MSS.

mss., and began to study hebrew. there also he wrote the life of st paul of thebes, probably an imaginary tale embodying the facts of the monkish life around him. just then the meletian schism, which arose over the relation of the orthodox to arian bishops and to those baptized by arians, distressed the church at antioch (see meletius of antioch), and jerome as usual eagerly joined the fray. here as elsewhere he had but one rule to guide him in matters of doctrine and discipline--the practice of rome and the west; for it is singular to see how jerome, who is daringly original in points of scholarly criticism, was a ruthless partisan in all other matters; and, having discovered what was the western practice, he set tongue and pen to work with his usual bitterness (_altercatio luciferiani et orthodoxi_). at antioch in 379 he was ordained presbyter. from there he went to constantinople, where he met with the great eastern scholar and theologian gregory of nazianzus, and with his aid tried to perfect himself in greek. the result of his studies there was the translation of the _chronicon_ of eusebius, with a continuation[1] of twenty-eight homilies of origen on jeremiah and ezekiel, and of nine homilies of origen on the visions of isaiah. in 381 meletius died, and pope damasus interfered in the dispute at antioch, hoping to end it. jerome was called to rome in 382 to give help in the matter, and was made secretary during the investigation. his work brought him into intercourse with this great pontiff, who soon saw what he could best do, and how his vast scholarship might be made of use to the church. damasus suggested to him to revise the "old latin" translation of the bible; and to this task he henceforth devoted his great abilities. at rome were published the gospels (with a dedication to pope damasus, an explanatory introduction, and the canons of eusebius), the rest of the new testament and the version of the psalms from the septuagint known as the _psalterium romanum_, which was followed (c. 388) by the _psalterium gallicanum_, based on the hexaplar greek text. these scholarly labours, however, did not take up his whole time, and it was almost impossible for jerome to be long anywhere without getting into a dispute. he was a zealous defender of that monastic life which was beginning to take such a large place in the church of the 4th century, and he found enthusiastic disciples among the roman ladies. a number of widows and maidens met together in the house of marcella to study the scriptures with him; he taught them hebrew, and preached the virtues of the celibate life. his arguments and exhortations may be gathered from many of his epistles and from his tract _adversus helvidium_, in which he defends the perpetual virginity of mary against helvidius, who maintained that she bore children to joseph. his influence over these ladies alarmed their relatives and excited the suspicions of the regular priesthood and of the populace, but while pope damasus lived jerome remained secure. damasus died, however, in 384, and was succeeded by siricius, who did not show much friendship for jerome. he found it expedient to leave rome, and set out for the east in 385. his letters (especially ep. 45) are full of outcries against his enemies and of indignant protestations that he had done nothing unbecoming a christian, that he had taken no money, nor gifts great nor small, that he had no delight in silken attire, sparkling gems or gold ornaments, that no matron moved him unless by penitence and fasting, &c. his route is given in the third book _in rufinum_; he went by rhegium and cyprus, where he was entertained by bishop epiphanius, to antioch. there he was joined by two wealthy roman ladies, paula, a widow, and eustochium, her daughter, one of jerome's hebrew students. they came accompanied by a band of roman maidens vowed to live a celibate life in a nunnery in palestine. accompanied by these ladies jerome made the tour of palestine, carefully noting with a scholar's keenness the various places mentioned in holy scripture. the results of this journey may be traced in his translation with emendations of the book of eusebius on the situation and names of hebrew places, written probably three years afterwards, when he had settled down at bethlehem. from palestine jerome and his companions went to egypt, remaining some time in alexandria, and they visited the convents of the nitrian desert. jerome's mind was evidently full of anxiety about his translation of the old testament, for we find him in his letters recording the conversations he had with learned men about disputed readings and doubtful renderings; the blind didymus of alexandria, whom he heard interpreting hosea, appears to have been most useful. when they returned to palestine they all settled at bethlehem, where paula built four monasteries, three for nuns and one for monks. she was at the head of the nunneries until her death in 404, when eustochium succeeded her; jerome presided over the fourth monastery. here he did most of his literary work and, throwing aside his unfinished plan of a translation from origen's hexaplar text, translated the old testament directly from the hebrew, with the aid of jewish scholars. he mentions a rabbi from lydda, a rabbi from tiberias, and above all rabbi ben anina, who came to him by night secretly for fear of the jews. jerome was not familiar enough with hebrew to be able to dispense with such assistance, and he makes the synagogue responsible for the fully narrated in the first seven chapters of joshua. there must be some little exaggeration in the statement that jericho was totally destroyed; a hamlet large enough to be enumerated among the towns of benjamin (josh. xviii. 21) must have remained; but that it was small is shown by the fact that it was deemed a suitable place for david's ambassadors to retire to after the indignities put upon them by hanun (2 sam. x. 5; 1 chron. xix. 5). its refortification was due to a bethelite named hiel, who endeavoured to avert the curse of joshua by offering his sons as sacrifices at certain stages of the work (1 kings xvi. 34). after this event it grew again into importance and became the site of a college of prophets (2 kings ii. 4 sqq.) for whom elisha "healed" its poisonous waters. the principal spring in the neighbourhood of jericho still bears (among the foreign residents) the name of elisha; the natives call it, ain es-sultan, or "sultan's spring." to jericho the victorious israelite marauders magnanimously returned their judahite captives at the bidding of the prophet oded (2 chron. xxviii. 15). here was fought the last fight between the babylonians and zedekiah, wherein the kingdom of judah came to an end (2 kings xxv. 5; jer. xxxix. 5, lii. 8). in the new testament jericho is connected with the well-known stories of bar-timaeus (matt. xx. 29; mark x. 46; luke xviii. 35) and zacchaeus (luke xix. 1) and with the good samaritan (luke x. 30). the extra-biblical history of jericho is as disastrous as are the records preserved in the scriptures. bacchides, the general of the syrians, captured and fortified it (1. macc. ix. 50), aristobulus (jos. _ant._ xiv. i. 2) also took it, pompey (ib. xiv. iv. 1) encamped here on his way to jerusalem. before herod its inhabitants ran away (ib. xiv. xv. 3) as they did before vespasian (_wars_, iv. viii. 2). the reason of this lack of warlike quality was no doubt the enervating effect of the great heat of the depression in which the city lies, which has the same effect on the handful of degraded humanity that still occupies the ancient site. few places in palestine are more fertile. it was the city of palm trees of the ancient record of the israelite invasion preserved in part in judg. i. 16; and josephus speaks of its fruitfulness with enthusiasm (_wars_ iv. 8, 3). even now with every possible hindrance in the way of cultivation it is an important centre of fruit-growing. the modern er-riha is a poor squalid village of, it is estimated, about 300 inhabitants. it is not built exactly on the ancient site. indeed, the site of jericho has shifted several times. the mound of tell es-sultan, near "elisha's fountain," north of the modern village, no doubt covers the canaanite town. there are two later sites, of roman or herodian date, one north, the other west, of this. it was probably the crusaders who established the modern site. an old tower attributed to them is to be seen in the village, and in the surrounding mountains are many remains of early monasticism. aqueducts, ruined sugar-mills, and other remains of ancient industry abound in the neighbourhood. the whole district is the private property of the sultan of turkey. in 1907-8 the canaanite jericho was excavated under the direction of prof. sellin of vienna. see "the german excavations at jericho," _pal. explor. fund, quart. statem._ (1910), pp. 54-68. footnote: [1] cf. schoene's critical edition (berlin, 1866, 1875).