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    "verified_text": "encyclopædia britannica a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information eleventh edition volume xvii lord chamberlain to mecklenburg new york encyclopædia britannica, inc. 342 madison avenue copyright, in the united states of america, 1910, by the encyclopædia britannica company. volume xvii, slice i lord chamberlain to luqman articles in this slice: lord chamberlain lowe, johann karl gottfried lord chief justice lowell, abbott lawrence lord great chamberlain lowell, charles russell lord high chancellor lowell, james russell lord high constable lowell, john lord high steward lowell (massachusetts, u.s.a.) lord high treasurer lowell institute lord howe lowenberg lord justice clerk lowenstein lord justice-general lowestoft lord keeper of the great seal lowin, john lord mayor's day lowland lord president of the council lowndes, thomas lords justices of appeal lowndes, william thomas lords of appeal in ordinary low sunday lord steward lowth, robert lore, ambroise de loxodrome lore loyalists or tories lorelei loyalty loreto (italy) loyalty islands loreto (peru) loyola, st ignatius of lorient lozenge loriner lozere loris luang-prabang loris-melikov, tarielovich lubao lorium lubben lorrach lubeck lorraine lublin (government of poland) lortzing, gustav albert lublin (town of poland) lory, charles lubricants lory lubrication los andes lucan los angeles lucania los islands lucaris, cyrillus lossiemouth lucarne lossing, benson john lucas, sir charles lossnitz lucas, charles lost property lucas, john seymour lostwithiel lucas van leyden lot (biblical) lucca lot (franch river) lucca, bagni di lot (franch department) lucceius, lucius lot-et-garonne lucchesini, girolamo lothair i. lucena (southern spain) lothair ii. or iii. lucera (italy) lothair (king of france) lucerne (swiss canton) lothair (king of lotharingia) lucerne (swiss town) lothian, earls and marquesses of lucerne, lake of lothian lucerne (plant) loti, pierre luchaire, denis jean achille lotschen pass luchu archipelago lotteries lucia (or lucy), st lotti, antonio lucian (christian martyr) lotto, lorenzo lucian (greek satirist) lotto lucifer (bishop of cagliari) lotus lucifer (planet) lotus-eaters lucilius, gaius lotze, rudolf hermann lucilius junior loubet, emile francois lucina loudon, ernst gideon lucius loudoun, john campbell luck loudun lucke, gottfried christian friedrich loughborough luckenwalde loughrea lucknow loughton lucon louhans lucre louis (name) lucretia louis i. (roman emperor) lucretilis mons louis ii. (roman emperor) lucretius louis iii. (roman emperor) lucrinus lacus louis iv., or v. (roman emperor) lucullus louis (king of the east franks) lucus feroniae louis i. (king of bavaria) lucy, richard de louis ii. (king of bavaria) lucy, sir thomas louis ii. (king of france) luddites louis iii. (king of france) ludenscheid louis iv. (king of france) ludhiana louis v. ludington louis vi. ludlow, edmund louis vii. ludlow (town) louis viii. ludlow group louis ix. ludolf (or leutholf), hiob louis x. ludwig, karl friedrich wilhelm louis xi. ludwig, otto louis xii. ludwigsburg louis xiii. ludwigshafen louis xiv. ludwigslust louis xv. lug louis xvi. lugano louis xvii. lugano, lake of louis xviii. lugansk louis i. (king of hungary) lugard, sir frederick john dealtry louis ii. (king of hungary) lugo (spanish province) louis (kings of naples) lugo (spanish town) louis (king of the franks) lugos louis of nassau lugudunum louis, joseph dominique luini, bernardino louis philippe i. luke louisburg luke, gospel of st louise lulea louise of savoy lull (or lully), raimon louisiade archipelago lullaby louisiana (u.s.a. state) lully, jean-baptiste louisiana (u.s.a. city) lumbago louisiana purchase lumber louisville lumbini loule lump-sucker lourdes lumsden, sir harry burnett lourenco marques luna, alvaro de louse luna louth (leinster, ireland) lunation louth (lincolnshire, england) lunavada louvain luncheon louver lund, troels frederik louvet, jean lund louvet de couvrai, jean baptiste lundy, benjamin louviers lundy, robert louvois, francois le tellier lundy lou[:y]s, pierre luneburg lovat, simon fraser luneburger heide love-bird lunette lovedale luneville lovelace, richard lung (anatomy) lovell, francis lovell lung (symbolical creature) lover, samuel lungchow lovere lunge, georg low, seth lupercalia low, will hicok lupine lowboy lupus, publius rutilius low churchman lupus lowe, sir hudson luqman initials used in volume xvii. to identify individual contributors,[1] with the headings of the articles in this volume so signed. a. c. g. albert charles lewis gotthilf gunther, m.a., m.d., ph.d., f.r.s. keeper of zoological department, british museum, 1875-1895. gold medalist, royal society, 1878. author of _catalogues of colubrine snakes, batrachia salientia, and fishes in the british museum_; &c. mackerel (_in part_). a. c. s. algernon charles swinburne. see the biographical article: swinburne, algernon charles. marlowe, christopher; mary, queen of scots. a. e. j. arthur ernest jolliffe, m.a. fellow, tutor and mathematical lecturer, corpus christi college, oxford. senior mathematical scholar, 1892. maxima; minima. a. f. p. albert frederick pollard, m.a., f.r.hist.soc. professor of english history in university of london. fellow of all souls' college, oxford. author of _england under the protector somerset_; _henry viii._; &c. macalpine, john. a. g. d. arthur george doughty, c.m.g., m.a., litt.d., f.r.hist.s. dominion archivist of canada. member of the geographical board of canada. author of _the cradle of new france_; &c. joint-editor of _documents relating to the constitutional history of canada_. mcgee, t. a. a. ha. adolf harnack. see the biographical article: harnack, adolf. manichaeism (_in part_); marcion. a. h. f. rev. andrew hollingsworth frost, m.a. principal of church missionary college, islington, 1870-1874. magic square. a. h. s. rev. archibald henry sayce, ll.d., litt.d. see the biographical article: sayce, archibald henry. lycia; lydia. a. h.-s. sir a. houtum-schindler, c.i.e. general in the persian army. author of _eastern persian irak_. mazandaran. a. j. g.* arthur james grant, m.a. king's college, cambridge. professor of history in the university of leeds. louis xiii., xiv. and xv. of france. a. j. h. alfred j. hipkins, f.s.a. (1826-1903). formerly member of council and hon. curator of the royal college of music, london. member of committee of the inventions and music exhibition, 1885; of the vienna exhibition, 1892; and of the paris exhibition, 1900. author of _musical instruments_; &c. lute (_in part_); lyre (_in part_). a. m. c. agnes mary clerke. see the biographical article: clerke, a. m. maskelyne; mayer, johann tobias. a. m. cl. agnes muriel clay (mrs edward wilde). formerly resident tutor of lady margaret hall, oxford. joint-editor of _sources of roman history, 133-79 b.c._ magistrate. a. m. f. rev. andrew martin fairbairn, m.a., d.d., ll.d. see the biographical article: fairbairn, a. m. martineau, james. a. n. alfred newton, f.r.s. see the biographical article: newton, alfred. lory; love-bird; lyre-bird; macaw; magpie; mallemuck; manakin; manucode; martin. a. n. w. alfred north whitehead, m.a., d.sc, f.r.s. fellow and senior lecturer in mathematics, trinity college, cambridge. author of _a treatise on universal algebra_. mathematics. a. r. c. alexander ross clarke, c.b., f.r.s. colonel r.e. royal medal of royal society, 1887. in charge of trigonometrical operations of the ordnance survey, 1854-1881. map: _projections_ (_in part_). a. r. l.* arthur robert ling, f.i.c. editor of the _journal of the institute of brewing_. lecturer on brewing and malting at the sir john cass institute, london. vice-president of the society of chemical industry. malt. a. sl. arthur shadwell, m.a., m.d., ll.d. member of council of epidemiological society. author of _the london water-supply_; _industrial efficiency_; _drink, temperance and legislation_. malaria (_in part_); massage. a. sy. arthur symons. see the biographical article: symons, arthur. mallarme, stephane. a. wa. arthur waugh, m.a. managing director of chapman & hall, ltd., publishers. formerly literary adviser to kegan paul & co. author of _alfred lord tennyson_; _legends of the wheel_; _robert browning_ in \"westminster biographies.\" editor of johnson's _lives of the poets_. lytton, 1st baron. a. w. h.* arthur william holland. formerly scholar of st john's college, oxford. bacon scholar of gray's inn, 1900. louis i., ii., iii. and iv.: _roman emperors_; louis the german; louis ii. and iii. of france; louis the child; magna carta; maximilian i.: _roman emperor_. a. w. hu. rev. arthur wollaston hutton, m.a. rector of bow church, london. formerly librarian of the national liberal club. author of _life of cardinal manning_; &c. manning, cardinal. a. w. m. arthur william moore, c.v.o., m.a. (1853-1909). trinity college, cambridge. formerly speaker of the house of keys, and j.p. for the isle of man. author of _a history of the isle of man_; &c. man, isle of. a. w. r. alexander wood renton, m.a., ll.b. puisne judge of the supreme court of ceylon. editor of _encyclopaedia of the laws of england_. maxims, legal. b. w. benjamin williamson, m.a., d.sc., f.r.s. professor of natural philosophy, and vice-provost of trinity college, dublin. author of _differential calculus_; &c. maclaurin, colin. c. a. m. f. charles augustus maude fennell, m.a., litt.d. formerly fellow of jesus college, cambridge. editor of pindar's _odes and fragments_, and of the _stanford dictionary of anglicized words and phrases_. magic square (_in part_). c. b. p. catherine beatrice phillips, b.a. (mrs w. alison phillips). associate of bedford college, london. louis xviii. of france; marie antoinette. c. ch. charles chree, m.a., ll.d., d.sc., f.r.s. superintendent, kew observatory. formerly fellow of king's college, cambridge. president of physical society of london. watt medallist, institute of civil engineers, 1905. magnetism, terrestrial. c. f. a. charles francis atkinson. formerly scholar of queen's college, oxford. captain, 1st city of london (royal fusiliers). author of _the wilderness and cold harbour_. machine-gun. c. f. cl. charles frederick close, c.m.g. lieutenant-colonel, r.e. head of the geographical section, british general staff. formerly british representative on the nyasa-tanganyika boundary commission. author of _text-book of topographical surveying_; &c. map: _projections_ (_in part_). c. g. cr. charles george crump, m.a. balliol college, oxford. clerk in h.m. public record office, london. editor of _landor's works_; &c. manor: _in england_. c. h. ha. carlton huntley hayes, a.m., ph.d. assistant professor of history in columbia university, new york city. member of the american historical association. matilda, countess of tuscany; lucius. c. l. k. charles lethbridge kingsford, m.a., f.r.hist.s., f.s.a. assistant secretary to the board of education. author of _life of henry v._ editor of _chronicles of london_ and stow's _survey of london_. lovell, viscount; margaret of anjou. c. m. carl theodor mirbt, d.th. professor of church history in the university of marburg. author of _publizistik im zeitalter gregor vii._; _quellen zur geschichte des papstthums_; &c. lyons, councils of; marburg, colloquy of. c. pf. christian pfister, d. es l. professor at the sorbonne, paris. chevalier of the legion of honour. author of _etudes sur le regne de robert le pieux_. mayor of the palace. c. r. b. charles raymond beazley, m.a., d.litt. professor of modern history in the university of birmingham. formerly fellow of merton college, oxford. university lecturer in the history of geography. author of _henry the navigator_; _the dawn of modern geography_; &c. magellan; marignolli (_in part_). d. b. ma. duncan black macdonald, m.a., d.d. professor of semitic languages, hartford theological seminary, u.s.a. author of _development of muslim theology, jurisprudence and constitutional theory_; _religious attitude and life in islam_; &c. mahommedan institutions; mahommedan law; malik ibn anas. d. f. t. donald francis tovey. author of _essays in musical analysis_, comprising _the classical concerto_, _the goldberg variations_ and analyses of many other classical works. madrigal (_in music_); mass (_in music_). d. g. h. david george hogarth, m.a. fellow of magdalen college, oxford. fellow of the british academy. keeper of the ashmolean museum, oxford. excavated at paphos, 1888; naucratis, 1899 and 1903; ephesus, 1904-1905; assiut, 1906-1907; director, british school at athens, 1897-1900; director, cretan exploration fund, 1899. magnesia; malatia; manisa; marash; maronites. d. h. david hannay. formerly british vice-consul at barcelona. author of _short history of the royal navy_; _life of emilio castelar_; &c. marryat, frederick; mast; mathews, thomas. d. mn. rev. dugald macfadyen, m.a. minister of south grove congregational church, highgate. author of _constructive congregational ideals_; &c. mackennal, alexander. d. m. w. sir donald mackenzie wallace, k.c.i.e., k.c.v.o. extra groom of the bedchamber to h.m. king george v. director of the foreign department of the times, 1891-1899. member of institut de droit international and officier de l'instruction publique of france. joint-editor of new volumes (10th ed.) of the _encyclopaedia britannica_. author of _russia_; _egypt and the egyptian question_; _the web of empire_; &c. loris-melikov. d. s. m.* david samuel margoliouth, m.a., d.litt. laudian professor of arabic, oxford. fellow of new college. author of _arabic papyri of the bodleian library_; _mohammed and the rise of islam_; _cairo, jerusalem and damascus_. mahomet. e. a. j. e. alfred jones. author of _old english gold plate_; _old church plate of the isle of man_; _old silver sacramental vessels of foreign protestant churches in england_; _illustrated catalogue of leopold de rothschild's collection of old plate_; _a private catalogue of the royal plate at windsor castle_; &c. mace. e. bn. eduard bernstein. member of the german reichstag, 1902-1906. author of _zur theorie und geschichte des socialismus_; &c. marx. e. c. b. rt. rev. edward cuthbert butler, o.s.b., d.litt. (dubl.). abbot of downside abbey, bath. author of the _lausiac history of palladius_, in \"cambridge texts and studies.\" mabillon; maurists; mechitharists. e. g. edmund gosse, ll.d., d.c.l. see the biographical article: gosse, edmund. loti, pierre; lyrical poetry; macaronics; madrigal (_in verse_); maeterlinck. e. gr. ernest arthur gardner, m.a. see the biographical article: gardner, percy. mantinela (_in part_); marathon (_in part_). e. g. r. ernest george ravenstein, m.a., ph.d. professor of geography at bedford college, london, 1882-1883. formerly in topographical (now intelligence) department of the war office. author of _the russians on the amur_; _a systematic atlas_; &c. map (_in part_). e. h. m. ellis hovell minns, m.a. university lecturer in palaeography, cambridge. lecturer and assistant librarian at pembroke college, cambridge. formerly fellow of pembroke college. massagetae. e. l. w. sir edward leader williams (1828-1910). formerly vice-president, institute of civil engineers. consulting engineer, manchester ship canal. chief engineer of the manchester ship canal during its construction. author of papers printed in _proceedings of institute of civil engineers_. manchester ship canal. e. m. t. sir edward maunde thompson, g.c.b., i.s.o., d.c.l., litt.d., ll.d. director and principal librarian, british museum, 1898-1909. sandars reader in bibliography, cambridge, 1895-1896. hon. fellow of university college, oxford. correspondent of the institute of france and of the royal prussian academy of sciences. author of _handbook of greek and latin palaeography_. editor of _chronicon angliae_. manuscript. e. o.* edmund owen, m.b., f.r.c.s., ll.d., d.sc. consulting surgeon to st mary's hospital, london, and to the children's hospital, great ormond street, london. chevalier of the legion of honour. late examiner in surgery at the universities of cambridge, london and durham. author of _a manual of anatomy for senior students_. lung; lupus; mammary gland: _diseases_. e. pr. edgar prestage. special lecturer in portuguese literature in the university of manchester. examiner in portuguese in the universities of london, manchester, &c. commendador, portuguese order of s. thiago. corresponding member of lisbon royal academy of sciences, lisbon geographical society, &c. editor of _letters of a portuguese nun_; _azurara's chronicle of guinea_; &c. macedo; manuel de mello. e. r. b. edwyn robert bevan, m.a. formerly scholar of new college, oxford. author of _house of seleucus_; _jerusalem under the high priests_. macedonian empire; lysimachus. e. tn. rev. ethelred luke taunton (d. 1907). author of _the english black monks of st benedict_; _history of the jesuits in england_. loyola. e. w. b. n. edward williams byron nicholson, m.a. librarian of the bodleian library, oxford. principal librarian and superintendent of the london institution, 1873-1882. author of _keltic researches_. mandevllle, sir john. f. a. p. frederick apthorp paley, ll.d. see the biographical article: paley, f. a. lucian. f. c. c. frederic cornwallis conybeare, m.a., d.th. (giessen). fellow of the british academy. formerly fellow of university college, oxford. author of _the ancient armenian texts of aristotle_; _myth, magic and morals_; &c. manichaeism (_in part_). f. g. m. b. frederick george meeson beck, m.a. fellow and lecturer in classics, clare college, cambridge. lothian. f. g. p. frederick gymer parsons, f.r.c.s., f.z.s., f.r. anthrop. inst. vice-president, anatomical society of great britain and ireland. lecturer on anatomy at st thomas's hospital and the london school of medicine for women. formerly hunterian professor at the royal college of surgeons. lymphatic system (_in part_); mammary gland: _anatomy_. f. j. h. francis john haverfield, m.a., ll.d. camden professor of ancient history at oxford university. fellow of brasenose college, oxford. fellow of the british academy. member of the german imperial archaeological institute. formerly senior censor, student, tutor and librarian of christ church, oxford. ford's lecturer, 1906. author of monographs on roman history, &c. lugudunum; mancunium. f. j. s. frederick john snell, m.a. balliol college, oxford. author of _the age of chaucer_; &c. lydgate. f. k. fernand khnopff. see the biographical article: khnopff, fernand e. j. m. madou. f. ll. g. francis llewellyn griffith, m.a., ph.d., f.s.a. reader in egyptology, oxford university. editor of the archaeological survey and archaeological reports of the egypt exploration fund. fellow of imperial german archaeological institute. luxor; manetho. f. po. sir frederick pollock, bart., ll.d., d.c.l. see the article: pollock (family). maine, sir henry. f. r. c. frank r. cana. author of _south africa from the great trek to the union_. mandingo. f. w. r.* frederick william rudler, i.s.o., f.g.s. curator and librarian at the museum of practical geology, london, 1879-1902. president of the geologists' association, 1887-1889. magnetite; malachite. g. a. gr. george abraham grierson, c.i.e., ph.d., d.litt. (dublin). indian civil service, 1873-1903. in charge of linguistic survey of india, 1898-1902. gold medallist, royal asiatic society, 1909. vice-president of the royal asiatic society. formerly fellow of calcutta university. author of _the languages of india_; &c. marathi. g. br. rev. george bryce, m.a., d.d., ll.d., f.r.s. (canada). president of the royal society of canada. head of faculty of science and lecturer in biology and geology in manitoba university, 1891-1904. author of _manitoba_; _a short history of the canadian people_; &c. manitoba (_in part_). g. b. s. george barnett smith. author of _william i. and the german empire_; _life of queen victoria_; &c. macmahon. g. c. l. george collins levey, c.m.g. member of board of advice to agent-general of victoria. formerly editor and proprietor of the _melbourne herald_. secretary to commissioners for victoria at the exhibitions in london, paris, vienna, philadelphia and melbourne. mcculloch, sir james. g. g.* george gladden. associate editor of _current literature_, 1904-1905. editor of biography, _new international encyclopaedia_, 1901-1904, 1906-1907, and _new international year book_, 1907-1908; &c. martha's vineyard. g. g. s. george gregory smith, m.a. professor of english literature, queen's university of belfast. author of _the days of james iv._; _the transition period_; _specimens of middle scots_; &c. lyndsay, sir david. g. h. c. george herbert carpenter, b.sc. professor of zoology in the royal college of science, dublin. author of _insects: their structure and life_. may-fly (_in part_). g. r. p. george robert parkin, ll.d., d.c.l. see the biographical article: parkin, george robert. macdonald, sir john alexander. g. sa. george saintsbury, ll.d., d.c.l. see the biographical article: saintsbury, george e. b. maistre, joseph de; malherbe, franois de; marguerite de valois; marivaux, pierre; marot, clement. g. w. t. rev. griffithes wheeler thatcher, m.a., b.d. warden of camden college, sydney, n.s.w. formerly tutor in hebrew and old testament history at mansfield college, oxford. luqman; mahommedan religion; mandaeans (_in part_); maqqari; maqrizi; mas'udi. h. b. wo. horace bolingbroke woodward, f.r.s., f.g.s. formerly assistant director, geological survey of england and wales. wollaston medallist, geological society. author of _the history of the geological society of london_; &c. lyell, sir charles. h. cl. sir hugh charles clifford, k.c.m.g. colonial secretary, ceylon. fellow of the royal colonial institute. formerly resident, pahang. colonial secretary, trinidad and tobago, 1903-1907. author of _studies in brown humanity_; _further india_; &c. joint-author of _a dictionary of the malay language_. malacca; malay peninsula; malays; malay states: _federated_. h. c. h. rev. horace carter hovey, a.m., d.d. fellow of the american association for the advancement of science, geological society of america, national geographic society and societe de speleologie (france). author of _celebrated american caverns_; _handbook of mammoth cave of kentucky_; &c. luray cavern; mammoth cave. h. de. rev. hippolyte delehaye s.j. s.j. bollandist. joint-editor of the _acta sanctorum_. lucia, st; marcellinus, st; margaret, st; martyrology. h. e. s.* horace elisha scudder (d. 1902). formerly editor of the _atlantic monthly_. author of _life of james russell lowell_; _history of the united states_; &c. lowell, james russell. h. fr. henri frantz. art critic, _gazette des beaux-arts_ (paris). manet. h. le. herbert martin james loewe, m.a. queen's college, cambridge. curator of oriental literature, university library, cambridge. formerly chief english master at the schools of the alliance at cairo and abyassiyyeh, egypt. author of _kitab el ansab of samani_; &c. maimonides. h. lb. horace lamb, m.a., ll.d., d.sc, f.r.s. professor of mathematics, university of manchester. formerly fellow and assistant tutor of trinity college, cambridge. member of council of royal society, 1894-1896. royal medallist, 1902. president of london mathematical society, 1902-1904. author of _hydrodynamics_; &c. mechanics: _theoretical_. h. l. h. harriet l. hennessy, m.d. (brux.), l.r.c.s.i., l.r.c.p.i. malaria (_in part_). h. m. s. henry morse stephens, m.a., litt.d. balliol college, oxford. professor of history in the university of california. author of _history of the french revolution_; &c. maintenon, madame de; mazarin. h. s.* sir herbert stephen, bart., m.a., ll.m. trinity college, cambridge. barrister-at-law. clerk of assize for the northern circuit. lytton, 1st earl of. h. st. henry sturt, m.a. author of _idola theatri_; _the idea of a free church_; _personal idealism_; &c. lotze (_in part_). h. w. c. d. henry william carless davis, m.a. fellow and tutor of balliol college, oxford. fellow of all souls' college, oxford, 1895-1902. author of _england under the normans and angevins_; _charlemagne_. mandeville, geoffrey de; marsh, adam; matilda, queen; matthew of paris. h. w. r.* rev. henry wheeler robinson, m.a. professor of church history in rawdon college, leeds. senior kennicott scholar, oxford, 1901. author of _hebrew psychology in relation to pauline anthropology_ (in _mansfield college essays_); &c. malachi (_in part_). h. y. sir henry yule, k.c.s.i., c.b. see the biographical article: yule, sir henry. mandeville, sir john (_in part_); marignolli (_in part_). i. a. israel abrahams, m.a. reader in talmudic and rabbinic literature in the university of cambridge. formerly president, jewish historical society of england. author of _a short history of jewish literature_; _jewish life in the middle ages_; _judaism_; &c. luria; luzzatto, moses hayim; luzzatto, samuel david; mapu; marano. j. a. c. sir joseph archer crowe, k.c.m.g. see the biographical article: crowe, sir j. a. mabuse. j. a. s. john addington symonds. see the biographical article: symonds, j. a. machiavelli; manutius. j. a. v.* john augustus voelcker, m.a., ph.d., f.i.c., f.l.s. consulting chemist to the royal agricultural society of england, &c. author of _the woburn experiments_; &c. manures. j. bt. james bartlett. lecturer on construction, architecture, sanitation, quantities, &c., at king's college, london. member of society of architects. member of institute of junior engineers. masonry. j. c. r. c. sir john charles ready colomb, k.c.m.g. see the biographical article: colomb, p. h. marines. j. d. b. james david bourchier, m.a., f.r.g.s. king's college. cambridge. correspondent of the times in south-eastern europe. commander of the orders of prince danilo of montenegro and of the saviour of greece, and officer of the order of st alexander of bulgaria. macedonia. j. f.-k. james fitzmaurice-kelly, litt.d., f.r.hist.s. gilmour professor of spanish language and literature, liverpool university. norman mccoll lecturer, cambridge university. fellow of the british academy. member of the council of the hispanic society of america. knight commander of the order of alphonso xii. author of _a history of spanish literature_. lull, raimon; maupassant. j. ga. james gairdner, c.b., ll.d. see the biographical article: gairdner, james. mary i., queen. j. g. sc. sir james george scott, k.c.i.e. superintendent and political officer, southern shan states. author of _burma_; _the upper burma gazetteer_. mandalay. j. hn. justus hashagen, ph.d. privatdozent in medieval and modern history, university of bonn. author of _das rheinland unter die franzosische herrschaft_. louis i. and ii. of bavaria. j. h. f. john henry freese, m.a. formerly fellow of st john's college, cambridge. lycaon. j. h. r. john horace round, m.a., ll.d. (edin.). author of _feudal england_; _studies in peerage and family history_; _peerage and pedigree_. lord great chamberlain; mar, earldom of; marquess. j. hl. r. john holland rose, m.a., litt.d. christ's college, cambridge. lecturer on modern history to the cambridge university local lectures syndicate. author of _life of napoleon i._; _napoleonic studies_; _the development of the european nations_; _the life of pitt_; chapters in the _cambridge modern history_. lowe, sir hudson; maret. j. i. jules isaac. professor of history at the lycee of lyons. louis xii. of france. j. j. t. sir joseph john thomson, d.sc., ll.d., ph.d., f.r.s. cavendish professor of experimental physics and fellow of trinity college, cambridge. president of the british association, 1909-1910. author of _a treatise on the motion of vortex rings_; _application of dynamics to physics and chemistry_; _recent researches in electricity and magnetism_; &c. magneto-optics; matter. j. l. w. jessie laidlay weston. author of _arthurian romances unrepresented in malory_. malory, sir thomas; map, walter. j. m. gr. james moncrieff grierson, c.b., c.m.g., c.v.o. major-general, r.a. commanding 1st division aldershot command. director of military operations at headquarters, 1904-1906. served through south african war, 1900-1901. _author of staff duties in the field_; &c. manoevres, military. j. m. m. john malcolm mitchell. sometime scholar of queen's college, oxford. lecturer in classics, east london college (university of london). joint-editor of grote's _history of greece_. mandeville, bernard de; marcus aurelius antoninus. j. p. p. john percival postgate, m.a., litt.d. professor of latin in the university of liverpool. fellow of trinity college, cambridge. fellow of the british academy. editor of the _classical quarterly_. editor-in-chief of the _corpus poetarum latinorum_; &c. lucan (_in part_). jno. s. sir john scott, k.c.m.g., d.c.l. (1841-1904). deputy judge advocate-general to the forces, 1898-1904. judicial adviser to the khedive of egypt, 1890-1898. hon. fellow of pembroke college, oxford. martial law. j. si.* rev. james sibree, f.r.g.s. principal emeritus, united college (l.m.s. and f.f.m.a.), antananarivo, madagascar. membre de l'academie malgache. author of _madagascar and its people_; _madagascar before the conquest_; _a madagascar bibliography_; &c. madagascar; mauritius. j. s. bl. john sutherland black, m.a., ll.d. assistant-editor of the 9th edition of the encyclopaedia britannica. joint-editor of the _encyclopaedia biblica_. mary: mother of jesus (_in part_). mazzini. j. s. co. james sutherland cotton, m.a. editor of the imperial gazetteer of india. hon. secretary of the egyptian exploration fund. formerly fellow and lecturer of queen's college, oxford. author of _india_; &c. mahrattas (_in part_). j. s. f. john smith flett, d.sc, f.g.s. petrographer to the geological survey. formerly lecturer on petrology in edinburgh university. neill medallist of the royal society of edinburgh. bigsby medallist of the geological society of london. marble; marl. j. t. be. john thomas bealby. joint-author of stanford's _europe_. formerly editor of the _scottish geographical magazine_. translator of sven hedin's _through asia, central asia and tibet_; &c. maritime province (_in part_). j. t. c. joseph thomas cunningham, m.a., f.z.s. lecturer on zoology at the south-western polytechnic, london. formerly fellow of university college, oxford. assistant professor of natural history in the university of edinburgh and naturalist to the marine biological association. mackerel (_in part_). j. t. m. john theodore merz, ll.d., ph.d., d.c.l. chairman of the newcastle-upon-tyne electric supply co., ltd. author of _history of european thought in the xixth century_; &c. lotze (_in part_). j. t. s.* james thomson shotwell, ph.d. professor of history in columbia university, new york city. louis vi., vii., ix., x. and xi. of france. j. v.* jules viard. archivist at the national archives, paris. officer of public instruction, france. author of _la france sous philippe vi de valois_; &c. lore, ambroise de; louvet, jean; marcel, etienne. j. v. b. james vernon bartlet, m.a., d.d. (st andrews). professor of church history, mansfield college, oxford. author of _the apostolic age_; &c. mark, st (_in part_); matthew, st; luke, st. k. g. j. kingsley garland jayne. sometime scholar of wadham college, oxford. matthew arnold prizeman, 1903. author of _vasco da gama and his successors_. malay archipelago. k. k. konrad kessler, ph.d. formerly professor of semitic languages at the university of greifswald. mandaeans (_in part_). k. l. rev. kirsopp lake, m.a. lincoln college, oxford. professor of early christian literature and new testament exegesis in the university of leiden. author of _the text of the new testament_; _the historical evidence for the resurrection of jesus christ_; &c. mary, mother of jesus (_in part_). k. s. kathleen schlesinger. editor of portfolio of musical archaeology. author of _the instruments of the orchestra_. lute (_in part_); lyre (_in part_); mandoline. l. j. s. leonard james spencer, m.a., f.g.s. assistant, department of mineralogy, natural history museum, south kensington. formerly scholar of sidney sussex college, cambridge, and harkness scholar. editor of the _mineralogical magazine_. manganite; marcasite. l. v.* luigi villari. italian foreign office (emigration dept.). formerly newspaper correspondent in east of europe. author of _italian life in town and country_; &c. mazzini: _bibliography_. l. w. v-h. l. w. vernon-harcourt (d. 1909). barrister-at-law. author of _his grace the steward and the trial of peers_. lord high steward. m. a. w. mary a. ward (mrs humphry ward). see the biographical article: ward, mary augusta. lyly. m. br. margaret bryant. louis viii. and xvii. of france. m. ja. morris jastrow, jr., ph.d. professor of semitic languages, university of pennsylvania. author of _religion of the babylonians and assyrians_; &c. marduk. m. n. t. marcus niebuhr tod, m.a. fellow and tutor of oriel college, oxford. university lecturer in epigraphy. joint-author of _catalogue of the sparta museum_. lycurgus: _spartan lawgiver_; lysander. m. o. b. c. maximilian otto bismarck caspari, m.a. (oxon.). reader in ancient history at london university. lecturer in greek at birmingham university, 1905-1908. mantineia (_in part_); manuel i., comnenus; marathon (_in part_). m. p. mark pattison, ll.d. see the biographical article: pattison, mark. macaulay. n. d. m. newton dennison mereness, a.m., ph.d. author of _maryland as a proprietary province_. maryland. n. v. joseph marie noel valois. member of academie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, paris. honorary archivist at the archives nationales. formerly president of the societe de l'histoire de france, and of the societe de l'ecole des chartes. marsilius of padua; martin i.-v.: _popes_. n. w. t. northcote whitridge thomas, m.a. government anthropologist to southern nigeria. corresponding member of the societe d'anthropologie de paris. author of _thought transference_; _kinship and marriage in australia_; &c. lycanthropy; magic. o. r. osborne reynolds, m.a., ll.d., f.r.s. m.inst.c.e. formerly professor of engineering, victoria university, manchester. honorary fellow of queens' college, cambridge. lubrication. p. a. a. philip a. ashworth, m.a., doc. juris. new college, oxford. barrister-at-law. lubeck (_in part_). p. a. k. prince peter alexeivitch kropotkin. see the biographical article: kropotkin, prince, p. a. maritime province (_in part_). p. g. percy gardner, m.a., litt.d., ll.d. see the biographical article: gardner, percy. lysippus. p. gi. peter giles, m.a., ll.d., litt.d. fellow and classical lecturer of emmanuel college, cambridge, and university reader in comparative philology. formerly secretary of the cambridge philological society. m. p. g. t. peter guthrie tait, ll.d. see the biographical article: tait, peter guthrie. maxwell, james clerk. p. vi. paul vinogradoff, d.c.l., ll.d. see the biographical article: vinogradoff, paul. manor (_in part_). r. a.* robert anchel. archivist to the department de l'eure. louis xvi.; marat. r. b. mck. ronald brunlees mckerrow, m.a. trinity college, cambridge. editor of _the works of thomas nashe_; &c. marprelate controversy. r. c. j. sir richard claverhouse jebb, d.c.l., ll.d. see the biographical article: jebb, sir richard claverhouse. lysias (_in part_). r. g. richard garnett, ll.d., d.c.l. see the biographical article: garnett, richard. lucan (_in part_); max muller. r. h. c. rev. robert henry charles, m.a., d.litt. grinfield lecturer on the septuagint at oxford, 1905-1907. fellow of the british academy. professor of biblical greek at trinity college, dublin, 1898-1906. hibbert lecturer at oxford, 1898; jowett lecturer, 1898-1899. author of _critical history of a future life_; &c. manasses, prayer of. r. j. m. ronald john mcneill, m.a. christ church, oxford. barrister-at-law. formerly editor of the _st james's gazette_, london. lundy, robert; macdonnell, sorley boy; mcneile, hugh; manchester, earls and dukes of; march, earls of; margaret, queen of scotland; masham, abigail. r. k. d. sir robert kennaway douglas. formerly professor of chinese, king's college, london. keeper of oriental printed books and mss. at british museum, 1892-1907. member of the chinese consular service, 1858-1865. author of _the language and literature of china_; _china_; _europe and the far east_; &c. manchuria. r. l.* richard lydekker, f.r.s., f.g.s., f.z.s. member of the staff of the geological survey of india, 1874-1882. author of _catalogues of fossil mammals, reptiles and birds in the british museum_; _the deer of all lands_; _the game animals of africa_; &c. loris; macaque; machaerodus; mammalia (_in part_); mammoth (_in part_); manati; mandrill; marmot; marsupialia; mastodon. r. m'l. robert m'lachlan, f.r.s. editor of the _entomologists' monthly magazine_. may-fly (_in part_). r. m. d. richard mountford deeley, m.inst.ce., m.i.mech.e., f.g.s. late locomotive superintendent, midland railway. joint-author of _lubrication and lubricants_. lubricants. r. n. b. robert nisbet bain (d. 1909). assistant librarian, british museum, 1883-1909. author of _scandinavia, the political history of denmark, norway and sweden, 1513-1900_; _the first romanovs, 1613 to 1725_; _slavonic europe, the political history of poland and russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c. louis i. and ii. of hungary; malachowski; margaret, queen; martinuzzi; matthias i., hunyadi; matvyeev; mazepa-koledinsky. r. p. reinhold pauli. see the biographical article: pauli, reinhold. lubeck (_in part_). r. p. s. r. phene spiers, f.s.a., f.r.i.b.a. formerly master of the architectural school, royal academy, london. past president of architectural association. associate and fellow of king's college, london. corresponding member of the institute of france. editor of fergusson's _history of architecture_. author of _architecture: east and west_; &c. manor-house. r. po. rene poupardin, d. es l. secretary of the ecole des chartes. honorary librarian at the bibliotheque nationale, paris. author of _le royaume de provence sous les carolingiens_; _recueil des chartes de saint-germain_; &c. lorraine; louis iv. and v. of france. r. s. c. robert seymour conway, m.a., d.litt. (cantab.). professor of latin and indo-european philology in the university of manchester. formerly professor of latin in university college, cardiff; and fellow of gonville and caius college, cambridge. author of _the italic dialects_. mamertini; marrucini; marsi. r. t. sir richard temple. see the biographical article: temple, sir richard. mahrattas (_in part_). r. we. richard webster, a.m. (princeton). formerly fellow in classics, princeton university. editor of _the elegies of maximianus_; &c. mather, increase; mather, richard. s. a. c. stanley arthur cook, m.a. lecturer in hebrew and syriac, and formerly fellow, gonville and caius college, cambridge. editor for palestine exploration fund. examiner in hebrew and aramaic, london university, 1904-1908. author of _glossary of aramaic inscriptions_; _the laws of moses and the code of hammurabi_; _critical notes on old testament history_; _religion of ancient palestine_; &c. lot; manasseh. s. bi. shelford bidwell, m.a., d.sc., f.r.s. (1848-1909). gonville and caius college, cambridge. formerly president of the physical society and member of council of the royal society. magnetism. s. c. sidney colvin, ll.d. see the biographical article: colvin, sidney. marcantonio. s. n. simon newcomb, ll.d., d.sc. see the biographical article: newcomb, simon. mars: _planet_. t. as. thomas ashby, m.a., d.litt., f.s.a. director of the british school of archaeology at rome. corresponding member of the imperial german archaeological institute. formerly scholar of christ church, oxford; craven fellow, oxford, 1897. author of _the classical topography of the roman campagna_; &c. lucania; lucca; lucena; lucretilis, mons; lucus feroniae; luna; magna graecia; manduria; manfredonia; marches, the; marino; marzabotto. t. ba. sir thomas barclay. member of the institute of international law. member of the supreme council of the congo free state. officer of the legion of honour. author of _problems of international practice and diplomacy_; &c. m.p. for blackburn, 1910. mare clausum. t. f. c. theodore freylinghuysen collier, ph.d. assistant professor of history, williams college, williamstown, mass., u.s.a. marcellus. t. g. br. thomas gregor brodie, m.d., f.r.s. professor of physiology in the university of toronto. author of _essentials of experimental physiology_. lymph and lymph formation. t. h. h.* sir thomas hungerford holdich, k.c.m.g., k.c.i.e., d.sc. superintendent, frontier surveys, india, 1892-1898. gold medallist, r.g.s., london, 1887. author of _the indian borderland_; _the countries of the king's award_; _india_; _tibet_. makran. t. m. l. thomas martin lindsay, ll.d., d.d. principal of the united free church college, glasgow. formerly assistant to the professor of logic and metaphysics in the university of edinburgh. author of _history of the reformation_; _life of luther_; &c. luther, martin; lutherans. t. r. r. s. thomas roscoe rede stebbing, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.z.s. fellow of king's college, london. hon. fellow of worcester college, oxford. zoological secretary of linnaean society, 1903-1907. author of _a history of crustacea_; _the naturalist of cumbrae_; &c. malacostraca. t. se. thomas seccombe, m.a. balliol college, oxford. lecturer in history, east london and birkbeck colleges, university of london. stanhope prizeman, oxford, 1887. assistant editor of _dictionary of national biography_, 1891-1901. author of _the age of johnson_; &c. marlowe, christopher (_in part_); marston, philip bourke. t. w. r. d. thomas william rhys davids, m.a., ph.d., ll.d. professor of comparative religion in the university of manchester. professor of pali and buddhist literature, university college, london, 1882-1904. president of the pali text society. fellow of the british academy. secretary and librarian of royal asiatic society, 1885-1902. author of _buddhism_; &c. lumbini; mahavamsa; maitreya. v. h. s. rev. vincent henry stanton, m.a., d.d. ely professor of divinity in the university of cambridge. canon of ely. formerly fellow, dean, tutor and lecturer of trinity college, cambridge. author of the _jewish and the christian messiahs_; &c. mark, gospel of st; matthew, gospel of st; luke, gospel of st. w. a. b. c. rev. william augustus brevoort coolidge, m.a., f.r.g.s. fellow of magdalen college, oxford. professor of english history, st david's college, lampeter, 1880-1881. author of _guide to switzerland_; _the alps in nature and in history_; &c. editor of the _alpine journal_, 1880-1889. lotschen pass; lucerne: canton, town, lake of; lugano, lake of; maggiore, lago. w. a. g. walter armstrong graham. his siamese majesty's resident commissioner for the siamese malay state of kelantan. adviser to his siamese majesty's minister for lands and agriculture. author of _kelantan, a handbook_; &c. malay states: _non-federated_. malay states: _siamese_. w. a. p. walter alison phillips, m.a. formerly exhibitioner of merton college and senior scholar of st john's college, oxford. author of _modern europe_; &c. louis philippe; mahmud ii.; mass: _church_. w. d. l. william draper lewis, ll.b., ph.d. dean of the law school, university of pennsylvania. lecturer on economics, haverford college, pennsylvania, 1890-1896. editor of _great american lawyers_; &c. marshall, john. w. e. a. a. william edmund armytage axon, ll.d. formerly deputy chief librarian of the manchester free libraries. on literary staff of manchester guardian, 1874-1905. member of the gorsedd, with the bardic name of manceinion. author of _annals of manchester_; &c. manchester. w. e. d. william ernest dalby, m.a., m.inst.c.e., m.i.m.e. professor of civil and mechanical engineering at the city and guilds of london institute central technical college, south kensington. formerly university demonstrator in the engineering department, cambridge. author of _the balancing of engines_; _valves and valve-gear mechanism_; &c. mechanics: _applied_ (_in part_). w. e. g. f. william edward garrett fisher, m.a. author of _the transvaal and the boers_. marbles. w. f.* rev. william fairweather, m.a., d.d. minister of dunnikier united free church, kirkcaldy, n.b. author of _maccabees_ (cambridge bible for schools); _the background of the gospels_; &c. maccabees; maccabees, books of. w. ho. wynnard hooper, m.a. clare college, cambridge. financial editor of _the times_, london. market. w. h. f. sir william henry flower, f.r.s. see the biographical article: flower, sir w. h. mammalia (_in part_); mammoth (_in part_); mandrill (_in part_); marten. w. j. m. r. william john macquorn rankine, ll.d. see the biographical article: rankine, william john macquorn. mechanics: _applied_ (_in part_). w. l. c.* william lee corbin, a.m. associate professor of english, wells college, aurora, new york. mather, cotton. w. l. f. walter lynwood fleming, a.m., ph.d. professor of history in louisiana state university. author of _documentary history of reconstruction_; &c. lynch law; mcgillivray, alexander. w. l. g. william lawson grant, m.a. professor at queen's university, kingston, canada. formerly beit lecturer in colonial history at oxford university. editor of _acts of the privy council_, (\"colonial\" series); _canadian constitutional development_ (in collaboration). mackenzie, william lyon; manitoba (_in part_). w. m. r. william michael rossetti. see the biographical article: rossetti, dante g. luini; mantegna; martini; masaccio; masolino da panicale. w. m. ra. sir william mitchell ramsay, ll.d., d.c.l. see the biographical article: ramsay, sir william mitchell. lycaonia. w. p. c. william prideaux courtney, d.c.l. see the article: courtney, l. h., baron. marlborough, 1st duke of. w. r. s. william robertson smith, ll.d. see the biographical article: smith, william robertson. malachi (_in part_); mecca. w. wn. william watson, d.sc, f.r.s. assistant professor of physics, royal college of science, london. vice-president of the physical society. magnetograph; magnetometer. w. w. f.* william warde fowler, m.a. fellow of lincoln college, oxford. sub-rector, 1881-1904. gifford lecturer, edinburgh university, 1908. author of _the city-state of the greeks and romans_; _the roman festivals of the republican period_; &c. mars: _mythology_; mauretania. w. y. s. william young sellar, ll.d. see the biographical article: sellar, william young. martial; lucilius (_in part_); lucretius. principal unsigned articles lord chamberlain. mafia. march. lotteries. magnesium. marengo. louisiana. magnolia. marionettes. lourdes. maine, u.s.a. marriage. loyalists. maize. marseilles. luchu archipelago. malplaquet. marshal. lutzen. malta. marston moor. lyons. mandamus. maryland. macabre. manganese. massachusetts. mckinley, william. manila. match. madeira. manipur. mayo. madison, james. manna. mayor. madras. maori. measles. madrid. maple. mecklenburg. footnote: [1] a complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.",
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