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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:xi napoleon joseph charles paul:7177dd594349",
    "title": "XI. NAPOLEON JOSEPH CHARLES PAUL",
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    "verified_text": "xi. napoleon joseph charles paul, commonly known as prince napoleon, or by the sobriquet of \"plon-plon,\"[1] (1822-1891), was the second son of jerome bonaparte, king of westphalia, by his wife catherine, princess of wurttemberg, and was born at trieste on the 9th of september 1822. he soon rendered himself popular by his advanced democratic ideas, which he expressed on all possible occasions. after the french revolution of 1848 he was elected to the national assembly as a representative of corsica, and (his elder brother, jerome napoleon charles, dying in 1847) assumed the name of jerome. notwithstanding his ostensible opposition to the _coup d'etat_ of 1851, he was designated, upon the establishment of the empire, as successor to the throne if napoleon iii. should die childless, and received a liberal dotation, but was allowed no share in public affairs. privately he professed himself the representative of the napoleonic tradition in its democratic aspect, and associated mainly with men of advanced political opinions. at court he represented the liberal party against the empress eugenie. in 1854 he took part in the crimean campaign as general of division. his conduct at the battle of the alma occasioned imputations upon his personal courage, but they seem to have been entirely groundless. returning to france he undertook the chief direction of the national exhibition of 1855, in which he manifested great capacity. in 1858 he was appointed minister for the colonies and algeria, and his administration aroused great hopes, but his activity was diverted into a different channel by his sudden marriage in january 1859 with the princess marie clotilde of savoy, daughter of victor emmanuel, a prelude to the war for the liberation of italy. in this war prince napoleon commanded the french corps that occupied tuscany, and it was expected that he would become ruler of the principality, but he refused to exert any pressure upon the inhabitants, who preferred union with the italian kingdom. the next few years were chiefly distinguished by remarkable speeches which displayed the prince in the unexpected character of a great orator. unfortunately his indiscretion equalled his eloquence: one speech (1861) sent him to america to avoid a duel with the duke d'aumale; another (1865), in which he justly but intemperately protested against the mexican expedition, cost him all his official dignities. nevertheless he was influential in effecting the reform by which in 1869 it was sought to reconcile the empire with liberal principles. the fatal war of 1870 was resolved upon during his absence in norway, and was strongly condemned by him. after the first disasters he undertook an ineffectual mission to italy to implore the aid of his father-in-law; and after the fall of the empire lived in comparative retirement until in 1879 the death of napoleon iii.'s son, the prince imperial (see xiii. below), made him direct heir to the napoleonic succession. his part as imperial pretender was unfortunate and inglorious: his democratic opinions were unacceptable to the imperial party, and before his death he was virtually deposed in favour of his son prince napoleon victor, who, supported by paul de cassagnac and others, openly declared himself a candidate for the throne in 1884. he died at rome on the 17th of march 1891. in the character of his intellect, as in personal appearance, he bore an extraordinary resemblance to the first napoleon, possessing the same marvellous lucidity of insight, and the same gift of infallibly distinguishing the essential from the non-essential. he was a warm friend of literature and art, and in a private station would have achieved high distinction as a man of letters. his eldest son, prince napoleon victor jerome frederic (b. 1862), became at his death the recognized head of the french bonapartist party. the second son, prince louis napoleon, an officer in the russian army, showed a steadier disposition, and was more favoured in some monarchist quarters; in 1906 he was made governor of the caucasus. 12. mathilde. xii. mathilde letitia wilhelmine (1820-1904), daughter of jerome, and sister of prince napoleon (xi.), was born at trieste on the 20th of may 1820; after being almost betrothed to her cousin louis napoleon, in 1840 she was married to prince anatole demidov. his conduct, however, led to a separation within five years, and the tsar nicholas compelled him to make princess mathilde a handsome allowance. after the election of louis napoleon to the presidency of the republic she took up her residence in paris, and did the honours of the elysee till his marriage. she continued to live in paris, having great influence as a friend and patron of men of art and letters, till her death on the 2nd of january 1904. 13. prince imperial: son of napoleon iii. xiii. napoleon eugene louis jean joseph (1856-1879), prince imperial, only son of the emperor napoleon iii. and the empress eugenie, was born at paris on the 16th of march 1856. he was a delicate boy, but when the war of 1870 broke out his mother sent him to the army, to win popularity for him, and the government journals vaunted his bravery. after the first defeats he had to flee from france with the empress, and settled in england at chislehurst, completing his military education at woolwich. on the death of his father on the 9th of january 1873 the imperialists proclaimed him napoleon iv., and he became the official pretender. he was naturally inactive, but he was influenced by his mother on the one hand, and by the bonapartist leaders in france on the other. they thought that he should win his crown by military prestige, and he was persuaded to attach himself as a volunteer to the english expedition to zululand in february 1879. it was a blunder to have allowed him to go, and the blunder ended in a tragedy, for while out on a reconnaissance with a few troopers they were surprised by zulus, and the prince imperial was killed (june 1, 1879). his body was brought back to england, and buried at chislehurst. xiv. the bonapartes of baltimore are a branch of the family settled in america, descended from jerome bonaparte (vii.) by his union with elizabeth (b. 1785), daughter of william patterson, a baltimore merchant, probably descended from the robert paterson who was the original of sir walter scott's \"old mortality.\" the marriage took place at baltimore on the 24th of december 1803, but it was greatly disliked by napoleon, who refused to recognize its legality. however, it was valid according to american law, and pope pius vii. refused to declare it void. nevertheless jerome was forced by his brother to separate himself from his wife, whom he had brought to europe, and after a stay in england madame patterson, or madame bonaparte, as she was usually called, returned to baltimore. she died in 1879. jerome's only child by this marriage was jerome napoleon bonaparte (1805-1870), who was born in england, but resided chiefly in baltimore, and is said to have shown a marked resemblance to his uncle, the great emperor. he was on good terms with jerome, who for some time made him a large allowance, and father and son occasionally met. his elder son, also called jerome napoleon bonaparte (1832-1893), entered the french army, with which he served in the crimea and in italy. charles joseph bonaparte (b. 1851), younger son of the first jerome napoleon bonaparte, and a grandson of jerome, king of westphalia, attained a distinguished place in american politics. born at baltimore on the 9th of june 1851 and educated at harvard university, he became a lawyer in 1874 and has been president of the national municipal league and has filled other public positions. he was secretary of the navy in president roosevelt's cabinet from july 1905 to december 1906, and then attorney-general of the united states until march 1909. footnote: [1] derived, it is supposed, from the nickname \"plomb-plomb,\" or \"craint-plomb\" (fear-lead), given him by his soldiers in the crimea.",
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