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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1926)",
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    "chunk_id": "1926:democratic party:fef9f4668140",
    "title": "DEMOCRATIC PARTY",
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    "verified_text": "by the election of 1912 the democratic party placed woodrow wilson in the presidency, and gained conirol of the senate. two years earlier it had won a majority in the house of representatives. the republican defeat in the congressional elections of rg1o portended the progressive party split under roosevelt, and a consequent period of divided counsels and national impotence. delisle—democratigc party wilson's leadership.—the advent to power of the demo- cratic party under the compelling leadership of wilson in all branches of the iederal govt. (except the supreme court, which, for ordinary partisan purposes, need not be considered) was followed by an impressive list of legislative enactments. among the more important of these were the underwood act, which revised the tariff downward and imposed an income tax, and the federal reserve act, which re-organised the banking system of the country. in 1914 the trust problem was dealt with by the clayton act and the establishment of a federal trade commission. this halcyon period of democratic control was brought to an end by the imbroglio with the revolutionary government in mexico and by the outbreak of the world war, which diverted the attention of the american people from domestic reforms to foreign relations. the campaign of 1916.—as the campaizn of 1916 approached it became apparent that the breach which had divided re- publicans and progressives since 1912 was to be closed. charles fe... hughes (¢.v.), who received the republican nomination for the presidency, had the support of roosevelt, a support which, considering the candidate’s more cautious attitude on the war, was given perhaps too belligerently. the democrats renom- inated wilson; their platform, in accordance with the usual party practice of the “‘ ins,” being one long paean of praise of the achievements of the administration. the republican platform roundly condemned the legislative activities of the democrats, with the single exception of the federal reserve act. president wilson’s policy on mexican and european troubles was de- nounced as vacillating. both parties declared for preparedness and peace, but there was one particular passage in the demo- cratic platform praising the president who has “ kept us out of war” which played a considerable part in the campaign. un- fortunately for the republicans, the country (in spite of the underwood low tariff as they saw it) was prosperous, both agri- culture and industry being drawn upon heavily for war orders. the election of 1916 was exceedingly close, but wilson won by 277 10 254 votes in the electoral college, his plurality over hughes in a popular vote of 20,000,000 being less than 600,000. the war period —during the participation of the united states in the world war “ politics were adjourned,” superficially at least. nevertheless intense partisan rivalries were being generated beneath the surface. the spark which caused their explosion was president wilson’s appeal of oct. 24 1918 for the return of a democratic majority to both the senate and the iiouse of representatives. it was bitterly condemned by leaders of the republican party, and in the november election the latter gained control of the hiouse by 46 votes, and of the senate by a plurality of one. a long-drawn-out controversy ensued between president wilson and the senate over the versailles treaty and the proposed entry of the united states into the league of nations, the latter becoming the paramount issue in the campaign of 1920. the democratic platform of that year favoured the league; the republican platform proposed az inter- national associition insteuk of the league of nations. other influences largely affected the vote: discontent over the new burdens and taxes, the industrial dislocations and high cost of living caused by the war, also the national antipathics of foreign-born citizens, which had been greatly exacerbated by the european struggle. elections of 1920 and 192.4.—in the presidential election of 1920 the democratic candidate, gov. j. m. cox of ohio, was defeated by an unprecedented majority. with the inauguration of pres- ident harding the republicans resumed control of all branches of the federal government. during the campaign of 1924 the democrats sought to capitalise administrative scandals of a grave nature which had occurred in the departments of the navy, interior and justice. they were severely handicapped, however, by the fight which broke out on the floor of the new york convention between klan and anti-klan factions; also by the bitter rivalries between aspirants for the nomination, as a result of which it became necessary to take 103 ballots before john w. davis of west virginia was nominated. the campaign de morgan—denmark of 1924 was further complicated by the emergence of the pro- gressive party under la folleite. president coolidge, who had succeeded upon the death of harding in 1923, received the republican nomination, and was successful by a majority of 233 in the electoral college and of 2,co0,000 in a total popular vote of nearly 30,000,000. in the 69th congress, which was elected at the same time, the democratic strength was again slightly reduced, the number of the adherents of that party being, in 1926, 40 in the senate and 183 in the house of representatives. bibliography.—robert c. brooks, political partics and electoral problems (1923); arthur n. vlolcombe, political parties of today (1924); charles e. merriam, the american party system (1922). de morgan, william frend (1839-1017), british novelist (see 8.10), died in london jan. 15 r917. his later novels include an affair of dishonour (1910); a likely story (1912); when ghost meets ghost (1914). in 1919 the old madhouse was published posthumously. his last but unfinished novel, the old man’s youth, was published, with additions by his widow, in 1921i. denby, edwin (1870- ), american politician, was born at evansville, ind., feb. 18 1870 and was educated there. in 1883 he went to china and entered the chinese imperial mari- time customs service. he returned 10 america in 1894 and, after graduating from the law school of the university of michigan in 1896 was admitted to the bar, and practised in detroit. on the outbreak of the spanish-american war in 18908 he entered the navy. later he was a member of the michigan mouse of rep- resentatives. from 1905 to 1911 he was a member of congress and served as chairman of the house committee on naval affairs. when america entered the world war in 1917 he enlisted in the marine corps. in dec. 1920 he was appointed probation officer of the detroit municipal courts. in 1921 he was appointed secretary of the navy by president harding, and resigned this office march 10 1924, following a senatorial resolution urging the president to demand his retirement, be- cause of his connection with the leasing of naval oil reserves at teapot dome. deniker, joseph (1852-1918), french naturalist (see 8.21), died in paris march 18 1918. denikin, anton (1872- ), russian soldier, was born in humble circumstances dec. 4 1872. ife entered the russian army in 1887, and during the world war rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. after the outbreak of the revolution he fol- lowed kornilov and was arrested and imprisoned with him in bykova. they escaped together and fled to the caucasian shore of the black sea. there they joined alexeyev, who was forming a small army of volunteers to fight the bolsheviks. after korni- lov’s death on march 31 1918, denikin became military comman- der of the army, whilst alexeyev was chosen “‘ supreme leader” and organised recruiting and supplies. they successfully estab- lished contact with a caucasian detachment led by erdeli, with the don cossacks under krasnov, and some 2,000 men led by drozdovsky. by june the army counted some 12,000 men, and was able to attempt the reconquest of the kuban territory. on aug. 5 gen. alexcyev entered ekaterinodar. by the middle of sept. the army had increased to 60,000 men. on sept. 25 alexeyev died and denikin took his place. the revolt of siberia and eastern russia against the bolsheviks made victory possible for denikin in the south. stavropol was taken after a struggle and 35,000 of the bolshevik army surrendered or were killed. at the beginning of 1919 denikin was at his zenith. after much discussion and many intrigues it was decided that for the conduct of the south russian govt. a “ special council ”’ should be formed combining legislative and executive functions. most of its members were generals of the headquarters staff. the government, however, did not succeed in achieving popularity. denikin regarded the assembly as a consultative organisation only. he insisted upon keeping military restoration and the liberation of moscow from the bolsheviks to the fore. at first his plans met with success, but his “ white”? armies by their drastic requisition of all available supplies and their failure to put an end to brigandage alienated the sympathies of the s4i people. the movement for an independent kuban republic in the southwest gained in force, and this hastened the disintegra- tion of denikin’s army. meanwhile, largely owing to the relent- less discipline introduced by trotsky, the bolshevik resistance had stiffened. at the beginning of nov. 1919 budenny’s cavalry broke through the ‘‘ white” lines at kupyansk and a general retreat setin. at the eleventh hour denikin endeavoured to win back the cossacks—don kuban, tecek, astrakhan—by promis- ing a new government on federal lines, but to no purpose. early in 1920 budenny retook ekatcerinodar and rostov, the volunteer army dissolved and denikin himself fled to constantinople. denis, maurice (1870- __+), french painter, was born at granville, france, nov. 25 1870. although at first a disciple of gauguin, he gave up symbolism in order to devote himself to decorative painting, following the example of the great italian fresco painters of the 15th century. his most remarkable works are in the sphere of religious art, and mural decorations of this kind are to be seen in the churches of le vesinet and of st. paul at geneva as well as in the priory chapel at saint-germain- en-laye. maurice denis decorated the ceiling of the champs- elysees theatre, paris; he has also illustrated numerous works including a translation of the little flowers of st. francis; and has published two volumes t/eortes, t8s90-roro. du symobolisme ef de gauguin vers un nouvel ordre classique (1912); and neu- velles theories sur part moderne, sur part sacre, 1914-1921 (10922). denison, george taylor (1830-1925), canadian soldicr and publicist (see 8.22), died at toronto june 6 1925.",
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