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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1926)",
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    "title": "ADEN",
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    "verified_text": "the frontier of the protectorate was demarcated in 1902-4, and in 1905 a convention was signed by the british and ottoman commissioners determining the boun- dary from sheikh murad on the red sea coast to the bana river, and thence in a north-easterly direction into the desert. by an anglo-turkish convention of r914 the boundary was prolonged to a point on the shores of the persian gulf opposite bahrein island. during the world war, the turkish forces encroached on aden territory and approached to within a short distance of the town; they occupied lahej and sheikh othman, but at no time was the safety of aden itself very seriously threatened. in 1917 the defensive line of aden described an are of about 11 m. radius and continued so until the armistice. at the end of the war the turks withdrew from the yemen. the neighbouring territories of the iman of san‘a conform, theoretically, with the 1905 line, though encroachments had been made at some points which, in 1925, were the subject of dispute. for administrative purposes aden is under the control of the govt. of bombay and, ultimately, of the govt. of india. the political relations of aden with the rest of arabia and relations with the tribes of the protectorate were taken charge of during the war by the high commissioner of egypt. in 1920 political control was transferred to the political resident, who was directly responsible to the british foreign office. in 1921 this responsibility was taken over by the colonial office. for military purposes, the general officer commanding is subordinate to the c.-in-c. in india, but the british war office also exercises a certain measure of control. the total population in 1921 of the settlement and perim i. was 54,923 (including some 500 europeans), as compared with 46,165 in rot1. the trade of aden is largely a transhipment trade. in 1923~4, the total value of imports was rs. 7,87,68,225, of which rs. 31,81,845 was land-borne; and of exports rs. 6,90,60,316, of which rs. 45,12,725 was land-borne. in 1924-5 imports totalled rs. 9,00,36,458 in value and exports rs. 7,73,- 49,165, exclusive of government stores and treasure, as com- pared with imports valued at rs. 6,56,62,230 and exports at rs. 6,62,36,035 in 1913-4. the total tonnage of merchant adenoids—admiralty, board of - vessels of over 200 tons entering the port in 1924-5 was 4,223,633 tons. during the world war a metre-gauge railway was con- structed for military purposes from aden to lahej, 26 miles. later it was extended to habil, a further eight miles. the na- tional bank of india has a branch in aden. brstrocrapiy.—r. l. playfair, arabia felix including the british settlement of aden (1859); emmanuel rarradas, tractatus tres his- torico-geographici (1906); e. blatter, flora of aden, india botanical survey (1914-6). (hs ws vie) adenoids: see ear, nose and throat, diseases of. adler, friedrich (1870- ), austrian politician, was born in vienna, july 9 1879, the son of viktor adler (q.2.). from 1907 to ro1r he was lecturer in physics at the university of zurich, but he was soon immersed in politics. from 1911 to 1916 he was secretary of the austrian social democratic party and editor of the monthly kampf. during the world war he was in close sympathy with the socialists of the left. in despair over the break-up of the international, he shot the austrian prime minister, count stiirgkh, on oct. 21 1916, hoping that the deed would be a signal for the rising of the proletariat against the war. on may 19 1917 he was condemned to death by a special tribunal, a sentence later commuted to 18 years’ imprisonment. he was, however, amnestied on nov. 1 1918. in rorg he was elected to the national assembly, and became vice-president of the committee of the social democratic party and of the union of the social democratic deputies. he be- came secretary of the international labour assn. of socialist partics which he had helped to found. adler’s chief works are: die erneuerung der internationale (1918); ernst mach's ueberwindung des mechanischen materialismus (1918); ortsseit, systemszeit, zonenseit und das ausgeseichnete besugssysiem der flectrodynamik, eine untersuchung tiber dte lorentzische und die einstetusche kinematik (1920). see friedrich adler vor dem ausnahmegericht (1919). adler, viktor (1852-1918), austrian politician, was born at prague, june 24 1852. he began to occupy himself early with political and social questions. in 1883 he went to study in switzerland and in london, where he came into close touch with engels. on his return to vienna, however, he turned entirely to politics. the workmen’s party had sunk into polit- ical insignificance, so adler undertook to restore unity in the ranks of labour. in 1886 appeared his paper gleichheit, cven- tually succeeded by die arbeiterzeitung., the principal organ of the social democratic party, which adler continued to conduct till his death. in july 1889 he appeared at the first congress of the second international, of which he became an official, as the representative of the united austrian labour party and was from that time the acknowledged leader of the party. adler regarded it as his first task to secure for the workmen representation in parliament, but it was not until 1907 that he was able to secure universal and equal suffrage. the social demo- cratic party increased their representation from 11 deputies to 87. adler himself entered the diet of lower austria in 1902, and in 1905 was elected to the reichsrat, where, until his death, he played an important part. in the congresses and in the secretariat of the international, adler, with jaures and bebel, played the most prominent part, whether as leader, adviser, or mediator. after the collapse of austria in 1918, at the constituent session of the provisional german-austrian national assembly, he read the declaration of the social democrats, in which they expressed their willingness, in association with the other german-austrian parties, to build the new state on the basis of democracy and self-determination, without prejudice to a possible association with the german empire. he held for a few days the office of foreign minister, but he broke down and died nov. 12 1918, the day on which the state council had decided to proclaim german austria a democratic republic, and an integral part of the german reich. his works include articles scattered in various newspapers, in the neue zeit; kampf; deutsche w'orte (vienna), in addition to those in the arbeiterzettung; pamphlets, among which are dve fabrikinspektion, insbesondere in england und der schweis (1884); die arbetterkhammern und die arbeiter (1886); die gleichheit vor dem ausnahmegericht (1889); das allgemeine, gleiche und direkte wuehlrecht und das wahlunrecht tn oesterreitch (1893); schwurgerichts- prozess gegen doktor viktor adler wegen verbrechens der storung der 6ffentlichen ruhe (1894); alcoholismus und gewerkschaft (many editions) (1907).",
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