FOOTBALL, ASSOCIATION

the football assn. of england, having helped materially in the development of the game in europe, made a departure in 1r910 when, at the in- vitation of the south african assn., a team of amateurs and professionals was sent in may to that dominion. a successful tour carried forward the work of the corinthians, who visited south africa in 1897, 1903 and 1907. in 1920 another mixed team was dispatched to cape town. after years of preparation the commonwealth football assn. of australia arranged with the english football assn. to send out in 1925 a party of players, who were mostly professionals. the results of these excursions may be tabulated thus:— goals matches won for against 1910. south africa . . 23 23 143 16 1920. south africa. . 14 14 64 10 1925. australia ; » 25 25 139 13 such enterprises were a continuation of the policy of the foot- ball assn. to popularise the game, the dominion organisations paying the expenses and retaining all revenue. in 1917 the parent body in england presented a shield to japan to foster the game in the schools of that country, and in the years immediately fol- lowing the world war it gave challenge cups for competition to south africa, australia, new zealand and canada. to stimulate the game and to encourage english amateurism, the assn. also entered teams for the assn. football tournaments at the olympic games of 1908, 1912 and 1920, but withdrew from participation after the antwerp olympiad, as the definition of an amateur in exports, in tons, of refrigerated beef, mutton and lamb, 1oro to 19025 new south other year australia penland canada alpes argentine | uruguay brazil u.s.a cacateas total 1910 134,300 132,200 nil nil 328,800 9,900 nil 23,900 nil 629,100 1913 178,500 122,400 nil nil 412,200 30,100 nil 100 21,600 764,900 iqi7 116,500 120,100 55,000 21,100 448,700 72,300 66,400 97,900 37,500 1,035,500 1920 109,400 228,200 , 100 5,600 480,800 110,000 63,600 42,000 31,000 1,076,700 1921 95,200 212,200 4,300 1,000 456,400 82,700 61,000 12,500 45,000 970,300 1922 134,800 172,600 4,200 300 493,200 85,200 32,900 3,300 22,100 948,600 1923 114,200 149,200 4,000 400 683,800 115,200 39,500 4,100 30,400 1,140,800 1924 95,900 156,300 3,200 4,800 831,300 141,500 63,800 4,000 28,300 1,328,100 1925 148,800 165,300 4,700 9,700 775,900 147,400 44,800 700 42,600 1,339,900 dairy produce.—the exportable surplus of butter, cheese and condensed milk for the average pre-war year and 1921 and 1924 is shown below:— exports of dairy produce (in metric tons of 2,204 1b.) butter country average 1921 1924 1909-13 denmark 88,692 92,059 123,193 new zealand 17,582 45,644 64,491 netherlands 34,080 20,198 ae. 93> russia 68,172 - 22.436" australia 35,175 41,921 29,633 argentina . 3,145 25,812 29,682 hungary 3.4723 = 23,232 canada 1,720 4,142 10,135 cheese new zealand 25,202 69,537 81,003 netherlands 57,779 52,280 77 271 canada 75,567 62,224 61,707 switzerland 31,912 4,806 19,856 ean sis ok eng 27,470 7,559 33,616 condensed milk netherlands? me 775225 113,549 united states 7:349 131,416 93.446 denmark! . 2,143 17,020 32,696 switzerland? 36,532 21,239 26,411 canada 2,075 17,020 20,448 1through european boundaries. 2surplus mainly absorbed in former austrian empire. 3 average 1910-3. 4including sterilised milk. england and the practice in some other competing countries were not in unison. in roto the football assn. took another important step, as in april the rule regulating the maximum wages which could be paid to professionals by english clubs was removed. such finan- cial matters were deputed to the executives of the leagues, which thus became the controllers of all payments to professionals. the football assn. celebrated the jubilee of its existence in oct. 1913 by a banquet, and to mark the occasion endowed a benevolent fund with £5,000. during the season of 1913~4 a schism which had afflicted the game was brought to an end. as amateurs declined to co-operate in the government of all football, including professional clubs, a rupture had occurred in 1907—-8. the amateur football assn. was established and carried on a separate organisation until feb. 2 1914, when representatives of the older universities and the co- rinthians met the football assn. in conference and settled the dis- pute. the amateur football assn. became affiliated to the foot- ball assn. under the same conditions as the army football assn. and other auxiliary bodies. a momentous season was closed, king george v. attending the final match for the assn. cup at the crystal palace, london, on april 25 1914 and present- ing the trophy to burnley, who had beaten liverpool. — effect of the war.—in spite of the outbreak of the world war, the season of r91r4-5 was carried through by league clubs em- ploying professionals and therefore having legal contracts and commitments, but all the national associations cancelled their international matches, and in the spring of 1915 the football assn. took powers to suspend professionalism and all its cup competitions, although local tournaments for amateurs, for munition workers and soldiers on leave, were arranged by the 66 football league. the football assn. imposed rigid conditions, and monetary inducements for men to play football were strictly forbidden. the football assn. and the league did much to assist the red cross society, to provide comforts for the troops, and to help refugees in england. a football national war fund was founded in dec. 1917 to relieve those connected with the game who had been stricken by the misfortunes of war, cither on active service or in munition work. post-war progress —in the spring of 1919 the work of re- organisation was commenced and victory international matches were played. the season was lengthened by the addition of the last saturday in aug. in one year and the first saturday in may of the year following, and a boom in the game was experi- enced in 1919-20. king george v. attended a league match for the first time at the manchester city ground on march 27 £920 and witnessed the final match for the assn. cup at chelsea, on april 23 1921, presenting the trophy to tottenham flotspur. in the next month the football assn. entered into an agreement with the british empire exhibition to play the final tie for a term of years in the stadium at wembley. the cup competition of 1922-3 is memorable for the first entry of the corinthians and the first final played at wembley. this match between bolton wanderers, who won the cup, and west ham united attracted at least 150,000 people, the receipts being £27,776. the football assn. has also a cup which is re- stricted to amateur teams, and each year plays a charity shield match, which is quite apart from the {20,000 per annum that the clubs contribute to local charities. receipts from the practice matches in aug. are earmarked for this purpose by the foot- ball association. changes in laws.—the international football assn. board, which was established in june 1886 by the football assn., the scottish football assn., the football assn. of wales and the irish football assn., have continuously revised the laws of the game at their annual meeting in june of each year. gradually, but surely, forwards have been given more scope. in 1907 the board decided that a player is not out of play ‘‘ when he him- self is within his own half of the field of play at the moment the ball is played, or thrown in from touch by any player of the same side.””? at the meeting in 1920 it was resolved that ‘‘ no one shall be offside when a throw-in is taken.” in 1925 the board relaxed the fundamental law relating to off-side so that a player would be on-side if only two opponents were nearer their own goal than himself when the ball was last played by one of hisown side. the board determined, in 1924, that a goal may be scored from a corner kick, and a year later the player, throwing-in from touch, was ordered to stand with both feet on the ground outside the touch line and facing the field of play, so as to throw the ball in over his head with both hands in any direction. football leagues —the football league, founded by 12 clubs in 1888, expanded greatly after the world war. when the league considered the revival of the two competitions, on march to 1919, the clubs in divisions i. and it. were increased to 22 in each section. on may 31 1920 the southern league was, at its own request, absorbed by the football league and became division iii. in associate membership but without the right to vote at the annual general meetings of the league. on the same day a pro- jected northern group, a part of division iii., was sanctioned, but its formation was deferred until march 8 1921, so as to give clubs the opportunity to strengthen their playing power and se- cure financial stability. thus the league had, for the season 1921-2, not only divisions i. and ii., but both sections of di- vision iti., north and south each with 22 clubs. thus the original membership of 12 clubs had increased to 88 clubs—a powerful ‘alliance with authority to devise rules for their domestic affairs, although these must be in conformity with the rules and by- laws of the football assn. and sanctioned by the supreme body. a welsh national league, with northern and southern groups, was inaugurated in 1921-2. the scottish league, which re- mained active during the war, had a moribund second division, but in 1923-4 this was galvanised into life by the adoption of the system of promotion and relegation. the first division was football, association therefore no longer a closed corporation. the invigorated second division was supplemented by a third division, so that the clubs of england, scotland and wales became classified into groups for the first time. the irish football assn. had not the same oppor- tunity, being limited to northern ireland. the irish free state founded a governing association body and created its own cup and league competitions. international football associations la federation internationale de football association, which is composed solely of the governing body of each country play- ing the game, was formed at paris on may 21 1904, with the object of developing and controlling association international football. it grew so rapidly that, in 1910, the members included austria, belgium, denmark, england, finland, france, ger- many, hungary, italy, luxemburg, sweden and switzerland. during 1911, ireland, wales and scotland joined, and the secre- tary’s report stated that all european countries with a governing body were members except rumania. in 1912, with the argentine football assn., and the pan-russian football assn. included, the federation was recognised officially by the international olympic committee, although spain, portugal and the balkan states were not properly organised. in this year, english became the official language for minutes and correspondence, and it was decided to adhere to the laws of the game as passed by the international board of great britain. the federation was ad- mitted to this board with the right to send two delegates. dur- ing 1913, canada and chile were affliated, and when the world war broke out the federation had 26 members, including the united states. the federation was dormant during hostilities, and when it was restored to activity the british nations withdrew from mem- bership, as they declined to sit with the representatives of those countries which had been their enemies. in 1924 they rejoined on their own conditions, which were that the articles of the federation should not affect the inter-relations of the various parts of the british isles and their own autonomy. by aug. 26 1925 the federation had afhliated the governing bodies of the following: argentina, austria, belgium, brazil, bulgaria, can- ada, chile, czechoslovakia, denmark, dutch east indies, ecua- dor, egypt, england, estonia, finland, france, germany, hun- gary, ireland, irish free state, italy, latvia, lithuania, luxem- burg, netherlands, norway, paraguay, peru, poland, portugal, rumania, russia, scotland, siam, south africa, spain, sweden, switzerland, turkey, uruguay, united states, wales and yugo- slavia, with headquarters at amsterdam. at a congress held mn prague in may 1925 the following resolution was passed: ‘ the congress of the federation internationale de football assn. de- clares that it considers the federation internationale de foot- ball assn: the highest authority on all football matters, and that it cannot accept the interference or guidance of anybody else in such matters.”’ at a conference between representatives of the four associations of the british isles at liverpool on sept. 5 1925 it was decided that the federation be informed that if this reso- lution were confirmed the conference would have noalternative but to advise the associations of the united kingdom to withdraw from the federation. in nov. the president and secretary of the federation officially explained that by article 34 of its consti- tution the authority and competence of the international board were recognised and that the resolution applied only to “some powers strangers to football.” it is clear that association football has become a world game. in 1906 south africa visited south america, and in 1923 and 1924 chinese university students and a canadian combination went to australia. at the olympiad of 1go8 in london and of 1912 in stockholm, england won the international tournament. in 1920, at antwerp, england was defeated and belgium won, while in 1924, at paris, the representatives of uruguay were the victors. it has been difficult to organise comprehensive govern- ment in countries of large area, but south africa founded an association in 1892, canada in 1912, the united states in 1913 and the commonwealth of australia in 1g21. football, rugby in the united states there has been much activity to make this code pre-eminent as the fall and winter game. during 1920 an american-born team from st. louis visited scandinavia, while a scottish set of players, under the auspices of the third lanark club of glasgow, toured in canada and the united states in 1920-1. the sequel in the united states was the formation of the american soccer league with a higher standard of play than had previously obtained in that country. birtiograehy.—k. r. g. hunt, association football (1920); f. d. currie, the science of soccer (1919); a. j. weddell, unique record of league football, 1888-1904 (1904); m. shearman, football (1904); j. l. jones, a ssaciation football (1904); c. d. daly, amert- can football (1921); a. gibson and w. pickford, assoctation football and the men who iave made it (1905); f. c. r. robinson, /tistory of the queen’s park football club (1920). oi fie tiges)