DUBLIN, UNIVERSITY OF

trinity college, dublin, which constitutes the university of dublin, sent 3,042 members to the world war, of whom 456 were killed or died on active service. italian, spanish and irish form new depart- ments of study. in 1919 arrangements were made for the admis- sion of primary teachers from the church of ircland training college. in 1923 arrangements were made with the royal col- lege of science to provide teaching leading to the degrees of sc.b, (tech.), b.a.t. cmfech.) and b.a.t. (elec.). in 1925 a school of commerce was founded. a department for the training of secondary teachers in trinity college has been established. in 1920 the mode of election of fellows by examination was com- pletely altered, and a new system was adopted by which fellows might be elected for proficiency in any branch of learning. re- search prizes were instituted for honour graduates. the lecky professorship of modern history and the professorships of path- ology, bacteriology and preventive medicine were founded, as were professorships in general chemistry, plant biology, human anatomy and embryology and physiology. benefactions.—the principal benefactions received during the period 1910-26 were as follows: the historical library of w. e. h. lecky, containing over 6,000 vol., presented by mrs. lecky; £3,500 from sir j. p. griffith for the extension of trinity hall for women students; £2,500 from lord iveagh for the equipment of trinity hall; £3,000 from sir j. p. griffith to help graduates to secure permanent positions; £3,coo from sir j. p. griffith to help undergraduates; £10,000 from lord iveagh for the school of geology; £20,000 from the same donor for a new bath house in college; landed property bequeathed by mrs. lecky to endow the lecky chair of history; £10,000 from j. m. purser, m.d., for the schools of physic, natural science and experimental science. dubois, francois clement theodore (1837-1924), french musical composer (see 8.623), died in paris june rr 1924. dubois, louis ernest (1856— ), french ecclesiastic, was born at saint calais, france, sept. 1 1856. he was educated at the seminaries of precigne and mons, being ordained priest in 1879. in 1885 he became curate of notre dame de la couture at le mans, where he spent ro years and occupied himself with ecclesiastical history. after he became vicar of saint benoit in 1895, mer. de bonfils chose him as vicar-general on his ap- pointment to the bishopric of le mans. in 1901 he was appointed bishop of verdun where he was obliged to cope with the deli- cate situation which arose concerning the separation of church and state, and accomplished the task with the minimum of fric- tion. in t909 he was made archbishop of bourges, and during the world war was indefatigable in organising charitable associa- tions and relief work. after continuing his admirable work in the diocese of rouen, to which he was appointed in 1916, he was made cardinal of santa maria in aquino, rome, by pope bene- dict xv. in dec. of the same year. on the death of cardinal dublin, university of-—-dunajec-san amette in 1920, cardinal dubois was made cardinal arch- bishop of paris. duchesne, louis marie olivier (1843-1922), french scholar and ecclesiastic (sce 8.629), died in rome april 21 1922. ductless glands: see endocrinology. duluth, minn., u.s.a. (see 8.653), had a population in 1920 of 98,917, including 30,196 foreign-born, among whom swedes, norwegians, canadians and finns predominated; and in 1925, according to the census bureau estimate, of 110,502. the area was 62sq.m.in1925. thecity adopted the commission form of government in 1912, a building code in 1918, a zoning ordinance in 1925, a programme of city planning to be com- pleted in 1927, and enlarged and co-ordinated its fine system of parks, boulevards and playgrounds (over 2,000 ac. by 19258). the duluth-superior harbour handled its maximum tonnage in 1923 (59,274,812 short tons, 62% more than in roto), ranking second among american ports. in 1925 there were 22 coal docks, nine iron ore docks and 27 grain elevators. there were also a cement elevator three shipyards and 43 wharves for gen- eral freight. dunajec-san, battles of the.—the dunajec and san rivers, which, rising in the carpathians, flow northwards across galicia to join the vistula on the polish border, mark the first two stages of the great austro-german offensive of 1915. austro-german plans —by the end of march rors the aus- trian armies in the carpathians were on the verge of collapse un- der pressure of the persistent russian attacks (see carpathians, battles in tie); and it became obvious to falkenhayn, who directed german strategy, that the available reserves of ger- many must be used in the east to bolster up her principat ally. he had no intention of dispersing these reserves in purely de- fensive measures, and judged the time opportune to deal russia a blow which would paralyse her offensive power for many months, if not permanently. the franco-british attacks during march had given him a gauge by which to measure the defensive strength required in the west. ile decided that troops could safely be withdrawn for the russian front. he had also arrived at a just appreciation of the seriousness of russia’s shortage of reinforcements and of munitions. not only were all formations much under establishment, but there were no available reserves either of trained men or of rifles; the stock of shells was almost exhausted, the output of the home factorics was entirely inade- quate and munitions from abroad could only arrive slowly. russia’s situation invited attack. having decided on an offensive, falkenhayn had to choose between enveloping operations from the flanks or a_break- through attack. the poor railway communications to the car- pathians and the disorganisation existing in that region as a consequence of the long winter battle excluded an operation from that flank. an enveloping movement from the northern flank— ludendorff’s favourite project—would be too distant to in- fluence immediately the critical situation in the carpathians. falkenhayn determined on a break-through attack cast of cracow between the carpathians and the upper vistula. this point of attack appears well chosen. no great obstacle would be met till the line of the san was reached; the vistula would afford some protection to the left flank of the advance; and a success would immediately iniluence the carpathian situation. moreover, the enemy’s line on the selected front of attack was weakly held. disposition of forces—the russian thi. army, which in jan. held from the vistula-dunajec junction to about gorlice in the carpathian foothills only, had extended its front during the carpathians battle. it now reached to about meze6 laborcz, southeast of the dukla pass, a total front of over 100 miles. it comprised a fighting wing and a defensive wing. the left wing, which had been engaged in the last great offensive of the car- pathians battle, consisted of four corps, all somewhat exhausted. the right, the defensive wing, on which the blow was to fall, had been weakened by the withdrawal of one corps to the ix. army in the bukowina and by the transfer of another corps to the left, the fighting wing; it now contained two corps only, holding a duncan—dunsany front of 50 to 60 miles. the right corps, the ix., held the lower dunajec, from its junction with the vistula to south of tarnew; the other, the x., extended between tuchew and gorlice. these two corps had bcen sitting inactive opposite the aus- trian iv. army all winter; and the dispositions they had made were calculated for defence against austrians, not germans. consequently there were neither sufficient rear lines nor alter- native gun emplacements. the army had only a single corps in reserve, the iii. caucasian. the russian army commander was radko-dimitriev. he had some ability and was a gallant fighter, but seems to have distinguished himself more as a corps commander than as an army commander. the german xi. army, the spear point of the offensive, con- sisted of eight german divisions from the western front, two austrian divisions and a cavalry division. it was assembled with great secrecy behind the right of the austrian iv. army, opposite the russian x. corps. its commander was mackensen, who had led the ledz offensive at the end of 1914 (see l6pz-cracow) and was to win further fame by his victories in serbia and rumania. the austrian iv. army was placed under him in addition to his xi. army. he himself was subordinate to the austrian high command. mackensen’s attack —the preliminary bombardment began on may 1 and was continued during the forenoon of the and. it was carried out by 1,500 guns of all calibres, and left the russians powerless. mackensen’s army swept over the shattered trenches of the x. corps, meeting with little resistance, and pressed forward in the direction of rzesz6w and jaroslaw. the austrian iv. army forced the ix. corps from its line on the lower dunajec. the austrian ii. and ili. armies in the car- pathians also began. a forward move. there followed five days of hard fighting, but the russians were unable to stem the tide. radko-dimitriev’s reserve corps attacked gallantly but fruit- lessly; his left wing had to yield the dukla pass and the hard-won gains of the april offensive. an attempt to stand on the line of the wislok river and the lupkew pass failed before renewed austro-german attacks on may 8. brusilov’s viii. army was now also involved in the retreat; and a few days later the left wing of the iv. army north of the vistula had to retire from the line of the nida. the russians now decided to check their foes on the strong line of the river san, with the fortress of przemysl to support their left centre, and the dniester marshes to protect their left flank. mackensen’s army, however, reached jaroslaw on may 14, stormed the bridge-head next day and established itself east of the san. it extended its gains to sieniawa on the following days and threatened to jeopardise the whole russian position on the san. but the impetus of the attack had spent itself for the mo- ment and the russians were given a breathing space. strong reinforcements were being hurried up to them, but their losses had been enormous, over 170,000 in prisoners alone. new russtan line.—the russian iii. army now held the line of the san (except for the breach made by mackensen opposite jaros‘aw) as far south as radymno; thence the viii. army con- tinued the line past przemysl to the dniester marshes near sambor. the xi. army was on a line northwest and southeast of stryj. in the bukowina the ix. army had started a counter- offensive, but had made i'ttle progress. north of the vistula on the right of the iii. army, the line of the iv. army ran from the pilica river by radom-i1za-opatew. further austro-german attacks. —the second stageof the fight- ing began with an attack by mackensen’s forces on may 24, which forced the line of the san at and about radymno and thrust southeast towards the przemysl-lemberg railway. the austrians simultaneously attacked przemyesl from the south, but made little progress. the russians now made a counter-stroke on sieniawa, north of jaroslaw, with the iii. caucasian corps. this gallant corps stormed the austrian positions and caused a temporary set-back to mackensen’s plans. at the same time, heavy attacks were made on the austrian iv. army further north. but the odds against the russians were too heavy; they had little or no ammunition for their guns and practically no heavy s8i artillery at all; their counter-attacks were made with little or no artillery preparation; even rifle ammunition was not plentiful. before combined attacks of the german xi. and austrian it. and iii. armies, przemy$l fell on june 3; and the line here had to be withdrawn to about gredek. the line of the lower san, north of sieniawa, was held till june 11, when mackensen, who had received reinforcements, attacked again and forced the whole of the san line, the russians, retiring to the last line of defence west of lemberg. (see lemberg, battles of.) operations in the southeast—meanwhile, during the last week of may and first two weeks of june, battles were being fought further to the east and south, opposite stryj and along the lines of the dniester and prut. at stryj the russian xat. army (shcherbachev) faced linsingen’s southern army; on the dniester and prut lechitski’s ix. army was opposed to pflanzer- baltin’s group. the result of both battles was the same. in spite of their repeated counter-attacks the russians had to give ground, by the middle of june the russian losses in galicia since the beginning of mackensen’s offensive included nearly 400,000 pris- oners, over 300 guns and much other material. their losses in killed and wounded had also been exceedingly heavy, for they had counter-attacked repeatedly with little artillery support. the russians were in fact paying in flesh and blood for their lack of modern equipment. the dominance of his heavy artil- lery was the chief factor in mackensen’s success; the russians had none with which to oppose it. the lesson should have been clear enough, yet a year later the rumanians entered the war to pass through the same bitter experience as the russians. (see eastern european front.) | birnrrogrrapny.—f. von falkenhayn, general headquarters 1914-16, and its critical decisions (1919); sir a. knox, with the russian army 1914-17 (1921). (see also world war: bibliography.) (a, p. w.) duncan, isadora (1878- ), american dancer, was born in san francisco, cal., may 27 1878, and was educated there, receiving a special training in music. in 1890, she made her first public appearance as a dancer. in 1895 she went to chicago, and subsequently joined augustin daly’s company in new york, taking dancing rdles. in 1899 she went to london, where she was enthusiastically received, and made tours throughout the principal capitals and art centres of europe. in 1904 she estab- lishect a school for classical dancing near berlin, where she com- menced the training of the girls who later became known as the duncan dancers. in 1923 she accepted an invitation of the soviet government to establish a school of dancing in moscow. on her return she took up her residence in paris (see ballet). dundee, scotland (see 8.674), wth a population of 168,315 in 1921 and estimated at 169,600 in 1923, is the third largest city in scotland. broughty ferry, a considerable town four miles to the east, was added to the borough in 1913. the large factory population, together with the number of high tenement build- ings, has given rise to slum conditions with which the municipal- ity was in 1925 endeavouring to cope by means of housing schemes. the area of the borough is 6,548 acres. ground containing the ruins of mains castle and part of the estate given by sir james caird in 1911 were opened as caird park in 1923. a technical college was opened in 1910, and a training college in 1920; and in 1915 the central reading rooms and sculpture galleries in ward street were finished. a city hall has been built on the green market, a quadrangle con- taining the old town house; the latter has been preserved, though the buildings on each side of it have been cleared away. a war memorial in the shape of an obelisk has been erected on the top of law hill. dunsany, edward john moreton drax plunkett, 18th baron (1878- ), irish dramatist, was born in london on july 24 1878. he was educated at eton and sandhurst, and succeeded his father as 18th baron dunsany in 1899. entering the coldstream guards, he served in the boer war, and, in the royal inniskilling fusiliers, in the world war. asa playwright, he first attracted attention with the glittering gate, produced 882 in dublin, 1909; the best of his other plays, which are inspired by an exotic fantasy and expressed in richly coloured language, are the gods of the mountain (1911), a night at an inn (1916), if (1921) and alexander and other plays (1925). he has also written numerous tales in similar style, to be found in, among other volumes: the gods of pegana (1905); the sword of wel- leran (1908); tales of wonder (1916); and the chronicles of rodriguez (1922); evil kettle (1926); old king’s tale (1926). duplicating machine: see office appliances. du pont, thomas coleman (1863- ), american manu- facturer and politician, was born at louisville, ky., dec. 11 1863. educated at the massachusetts institute of technology, he entered the kentucky coal and iron mining industries in 1883, operating on a large scale. in 1900 he removed to wilmington, del., being interested in the e. j. du pont de nemours powder co., of which corporation he was president rq902-15. having been appointed senator in july 1921, in place of josiah o. wol- cott, who had resigned, he failed to secure election on the repub- lican ticket in 1922, but was successful in 1924. ile built a con- crete motor highway at a cost of $4,000,000 in the state of dela- ware, and made a gift of it to the state. his cousin, pierre samuel du pont (1870- ), having graduated from the massachusetts institute of technology in 1890, engaged in manufacturing at wilmington, becoming chair- man of the board of the e. i. du pont de nemours powder co., and also chairman of the general motors corporation, an organi- sation consisting of 28 major manufacturing operations, 27 sales organisations and 8 miscellaneous companies, the principal busi- ness of which is the manufacture of motor cars, accessories and parts. the e. i. du pont co., the business of which was orig- inally confined to the making of explosives, under his guidance, extended its activities to include the manufacture of artificial silk, motion picture films, paints and varnishes. dupuy, charles alexandre (1851-1923), french states- man (see 8.690), died at isle-sur-la-tete july 23 1923. durban, natal, south africa (see 8.696).—in 1921 the population was 146,310, of whom 57,095 were whites and 47,811 asiatics (nearly all indians). in 1911 the population was 78,072 (whites 34,882). it is the most compact of south african cities, the borough covering only 12 square miles. its prosperity depends upon its port (port natal); since 1910 it has become a manu- facturing centre and a leading holiday resort. chief among modern buildings are the town hall, opened in 1910, and the law courts. the latter face the victoria em- bankment, a fine thoroughfare along bay beach, i.e., the bay of natal. at the point, overlooking the eastern entrance to the harbour, an equestrian statue of dick king, commemorative of his great ride to seek help for the infant settlement, was erected in r915. a memorial to durban citizens who fell in the world war was unveiled in the public gardens in 1926. from occan beach a semicircular pier, over 900 ft. long, encloses a bathing place free from sharks. ocean beach, with its esplanade and park and fine hotels, forms the chief attraction during the dur- ban winter season (may to sept.) when the mean maximum temperature is 76° f. for horse-racing fixtures durban ranks only second to johannesburg among the cities of south africa. a wireless station, the first in south africa, was opened in 1910. in 1925 a site of 50 ac. was selected for a university for natal. vessels are constantly engaged in dredging the bar at the en- trance to the harbour; the lowest depth of water at the entrance is 36 ft. the minimum depth at the quayside varics from 23 to 34 feet. there were by 1925 three miles of wharfage and the harbour is equipped with every facility for the rapid loading and unloading of ships. some 300 ac. of land have been reclaimed at congella, at the northeast end of the harbour and here on june 4 1925 the prince of wales opened a new graving dock, the second largest in the world, being 1,159 ft. long and 138 ft. wide at the entrance. shipping.—the bunkering and export of coal, an industry made profitable by the nearness of the natal coal-fields, made durban by 1013 the chief cargo-handling port of south africa. while the amount of coal bunkered, 1,395,000 tons in 1910 and 1,226,000 tons in 1924, tended to decrease, the coal exports duplicating machine—duse rose steadily, being 57,000 tons in 1910 and 1,502,000 tons in 1924. in 1923 the cargo handled at durban totalled 3,592,000 tons as against 1,907,000 tons for all the other ports of the union combined. the tonnage of shipping entering durban, 3,944,000 in 1913 was 3,959,000 in 1923. owing to the scarcity of shipping there had been a sharp drop to 2,155,000 tons in 1918. (fp rec.) durham, university of (sce 8.709).—by the university of durham act,.1908 (8 edw. vii. c. 20), the university was re- constituted by commissioners appointed under the act. it now consists of the durham division and the newcastle division. the latter is composed of the college of medicine and armstrong college, though each of these exists at present as a separate unit, with its own constitution and government. the durham colleges, university college, hatficld college, st. chad’s college, st. john’s college, st. mary’s college (women) and three residential colleges form also a unit, controlled by the council of the durham colleges. certain professors are known as professors of the uni- versity, while others are known as professors in the university. canonries in durham cathedral are attached to the professor- ships of divinity and greek. the system and life in durham are broadly similar to those of oxford and cambridge. the new- castle division more closely resembles the modern urban uni- versities. proctorial administration is carried on by two proctors, one for each division, nominated annually by the senate and appointed by the chancellor, since 1908 the university of durham has made great progress. the numbers of matriculated students has more than doubled. seven new professorships and six readerships have been estab- lished in durham, five new professorships in the college of medi- cine, and seven professorships and four readerships in armstrong college, while the number of lectureships in all subjects has been very greatly increased. among other developments may be noted the well-equipped science laboratories, and a department of education in durham, the bacteriological department in con- nection with the college of medicine, and the school of law at armstrong college. the durham colleges possess an astronomical laboratory, while armstrong college has a model farm at cockle park, and a marine biological institute at cullercoats. a new library to contain 200,000 books is being built at armstrong college. among recent benefactions may be noted the union buildings, the sports ground at newcastle and scholarships. duse, eleonora (1859-1924), italian actress, belonged to a family of actors from chioggia, near venice. her grandfather, luigi duse, a celebrated actor of goldoni plays, created the 18th century venetian masque of giacometto, round which a whole dialect repertory turned. born on a tour in lombardy, oct. 3 1859, eleonora duse was carried to her christening at vigevano in a gilt theatrical property-box; some austrian soldiers pre- sented arms, thinking it was a reliquary. she acted the part of cosette in les miserables at the age of four in a booth at chi- oggia. at verona she played julict when just 14, and drew public attention by her love of flowers and the use she made cf them in her art. the incident is always referred to as ‘‘ the device of the roses ’’ (la trovata delle rose). about this time her mother, to whom she was passionately attached, died, and thrown on her own resources, often in dire poverty, she passed from one travelling company to another, eventually reaching fame through sheer hard work no less than by genius and the exceptional beauty of her speaking voice. she acted in alcibiades of felice cavallotti, in orfeo of alfieri, and took the part of shakespeare’s ophelia with success. she gained wider recognition in 1878 when, one night at naples, she was called upon suddenly to take the leading part in les fourcham- bault by augier. in the following year, after securing a real triumph in the part of zola’s therese raquin, cesare rossi engaged her for his famous company as primu diva and she added la princesse de bagdad to her repertory. a memorable year was 1882: she saw sarah bernhardt act at turin in la dame aux camelias of dumas fils, and felt inspired to give her own inter- pretation of marguerite gautier—“ fille galante, extremement distinguee,” a character which both actresses idealised. the duse frenchwoman, less realistic and temperamental, possessed a more subtle style; but, in certain scenes, the passionate almost volcanic powers of the duse admitted of no rival. the greatest triumph, perhaps, in her career was gained in this part, and she was induced to actit in paris in 1897, when the parisians were taken by storm, sarah bernhardt leading the applause. she also acted in frou frou and la femme de claude. her afagda, in the opinion of sudermann the author, was never surpassed. in the character of mirandolina (la locandiera of goldoni) she also showed a remarkable gift for light comedy. she created the character of santuzza in la cavalleria rusticana, given for the first time in 1884, and such was her success that verga said the play belonged as much to her as to him. her acting during all this period was characterised by realism devoid of any excess; hers was the highest kind of romantic realism which had passed through the flame of intense feeling. coquelin the elder said of her: *‘ no one draws from humanity as she does; she is passionately beautiful and great.’”’ “‘o grande amatrice,” exclaimed d’annunzio after witnessing a love scene in la dame aux camelias. her own words still further help to explain her vivid and varied personality: “‘ how i have loved life!’ she wrote to a friend, and again: ‘‘ there are a thousand women within me, and each one makes me suffer in turn.” although duse was noted for her exceptional naturalness, spurn- ing certain mechanical rules of the stage, and showing unerring artistic instinct, she was by no means guided only byimpulse. her spontaneous art was built upon a careful structure, and no actress had a greater capacity for taking pains. she brooded over her characters, which became so much part of herself that she could not act certain plays on two consecutive nights; and, during the run of a season, she withdrew herself entirely from friends and family. eleonora duse was a woman of wide culture; her intellectual life had been greatly influenced early in life through a close friendship with arrigo boito, the composer, whose sound criti- cism proved of considerable value to her art. the books she steeped herself in included the writings of pascal; keats; and thomas a kempis; the letters of st. catherine of siena; the confessions of st. augustine and l’ action by maurice blondel. essentially religious by nature, she was untouched by organised religion. she travelled a great deal both for her profession and for pleasure: matilde serao called her “ the impassioned pilgrim.” she had no fixed home; the nearest approach to one was her summer house at asolo. she lived simply but spent large sums on producing plays and in financing her company of actors whom she would sometimes keep idle for long spells on account of health. she made her first appearance in paris in 1884; went to london and new york in 1893 and to moscow in 1892 and 1897, and to egypt. she always particularly liked acting in vienna. her restless, soaring spirit eventually grew weary of dumas and augier, finding in la dame aux camelias alone “ a thread of gold to hold together the string of false pearls ’; and, towards middle age, the duse turned definitely to poetry and “ les oeuvres de pensee.”” in 1896 she commissioned panzacchi to translate l’ abbesse de houarre, which she acted in rome with so much success that renan wrote her a letter full of praise and gratitude. at this time she passed under the spell of the later works of lbsen, to be closcly followed by the aestheticism of d’annunzio. in the scandinavian dramatist she saw the poct more vividly than the scourger of society. ellida, the lady from the sea, with whom she felt some affinity, was her favourite heroine. ibsen was not altogether satisfied with her interpretation of hedda gabler; he is reported to have said as he left the theatre: “‘ she believes hedda to be a neurotic, but she is absolutely wrong.” her life-consuming friendship with d’annunzio began in 1897; they parted in 1902, only to meet 18 years later at a patriotic gathering in milan. d’annunzio immortalised their friendship in fuoco, the novel of the lagoons, incorporating many of her letters and sayings. la cittd moria he had dedicated to sarah bernhardt; la gioconda he wrote for ‘‘ eleonora duse of the beautiful hands,’ and wrote many other plays under her enthusi- astic inspiration. she took up the cause of d’annunzio as a 883 dramatist with almost mystic exaltation, and threw all her energies into trying to found a theatre which was to be a d’annunzio bayreuth for the glory of a pure art. a site was offered to her on the shores of lake albano, near the baths of diana, but to her grief the scheme fell through, chiefly because the public did not recognise the real duse in the drama of d’annunzio. la gloria was hissed at naples in 1898 and no better success attended sogno di un maitino di primavera, but she won some applause for francesca di rimini in 1902. undaunted, the duse insisted upon acting only the plays of d’annunzio when she went to america in 1902-3 with ermete zacconi, and, in spite of financial losses, she refused to revive old favourites. some people think that d’annunzio had an enervating effect upon her art, and that her recitation tended towards monotony; while, in the opinion of others, her style lost rough edges and gained in classical grandeur, and her general culture was enriched. at the height of her fame in 1909, eleonora duse definitely left the stage, mainly on account of health. she suffered from asthma and exhaustion. the last performance was given at berlin in the lady from the sca, which she described as her swan song. she felt she had been a worthy interpreter of ibsen that night, adding with characteristic modesty: ‘‘ but i may be wrong.” for twelve years she retired into private life. but, owing to pecuniary losses arising out of the world war, she had to face the necessity of returning to the stage. after much anxious thought she accepted collaboration once more with ermete zacconi, appearing at turin in 1921 in the lady from the sea. ‘“t only want to act the part of mothers,” she said, “ women without age, creatures of eternity, like ellida and so many heroines of the great ibsen... . no wigs, they must accept me with my white hair.”” they did, and eleonora duse found that she had conquered the world a second time. apart from the question of money difficulties, it is clear from letters and pub- lished conversations with friends that a desire to do something for italy acted as an incentive to work at this time. animated by a passionate desire to participate in the joys and sorrows of her fellow creatures, she strove to teach “‘ the good and beauty of life’ to a world devastated by a spirit of violence, which was abhorrent to her nature. for the purpose of this spiritual cru- sade, and also for the benefit of young authors, she tried to found an italian theatre—teairo det giovani. she complained that her scheme was not supported by the government, but her ideas were vague and perhaps, too, time was not ripe for the venture. this, the last period in her career, was marked rather by a wonderful revival of her youthful genius, rather than by any new creations or change of style. she continued to play ibsen, d’annunzio and la porta chiusa of marco praga, and risked popularity, as well as loss of money, by producing a new play, cosi sid by gallarati scotti. it was killed on its first appearance in rome in jan. 1922, so far as iialy was concerned. the play was written round a mother’s prayer and vow to the madonna, a fine fragment which appealed to the duse, who interpreted it as a symbol of enduring human love and sacrifice. after touring italy she made her last appearance in london in june 1923 when she acted to far fuller houses than in the heyday of her glory. she courageously accepted a tour in america the following spring, where she also received a triumphal reception. but her health was broken, and often she had to be revived with oxygen after a performance, though her vitality never gave out during the play. the long journeys and the cold proved too great a strain upon her smail reserve of strength; the mild climate of california revived her and she wished to stay longer, but an inexorable theatrical agent urged her forward, and she died from the results of a chill at pittsburgh on april 21 1924 at the age of 64. she was pitifully anxious not to die far away from italy, and gave feverous orders, almost with her last breath, to pack up guickly so as to catch the boat home. italian emigrants knelt on the quay as her coffin was lowered on to the battleship ‘‘ duilio ”’ at new york, and national mourning was proclaimed in italy. her countrymen desired to see her laid at rest with other illustrious italians in santa croce at florence, but they respected her wishes to be quietly buried at asolo. 884 brpiiocrarny.—gordon craig, ‘to madame eleonora duse,”’ the mask, vol. 1 (march 1908); ricardo artufh, ‘‘ la duse inedita,”’ la stampa (vurin, may 4 1924, april 21 1926); gemma ferrugeia, la nostra vera duse (milan, 1924); cesare levi, ‘ la duse,”’ 7e libro det giorne (milan, 1924); pompieo mantegari, j comici italiani, veliquie memorie (milan, 1924); marco praga, cronache teatrali (milan, 1924); v. talli, ‘‘ eleonora duse,’”’ la letizra (milan, june i 1924); e. schneider, eleonora duse (paris, 1925). (l. wa.)