned to his desk, re-issuing his paper as nationality; this also was sup- pressed and re-appeared as eire og. he was again put in gaol in 1918. at the general election after the armistice, sinn fein swept the board outside ulster, and griffith’s policy was put into force. the elected members (such as were not in prison) as- sembled as dail eireann, the irish parliament. but, going be- yond gritfith’s plan, they declared for an irish republic, electing mr. de valera as president and griffith as vice-president. both these men were then prisoners; but after some months the presi- dent escaped and griflith was liberated. | griffith as leadcr.— during mr. de valera’s absence in america, from june to1g to the close of 1920, griffith acted as head of the ** trish republic.” his policv now was carried out in its entirety. the elected bodies, county councils and municipalities refused to take orders from the british authorities in dublin castle; sinn fcin courts were set up and functioned with notable success; in- come tax was withheld. but these forms of passive resistance were effective only because active resistance was in progress. gniffith neither launched nor controlled the guerilla war, to the pressure of which england finally yielded. during that struggle, power rested with collins and other young men. yet griffith had still a great part to play. when the truce was proclaimed and negotiations were opened in july 1921, mr. de valera refused to accept the responsibility of abat- ing the full separatist demand. griffith, thereupon, undertook grimsby—guatemala the leadership of the delegation which finally secured the in- clusion in the treaty of the substance of sinn fein’s original de- mand. defending this settlement in the dail, he spoke with the conviction of one whose ideal had been accomplished and who knew that it satisfied the desire of nationalist ireland in general. without his authority, prestige and sense of realities, it is un- likely that any settlement of the diflicult irish question would have been reached. | many of those who supported him would not accept the full consequences of the treaty; and when mr. de valera resigned, griffith was elected president, not of the free state, but of the republic and the army continued to be in theory the republican army. to mect the difficulty, griffith set up a provisional govt. with michael collins as chairman to carry on till a general elec- tion should have ratified the treaty. this resulted in an illogical division of authority and as months passed grilfith’s public utterances as president were often contradicted by the action or inaction of the provisional government. during the final cliscussions with the british govt. in june 1922, concerning the treaty, he interviewed the leading irish unionists and pledged himself to secure them full representation in the public life of the tree state. his conception of ireland was less narrowly gaelic than that of sinn fein in general. after the elections on june 16, when a plain verdict was given for acceptance of the treaty, the government was at last forced to take action against the mutinous section of the army. civil war began on june 27. in july the main bodies of the irregulars were everywhere decisively beaten, and on aug. r1 a force sent round by sea occupied cork, the last important town to be re- gained. on the morning of aug. 12 griffith fell dead suddenly on the way to his office in dublin. the strain had killed him, and the completion of his life work was left to a younger generation. essentially he must rank as a publicist, an educator, an inspirer of action. few men in history have accomplished more for their country than he by his unpaid pen. (sg) grimsby, england (see 12.603), has an area of 2,868 ac. in the county borough and of 1,798 ac. in the parish, with 117 ac. of water and 248 of foreshore, and a population in 1921 of 82,355. the fishing trade has increased largely since 1910 and has necessitated the provision of a new dock; there are considerable imports of timber and ice, and the town has some ice factories. the tramways were taken over by the corporation in 1925. st. augustine’s church was built in rors, st. luke’s in rg12 and st. peter’s (roman catholic) in 1919; a new parish, that of st. stephen’s, was made in torr. a children’s home in brighowgate was opened in 1913, and queen mary’s hostel, built by the national mission to deep sea fishermen, in 1925. a war memorial in bargate was unveiled in 1921. the grimsby trawlers and their crews did splendid work in sweeping for mines during the world war (see minelaying). grossmith, george (1847-1912), british comedian (see 12.619), died at folkestone march 1 1912. his son, george grossmith (1874- ), british comedian, and third of the name, who made his first appearance at the shaftesbury theatre in an operetta by his father, became a well- known figure in musical comedy, especially at the gaiety thea- tre, london. he was the author, or part author, of many musical plays, songs and revues, and took a leading part in popularising revue in london. together with edward laurillard he became lessee and manager of several london theatres. during the world war he serve:l as lieutenant in the r.n.v.r. grundy, sydney (1848-1914), british dramatist (see 12.640), died in london july 4 1914. his last play, a fearful joy, was published in 1908.