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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1926)",
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    "verified_text": "modern scientific research has led to remarkable progress in the technical side of dairying. <agri- culture, physiology, veterinary medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, bacteriology, mechanics, alimentation and sociology have been drawn upon in turn, with the results already seen at the last international dairying congress at washington (oct. 2- io 1923), at the international cattle breeding congress at sche- veningen (aug. 28-sept. 4 1923), and at the international dairy- ing congress in paris (may 17-19 1926). the following are some of the sections in which progress can be reported :— milk recording—the keeping of careful records as to the quantity and quality of the milk produced has inaugurated a new era in the improvement of dairy herds. the system was first put into practice in denmark, germany, england, holland, switzerland and the united states, but an enquiry undertaken by the international institute of agriculture shows that it has become general in progressive agricultural countries. the work of the milk and butter recording societies has facilitated the decision of certain very important points with regard to the selection of breeding animals. the study and analysis by gowen, kroon, frateur, leroy, white, per tuff, van de plank and others of the ‘lata given in the herd books has made it possible to state definitely :— 1. that the production of milk and butter does not increase in- definitely with the increase in the ration, but reaches a fixed maxi- mum according to the individual capacity of the animal; 2. that the fat content of the milk of a given cow remains constant during her entire milking period; 3, that hereditary milk and butter yielding qualities are com- patible with the production at an carly age of a well developed frame bearing meat of good quality; 4. that these qualities are transmitted to the following generation, by the male equally with the female, and that it is therefore possible to produce a breeding bull, which would be the sire of a line of milk and butter givers; and 5. that if rationing is carried on on scientific lines, the animals with mediocre yields may be eliminated from reproduction, and those with high yields selected and bred in to carry on the herd. heredity —the evolution of ideas on the doctrine of variation and selection has brought out the extreme importance of the individual in selection and the necessity of careful investigation of his or her qualities both from the point of view of breeding and rearing anc from that of heredity. by this must be under- stood the estimation of the points of an animal, of their value from the breeding point of view and of the measure in which the hereditary disposition towards those points can be trans- mitted with certainty to the descendants, together with the probable reaction of this hereditary disposition to environment. careful consideration must therefore be given to:— 1. the animals as individuals; 2. the information to be had with regard to their heredity, and their milk production; and 3. the following up and the appraisement of their descendants. in this manner there has been created a new system of im- proving our dairy herds; 7.¢., selection according to the results furnished by milk-recording, the examination into ancestry and the estimation of progeny. thus arises the importance of the information derived from pedigrees. this question of the herd books has been closely studied by wibbens, baashuus, jessen, seymour, marcq, jaroslaw, krizenecky, peters, van damme and by many american investigators, who have gone carefully into the available information and figures. it would seem desirable that these herd books should be kept on an tn- ternational system, so that the information given with regard to individual animals should be as complete and recorded as much on the same lines as possible. a close study of the mendelian theories has decisively proved that a hereditary disposition towards most of the different morphological and physiological qualities remains an inde- pendent factor in the development and that, by a fixed law, the dairying new hereditary attributes introduced by a cross undergo in the following generation a sort of segregation. this leads to a con- clusion which is very important from the point of view of animal breeding; i.c., the theoretical possibility of a systematic com- bination of characteristics and qualities formerly diffused among different races and different hereditary types. we realise, in short, the possibility and even the most practicable method of creating by means of crosses, ncw hereditary types, and even new races. it has also been proved that the method of reproduction by in-breeding, leads automatically to the increase of hereditary predisposition and that it results in the definite fixing of the desired strain. the undesirable consequences of in-breeding which show themselves particularly in the new bovine races, and in those in which it has not formerly been practised, may be immediately neutralised by the introduction of an out-cross. with regard to the various tables or notations employed to determine the intensity of the in-breeding, wright’s coefficient of reproduction is probably the best, since it shows the exact stage of in-breeding reached. | feeding. —the researches of fjord, hansson, nills, fingerling, j. wilson, barron morrison, etc., have made it possible to com- pare in detail the different systems of estimation from the point of view of production, of the various constituents of a given ration. the scandinavian unit of nutrition, the starch equiva- lent of kellner and armsby’s therms, must all be taken into con- sideration in any attempt to arrive at the essential nutritive value of a food-stuff. it has been proved that the productive value of a ration does not depend only on the animal and on the kind of production required, but also on the amount of assimt- lable protein, minerals and vitamines which the food contains. it is also influenced by the dietetic action of the particular blend, its flavour, its composition and by the quantity of the daily ration, as compared with the amount normally necessary to support life. the figures into which the intrinsic value for ration are translated are thus merely mean figures, which show the relative value, taking into account the kind of production that is required. the discovery made by c. eykmann and a. g. voderman of the connection between the composition of decorticated rice and multiple neuritis in poultry and that between the composi- tion of decorticated rice and beri-beri; that of axel, holst and frohlich with regard to the connection between scurvy and the diet; that made by hopkins, mccollum, wendel and osborne concerning fat and water soluble factors (vitamines); the work of hart, mueller, zilva, golding, drummond, steenbock, eckles, etc., on indispensable growth factors; and, finally, the discovery (to which the germans zuntz, voeltz, morgen, windheuser and ohlmer materially contributed) that the amino- acids derived from albuminoids are not interchangeable, have contributed to a new and important chapter in the science of dietetics. new facts have also been brought to light with regard to the value and the efiects of mincral substances, especially with regard to the metabolism of calcium. this latter discovery is due to the work of browning, forbes, eckles, meigs, carry, hart, steenbock and humphrey. this fresh information has directed attention to what are known as deficiency diseases. they have reccived much attention and can now be successfully dealt with. there should also be noted the progress made in the study of the food values of the various forage plants, the increase of knowledge with regard to the economic and physio- logical value of ensilage, and the question of electrified ensilage which has been specially studied in germany by kinzel, kuckler, schieblich, schweizer, mueller, etc. diseases.—many diseases have been studied and important progress made towards their prevention and cure. deserving of special mention are the researches of theiler on trypanosomes, and sarcoptes, coccidiosis and diseases transmitted by ticks, those of if. s. jones, j. nathan, frost, nocard, guillebeau, savage, smith and brown, on diseases of the udder and their transmission by milking machines. 805 in the struggle against bovine tuberculosis in particular, important progress has been made almost everywhere, and espe- cially in the united states. it has been proved that by means of public or private tuberculin tests (temperature tests, cuticle tests, eye tests, eyelid tests and intradermal tests) together with the isolation and slaughter of reacting animals and the dis- infection of cowhouses, bovine tuberculosis can be slowly but surely conquered. mention should be made of a new method of treatment which has been studied for several years, galacto-therapy, or treatment by the milk itself, subcutancously injected. it has been tried in numerous diseases, such as wasting fevers of cattle and pigs, gangrenous coryza, mammary affections, actinomytlosis or wooden tongue, and arthritis in foals. the injection is pref- erably made into muscular tissue, and the dose varies according to the species of the animal. it seems probable that its action is due to the fact that it introduces a foreign protein, which raises the proportion of -disease-resisting elements, increases the number of leucocytes, and produces an important modifica- tion in the general internal economy. this new departure opens a fresh chapter in veterinary practice and in that department of medicine entitled colloidaltherapy (dr. windel and pupils). dairy bacteriology and biology are the two sciences which have most recently come to the assistance of the dairy industry. their practical application is inseparable. the work of gorini, harthel, burri, orla jensen and others has shed further light on the mammary microflora, their location in the parenchyma, their particular type, their qualitative and quantitative proper- ties, their parasitic nature and their importance from the point of view of cheese making. there should also be mentioned the work of orla jensen on the systematic classification of the bac- teria-producing lactic acid, that of i’. s. rettger, on the same organisms in relation to the type bactlus acidophilus, the re- markable progress made as a result of the use of pure cultures in the manufacture of cheese, fermented milk, butter, etc., the work of gorini on the regulation of the fermenting processes in cheese, and the influence of the lactic acid-forming bacteria on its ripening. in conclusion, we must refer to the evolution of scientific knowledge concerning refrigeration, sterilisation, pasteurisation, the preservation of milk by concentration and by a drying proc- ess, the work of lactic ferments, mycoderms and oidiums, both in fresh milk and during the cheese-ripening process, and affec- tions of milk, butter and cheese. physiology—tiin this section of dairy science, important progress has also been made, by the work of porcher, terroine, w. il. jordan, f. d. fuller, c. h. eckles, isaachsen and many others on the physiology of milk secretion and the mammary gland. lesne, vagliano, stepp, mccollum, osborne and mendel have inquired into the vitamine content of milk. they have shown that the mammary gland has not the power to compose vitamines synthetically but extracts those contained by the feeding stuffs provided for the animal, and that the food given has a great effect on the composition of the milk from this point of view. they have also demonstrated the properties of vita- mines, the amount of their resistance to heat, to outside air, to light, to long keeping and the value from the point of view of vitamine-content of boiled, sterilised, pasteurised, condensed, dried and homogeneous milk. researches into the varicties in the quality of dried milk and into the fat content of milk have, in various ways, afforded new and valuable data for the stu- dents of dairying technique. sce agriculture; larm. bibliography.—dr. w. fleischmann, lehrbuch der milchwirt- schaft (berlin, 1922); compie-rendu des travaux du congres inter- national pour u elevage de lespece bovine (the hague, aug. 29-sept. 4 1923); inter. inst. of agric., bureau of agricultural science, jmier. review of science and practice of agriculture, new series, vol. 1, 2 and 3, monthly (1923, etc.); j. w. gowen, afanual of dairy cattle breeding (baltimore, 1924), and afi/k secretion: siudy of the physiol- ogy and inheritance of milk yield and butter (baltimore, 1924); proceedings of the world's dairy congress, 1923, 2 vol. (govt. print- ing office, washington, d.c., 1924); int. inst. of agric., bureau of agric. science, dairy cow testing in different countries (rome, 1925). (p. di.) 806 dalcroze, jaques: see jaques-dalcroze, emile. dalen, gustaf (1860- ), swedish inventor, was born at stenstorp nov. 30 1869. after passing his examination as an engineer at goteborg in 1896 he completed his studies at ziirich. on his return home he invented hot-air turbines, milking and other machines. in 1906 he became chief engineer to the gas accumulator co., which was exploiting in sweden the french invention of dissolved acetylene. in 1909 he was appointed managing director of this company and then succeeded in com- posing a product called “‘ agamassan ” which has the property of absorbing acetylene without any danger of explosion. dalen’s cleverest invention was what is called solventil, which when placed in a fire kindles it automatically when twilight sets in and extinguishes it at daybreak. by a further series of inven- tions he perfected his discovery of ‘‘ agamassan ” and in 1912 was awarded the nobel prize for physics. during an experiment in 1913 he became blind in consequence of anexplosion, but ncever- theless he continued to conduct his experiments. dallas, tex., u.s.a. (see 7.769), grew to a population of 158,976 in 1920, of whom 24,023 were negroes and 8,801 foreign born; in 1925 the estimate of the census bureau gave 194,450, to which the suburbs within a six-mile radius would add about 50,000. the area increased from 16 sq. m. in rgro to 23 sq. m. in 1920, and 26 sq. m. in 1925. with the completion of lake dallas, a reservoir covering 10,444 ac. which will impound 63,000,000,000 gal., dallas will have a water supply sufficient for a city of 1,000,000 inhabitants. beginning about 1915, natural gas was available from oklahoma and northern texas. a union station was opened in 1916. in addition to ro trunk lines and several local steam railways, there were (1925) six electric inter-urban lines, operating 258 trains a day over 352 m. of track. by 1925 business had again reached the war-time level, and the city was taking on a metropolitan appearance from its new buildings. the annual value of the jobbing business was about $700,000,000 compared with $125,000,000 in i9gi0. the value of the factory products was $26,959,000 in 1909; $03,650,000 in 1919; $92,188,697 in 1923. the joint “ chest ” of the non-sectarian philanthropic agencies amounted in 1925 to $458,421. southern methodist university, established in ro1s, had by 1925 reached an enrolment of over 2,000. dallas is the seat of a federal reserve bank. dalmatia (sce 7.772), since 1918 a province of yugoslavia. its area is 4,662 sq. m. and the population (1921) 621,429. dalmatia under austrian rule.—since 1903 there had been a very marked growth in the national sentiment in dalmatia. the dalmatian croat leaders, trumbi¢, supilo and smodlaka played the leading part in bringing about the resolution of fiume (oct. 4 1905)—that rapprochement between croat and serb which all the efforts of budapest and vienna failed to destroy. with the coming of universal suffrage for the austrian reichsrat (1907) the dalmatian deputies became more vocal in vienna, al- lied themselves with the slovenes and czechs, and by constant interpellations drew attention to the scandalous conditions in croatia under rauch, tomasie and cuvaj (see croatia). the italian deputies from dalmatia also joined in protesting against the zagreb treason trial. the improved relations between slavs and italians were illustrated by the former’s appeal to vienna for the recognition in austria of degrees taken by dalmatians at italian universities. during the same period publicity was thrown upon the neglected economic and social conditions of dalmatia, which, owing to the political jealousies between budapest and vienna, remained without any railway connections with the north. the province was very inadequately supplied with primary schools, and had been seriously injured in its fishing and wine trade by vienna’s customs concessions to italy. poverty and isolation produced a high rate of emigration, and though the population only amounted to 635,000 in 1910, no fewer than 67,000 persons had left the province in the preceding 30 years, going mainly to chile, argentina, california and new zealand. in 1902 and 1907 the austrian govt., under christian socialist influence, made special grants in aid of dalmatian industry and education; but dalcroze—damascus the root of the evil was hardly touched, and it was not till the balkan war transformed the whole situation that the aus- tro-hungarian general staff, for strategic reasons, insisted upon a railway connecting the main zagreb-fiume line through the luka to knin and spalato (spljet). this line was, however, only opened to traffic in 1925. in to12 dalmatia was the scene of lively demonstrations in favour of the balkan allies, and the austrian authorities resorted to drastic press confiscations, and dissolved the municipalities of spalato and sebenico (sibenik). this led to a monster meeting of protest in zara, attended by almost all the deputies and dele- gates from the municipalities, when the clerical leader, dr. drinkovi¢, openly declared that “in the balkan sun we see the dawn of our day.” by 1914 the tension was hardly less in dal- matia than in croatia and bosnia, while there was still greater unanimity in favour of the yugoslav ideal. on the outbreak of the world war the leading yugoslav in- tellectuals of dalmatia (e.g., the deputies smodlaka, cingrija, tresi¢, drinkovi¢e and many priests, advocates and doctors) were arrested and interned, some being even used as hostages and forced to accompany railway patrols, under the threat of in- stant death in case of sabotage by the population. all the muni- cipal councils in dalmatia (with the solitary exception of zara, which had an italian majority) were dissolved at an early stage in the war. political life came to an absolute standstill, but in the winter of 1917-8 an underground revolutionary movement steadily gained strength. incorporation in vugostavia.—on feb. t 1918 a mutiny placed the fleet and most of the strategic points in the bocche di cattaro for three days at the mercy of a revolutionary committee. the leader, antun sesan, flew over to italy for help, but was held in arrest, and austrian ships from pola were able to suppress the movement. early in oct., however, a still more widely organised plot was prepared, and its spokesmen, the czech stepanek and the croat giunio, crossed the adriatic in a sailing boat with in- structions to communicate with marshal foch and arrange with him the date for an insurrection. had not they in their turn been held in custody for over three weeks by the italians, and de- barred from all intercourse with the czech and yugoslav na- tional committees, the allied fleets might have been in control of dalmatia a fortnight before the italian offensive was actually launched, and events might have taken a very different turn. at the close of oct. a national committee was formed in spalato which recognised the supreme authority of the yugoslav national council in zagreb, but made itself responsible for local order in the province and disarmed the austrian and hungarian troops as they retired northwards from the albanian front. a very dan- gerous situation arose when italian naval forces occupied north- ern dalmatia and the islands, and some of d’annunzio’s fol- lowers tried to execute a raid upon trogir (trat) and spalato. a conflict was averted very largely by the tact of the american admiral. by the treaty of rapallo between italy and yugo- slavia (nov. 12 1920) the whole of dalmatia was assigned to the latter, save for the capital, zara, and a small enclave round it. under the new centralist constitution of 1921 the provincial autonomy was abolished. (see yugoslavia.) (r. w. s.-w.) damascus (sce 7.784).—prior to the world war, damascus was the headquarters of the 1v. turkish army, and after the outbreak of hostilities became the base of the turkish and ger- man forces operating in palestine and on the east bank of the suez canal under general liman von sanders. on oct. 1 1918 the city fell into the hands of the egyptian expeditionary force under lord allenby and the arab troops of the emir feisal. the advance on damascus was a purely cavalry operation, and at the city itself no resistance was made to the british and arab troops. by sept. 30 the australians had worked round the north; the desert column was lying to the west; and the arab force was at the southern outskirts of the city. most of the germans and turks, after severe quarrelling, had already left. during the night of sept. 30 troops of the australian mounted division and the advanced guard of feisal’s force had made their way into the city, and both claimed to be the first to set damrosch—dams foot in damascus. the formal entry was made at 6 a.m. on oct. 1 when a british detachment and part of the arab army marched through the streets. about 7,000 turks surrendered to the allied forces. on oct. 3 feisal made his official entry into damascus, and this he did, according to ancient custom, by riding furiously through the streets with a large number of kinsmen, to the accompaniment of a feu de joie and the piercing shouts of the arab population. after the formal occupation the allied troops were withdrawn and an arab administration under feisal was set up. sukry pasha el ayyubi, senior descendant of saladin, was appointed head of the administration of the city. feisal and the french.—whcen in nov. to1g general gouraud was nominated french high commissioner for syria, the feisal regime in damascus was strongly antagonistic to the french and productive of much clisorder. raiding and pillaging were encouraged and public money was misappropriated. finally, on march 7 1920, fcisal was elected king of syria by a so-called gencral syrian congress, while the matcrial opposition to french influence increased and the arab army steadily grew in numbers. eventually matters became so serious that in july 1920 general gouraud had to issue an ultimatum. feisal delayed his reply and questioned the terms, while an arab de- tachment attacked one of the advanced french posts, with the result that a french force took up its position at ‘ain el jedcida, on the road from beirit to damascus, two days before the delivery of feisal’s reply. as feisal still refused to accept cer- tain conditions, the french force advanced and, after a ficrce combat at khan meizalun with some 20,000 arabs, entered damascus. feisal with his chief councillors took to flight. on june 20 1921, the syrian confederation, consisting of the states of aleppo, damascus and the alaoulites, was proclaimed at damascus and, in order to preserve an equal balance between the north and the south, the city had to share the capital honours with aleppo. this was superseded later by the establishment of one capital at damascus, and in 1925, at the wish of the in- habitants, damascus became the capital of the syrian state, comprising the two districts of damascus and aleppo under a president with a french adviser as high commissioncr’s dcle- gate. on april 8 and 9 1925, the visit of lord balfour to damas- cus was the occasion of considerable rioting, nominally as a pro- test against the zionist declaration bearing his name, but more gencrally recognised as a demonstration of anti-french fecling. the druses—when the druse rebellion (sce drusrs) broke out in july 1925, damascus played an important part as the french advanced base and as the key to the general situation in syria. the damascenes were sympathetic to the druses and, their discontent being aggravated by an exceptionally bad harvest, a general rising was feared with serious consequences in other syrian towns. two attempts were made by the druses to effect a damasccne rising by attacks on the city. the first was a complete failure, but the second attack of oct. 18 was a great deal more serious. bands of druses entered damascus from the south and, receiving the support of the lower elements of the population, overran certain quarters, looting and pillaging as they went. most of the inhabitants, however, disappointed at the small numbers of the druses, failed to take any decisive action. french troops were sent into the streets to repel the insurgents, but, as the situation became more serious, the french troops were withdrawn and the order was given to bombard the affected areas. the bombardment lasted until oct. 20, and great damage was done, including partial destruction of the palais azm, recognised as the most beautiful building in the city. this action of general sarrail, the french high commissioner, was severely criticised, and he incurred well-merited censure for permitting the situation in damascus to become such that a bombardment was a military necessity, and for carrying out such a drastic measure without issuing either an ultimatum to the inhabitants or notices to the*foreign consuls. general sarrail was recalled to france in nov. of the same year. his dismissal, however, brought no peace to damascus. fighting continued around the city, a section of which suffered further bombardment on may 7 1926. see syria. (fe we ps in) 807 damrosch, walter johannes (1862- ), american musician and conductor, was born at breslau, germany, jan. 30 1862. he went to america in 1871 and ten years later began his career as conductor in newark, new jerscy. on the death of his father in 1885, he was appointed conductor of the metro- politan opera house, the new york symphony society and the oratorio society. in 1894 he founded the damrosch opera company for producing wagner and in 1896 produced wagner’s parsifal in concert form for the first time in the united states. in 1903 he was appointed director of the new york symphony orchestra. he is the composer of the scarlet letter (1894); cyrano (1913); and music for euripides’ afcdea, iphigenia in audis (berkeley, 1915) and sophocles’ electra (1917). in 1918, at the request of gen. pershing, he reorganised the bands of the american expeditionary force. he wrote an autobiography, my amfusical life (1923). his brother, frank herno damroscn, was born at breslau, june 22 1859. he was conductor in denver, newark, bridge- port and new york (the oratorio socicty, 1898-1912). from 1905 he was director of the institute of musical art, new york city.",
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