MSS.

mss., and a class revised from the hebrew (probably through the medium of an arabic version). an examination of ten chapters of st matthew by l. hackspill (ibid. vol. xi.) led to the result that the ethiopic version of the gospels was made about a.d. 500, from a syro-occidental text, and that this original translation is represented by cod. paris. aeth. 32; whereas most mss. and all printed editions contain a text influenced by the alexandrian vulgate, and show traces of arabic. rossini (_ibid._ x. 232) has made it probable that the abba salama, whom the native tradition identifies with frumentius, evangelist of abyssinia, to whom the translation of the bible was ascribed, was in reality a metropolitan of the early 14th century, who revised the corrupt text then current. of the ancient translation the latest book is said to be ecclesiasticus, translated in the year 678. the new testament has been published repeatedly (first in rome, 1548-1549; some letters about its publication were edited by i. guidi in the _archivio della soc. rom. di storia patria_, 1886), and c.f.a. dillmann edited a critical text of most of the old testament and apocrypha, but did not live to complete it; portions have been edited by j. bachmann and others. other translations thought to belong to the first period are the _sher'ata makhbar_, ascribed to s. pachomius; the _kerilos_, a collection of homilies and tracts, beginning with cyril of alexandria _de recta fide_; and the _physiologus_, a fanciful work on natural history (edited by f. hommel, leipzig, 1877). of the works belonging to the second period much the most important are those which deal with abyssinian history. a court official, called _sahafe te'ezazenet_ (secretary), having under him a staff of scribes, was employed to draw up the public annals year by year; and on these official compositions the abyssinian histories are based. the earliest part of the axum chronicle preserved is that recording the wars of amda sion (1314-1344) against the moslems; it is doubtful, however, whether even this exists in its original form, as some scholars think; according to its editor (j. perruchon in the _journ. asiat._ for 1889) it is preserved in a recension of the time of king zar'a ya'kub. under king lebna dengel (1508-1540) the annals of his four predecessors, zar'a ya'kub, baeda maryam, eskender and na'od (1434-1508) were drawn up; those of the first two were published by j. perruchon (paris, 1893); in the _journ. asiat._ for 1894 the same scholar published a further fragment of the history of baeda maryam, written by the tutor to the king's children, and the history of eskender, amda sion ii. and na'od as compiled in lebna dengel's time. the history of lebna dengel was published by the same scholar (_journ. semit._ i. 274) and rossini (_rendiconti_, 1894, v. p. 617); that of his successor claudius (1540-1559) by conzelmann (paris, 1895); that of his successor minas (1559-1563) by f.m.e. pereira (lisbon, 1888); those of the three following kings, sharsa dengel, za dengel, and ya'kub, by rossini (_rendiconti_, 1893). the history of the next king sysenius (1606-1632) by abba meherka dengel and tekla shelase was edited by pereira (lisbon, 1892); the chronicles of joannes i., iyasu i. and bakaffa (1682-1730) by i. guidi, with a french translation (paris, 1903-1905); all are contemporary, and the names of the chroniclers of the last two kings are recorded. besides these we have the partly fabulous chronicle of lalibela (of uncertain date, but before the salomonian dynasty was restored), edited by perruchon (paris, 1892); and a brief chronicle of abyssinia, drawn up in the reign of iyasu ii. (1729-1753), embodying materials abridged, but often unaltered, was published by r. basset, in the _journ. asiat._ for 1882 (cf. rossini in the _rendiconti_, 1893-1894, p. 668), and has since formed the basis for abyssinian history. many compilations of the sort exist in ms. in libraries, and great praise is bestowed on the one which e. rueppell, when travelling in abyssinia, ordered to be drawn up for his use. it is now in the collection of his mss. at frankfurt. ethiopic scholars speak of a special "historical style" which comes from the mixture of the styles of different periods, and the admixture of amharic phrases and idioms. the historian of the wars of amda sion is credited with some literary merit; most of the chroniclers have little. the remaining literature of the second period is thought to begin somewhat earlier than these chronicles. to the time of king yekuno amlak (1268-1283) the historical romance called _kebra nagaset_ (glory of kings) is assigned by its editor, c. bezold (bavarian academy, 1904); other scholars gave it a somewhat later date. its purpose is to glorify the salomonian dynasty, whence, in spite of a colophon which declares it to be a translation, it was regarded as an original work; since, however, it shows evident signs of having been translated from arabic, bezold supposes that its author, ishak, was an immigrant whose native language was arabic, in which therefore he would naturally write the first draft of his book. to the time of yagbea sion (ob. 1294) belongs the _vision of the prophet habakkuk in kartasa_, as also the works of abba salama, regarded as the founder of the ethiopic renaissance, one of whose sermons is preserved in a cheren ms. with his name are connected the _acts of the passion_, the _service for the dead_ and the translation of philexius, i.e. philoxenus. king zar'a ya'kub composed or had composed for him as many as seven books; the most important of these is the _book of light_ (mashafa berhan), paraphrased as _kirchenordnung_, by dillmann, who gave an analysis of its contents (_ueber die regierung des koenigs zar'a ya'kob_, berl. acad., 1884). he also organized the compilation of the miracles of the virgin mary, one of the most popular of ethiopic books; a magnificent edition was printed by e.w. budge in the meux collection (london, 1900). in the same reign the arabic chronicle of al-makin was translated into geez. under lebna dengel (ob. 1540), besides the above-mentioned collection of chronicles, we hear of the translation from the arabic of the history and martyrdom of st george, the commentary of j. chrysostom on the epistle to the hebrews, and the ascetic works of j. saba called _aragawi manfasawi._ under claudius (1540-1559) maba sion is said to have translated from the arabic _the faith of the fathers_, a vast compilation, including the _didascalia apostalorum_ (edited by platt, london, 1834), and the _creed of jacob baradaeus_ (published by cornill, _zdmg_. xxx. 417-466), and to the same reign belong the _book of extreme unction (mashafa kandil_), and the religious romance _barlaam et joasaph_ also paraphrased from the arabic (partly edited by a. zotenberg in _notices et extraits_, vol. xxviii.). _the confession of faith_ of king claudius has been repeatedly printed. the reign of sharsa dengel (ob. 1595) was marked by many literary monuments, such as the religious and controversial compilation called _mazmura chrestos_, and the translation, by a certain salik, of the religious encyclopaedia (mashafa haia) of the monk nikon; an arab merchant from yemen, who took on conversion the name anbakom (habakkuk), translated a number of books from the arabic. under ya'kub (ob. 1605) the valuable chronicle of john of nikiou was translated from arabic (edited by a. zotenberg with french translation in _notices et extraits_, vol. xxiv.). under john, about 1687, the _spiritual medicine_ of michael, bishop of adtrib and malig, was translated. the literature that is not accurately dated consists largely of liturgies, prayers and hymns; ethiopic poetry is chiefly, if not entirely, represented by the last of these, the most popular work of the kind being an ode in praise of the virgin, called _weddase maryam_ (edited by k. fries, leipzig, 1892). various hymn-books bear the names _degua, zemmare_ and _mawas'et_ (antiphones); there is also a biblical history in verse called _mashafa madbal_ or _mestira zaman_. homilies also exist in large numbers, both original and translated, sometimes after the arabic fashion in rhymed prose. hagiology is naturally an important department in ethiopic literature. in the great collection called _synaxar_ (translated originally from arabic, but with large additions) for each day of the year there is the history of one or more saints; an attempt has been made by h. duensing (1900) to derive some actual history from it. many texts containing lives of individual saints have been issued. such are those of maba sion and gabra chrestos, edited by budge in the meux collection (london, 1899); the acts of s. mercurius, of which a fragment was edited by rossini (rome, 1904); the unique ms. of the original, one of the most extensive works in the geez language, was burned by thieves who set fire to the editor's house. the same scholar began a series of _vitae sanctorum antiquiorum_, while _monumenta aethiopiae hagiologica_ and _vitae sanctorum indigenarum_ have been edited by b. turaiev (leipzig and st petersburg, 1902, and rome, 1905). other lives have been edited by pereira, guidi, &c. similar in historical value to these works is the _history of the exploits of alexander_, of which various recensions have been edited by budge (london, 1895). see further