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    "verified_text": "m'clure, sir robert john le mesurier (1807-1873), english arctic explorer, born at wexford, in ireland, on the 28th of january 1807, was the posthumous son of one of abercrombie's captains and spent his childhood under the care of his godfather, general le mesurier, governor of alderney, by whom he was educated for the army. he entered the navy, however, in 1824, and twelve years later gained his first experience of arctic exploration as mate of the \"terror\" in the expedition (1836-1837) commanded by captain (afterwards sir) george back. on his return he obtained his commission as lieutenant, and from 1838 to 1839 served on the canadian lakes, being subsequently attached to the north american and west indian naval stations, where he remained till 1846. two years later he joined the franklin search expedition (1848-1849) under sir j. c. ross as first lieutenant of the \"enterprise,\" and on the return of this expedition was given the command of the \"investigator\" in the new search expedition (1850-1854) which was sent out by way of bering strait to co-operate with another from the north-west. in the course of this voyage he achieved the distinction of completing (1830) the work connected with the discovery of a north-west passage (see polar regions). on his return to england, m'clure was awarded gold medals by the english and french geographical societies, was knighted and promoted to post-rank, his commission being dated back four years in recognition of his special services. from 1856 to 1861 he served in eastern waters, commanding the division of the naval brigade before canton in 1858, for which he received a c.b. in the following year. his latter years were spent in a quiet country life; he attained the rank of rear-admiral in 1867, and of vice-admiral in 1873. see admiral sherard osborn, _the discovery of a north-west passage_ (1856). maccoll, malcolm (c. 1838-1907), british clergyman and publicist, was the son of a scottish farmer. he was educated at trinity college, glenalmond, for the scotch episcopal ministry, and after further study at the university of naples was ordained in 1859, and entered on a succession of curacies in the church of england, in london and at addington, bucks. he quickly became known as a political and ecclesiastical controversialist, wielding an active pen in support of w. e. gladstone, who rewarded him with the living of st george's, botolph lane, in 1871, and with a canonry of ripon in 1884. the living was practically a sinecure, and he devoted himself to political pamphleteering and newspaper correspondence, the result of extensive european travel, a wide acquaintance with the leading personages of the day, strong views on ecclesiastical subjects from a high-church standpoint, and particularly on the politics of the eastern question and mahommedanism. he took a leading part in ventilating the bulgarian and armenian \"atrocities,\" and his combative personality was constantly to the fore in support of the campaigns of gladstonian liberalism. he died in london on the 5th of april 1907. mccombie, william (1805-1880), scottish agriculturist, was born at tillyfour, aberdeenshire, where he founded the herd of black-polled cattle with which his name is associated. he was the first tenant farmer to represent a scottish constituency, and was returned to parliament, unopposed, as liberal member for the western division of aberdeen in 1868. he died unmarried in february 1880. his work _cattle and cattle-breeders_ (1867) passed into a fourth edition in 1886. mccook, alexander mcdowell (1831-1903), american soldier, was born in columbiana county, ohio, on the 22nd of april 1831. he graduated at the u. s. military academy in 1852, served against the apaches and utes in new mexico in 1853-57, was assistant instructor of infantry tactics at the military academy in 1858-1861, and in april 1861 became colonel of the 1st ohio volunteers. he served in the first battle of bull run; commanded a brigade in kentucky in the winter of 1861, a division in tennessee and mississippi early in 1862, and the 1st corps in kentucky in october of the same year; was in command of nashville in november and december of that year; and was then engaged in tennessee until after the battle of chickamauga, after which he saw no active service at the front during the civil war. he was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers in september 1861, and to be major-general of volunteers in july 1862, earned the brevet of lieutenant-colonel in the regular army at the capture of nashville, tennessee, that of colonel at shiloh, and that of brigadier-general at perryville, and in march 1865 was breveted major-general for his services during the war. in february-may 1865 he commanded the district of eastern arkansas. he resigned from the volunteer service in october 1865, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 26th infantry in march 1867, served in texas, mostly in garrison duty, until 1874, and in 1886-1890 (except for brief terms of absence) commanded fort leavenworth, kansas, and the infantry and cavalry school there. he became a brigadier-general in 1890, and a major-general in 1894; retired in 1895; and in 1898-1899 served on a commission to investigate the united states department of war as administered during the war with spain. his father, daniel mccook (1798-1863), killed at buffington's island during general john h. morgan's raid in ohio, and seven of his eight brothers (three of whom were killed in battle) all served in the civil war; this family and that of john mccook (1806-1865), daniel's brother, a physician, who served as a volunteer surgeon in the civil war, are known as the \"fighting mccooks\"--four of john's sons served in the union army and one in the union navy. john james mccook (b. 1845), the youngest brother of alexander mcdowell mccook, served in the west and afterwards in the army of the potomac, was wounded at shady grove, virginia, in 1864, and in 1865 was breveted lieutenant-colonel of volunteers; he graduated at kenyon college in 1866, subsequently practised law in new york city, where he became head of the firm alexander & green; was a prominent member of the presbyterian church, and was a member of the prosecuting committee in the briggs heresy trial in 1892-1893. his cousin, anson george mccook (b. 1835), a son of john, was admitted to the ohio bar in 1861, served throughout the civil war in the union army, and was breveted brigadier-general of volunteers; he was a republican representative in congress from new york in 1877-1883; and in 1884-1893 was secretary of the united states senate. another son of john mccook, edward moody mccook (1833-1909), was an efficient cavalry officer in the union army, was breveted brigadier-general in the regular army and major-general of volunteers in 1865, was united states minister to hawaii in 1866-1869, and was governor of colorado territory in 1869-1873, and in 1874-1875. his brother, henry christopher mccook (b. 1837), was first lieutenant and afterwards chaplain of the 41st illinois, was long pastor of the tabernacle presbyterian church in philadelphia, and was president of the american presbyterian historical society, but is best known for his popular and excellent works on entomology, which include: _the mound-making ants of the alleghanies_ (1877); _the natural history of the agricultural ants of texas_ (1879); _tenants of an old farm_ (1884); _american spiders and their spinning-work_ (3 vols., 1889-1893), _nature's craftsmen_ (1907) and _ant communities_ (1909). another brother, john james mccook (b. 1843), a cousin of the lawyer of the same name, was a 2nd lieutenant of volunteers in the union army in 1861; graduated at trinity college, hartford, connecticut, in 1863, and at the berkeley divinity school in 1866; entered the protestant episcopal ministry in 1867, and in 1869 became rector of st john's, east hartford, connecticut; became professor of modern languages in trinity college, hartford, in 1883; in 1895-1897 was president of the board of directors of the connecticut reformatory; and wrote on prison reform and kindred topics. maccormac, sir william, bart. (1836-1901), irish surgeon, was born at belfast on the 17th of january 1836, being the son of dr henry maccormac. he studied medicine and surgery at belfast, dublin and paris, and graduated in arts, medicine and surgery at the queen's university of ireland, in which he afterwards became an examiner in surgery. he began practice in belfast, where he became surgeon to the general hospital, but left it for london on his marriage in 1861 to miss katherine m. charters. in the franco-german war of 1870 he was surgeon-in-chief to the anglo-american ambulance, and was present at sedan; and he also went through the turco-servian war of 1876. he became in this way an authority on gun-shot wounds, and besides being highly successful as a surgeon was very popular in society, his magnificent physique and irish temperament making him a notable and attractive personality. in 1881 he was appointed assistant-surgeon at st thomas's hospital, london, and for twenty years continued his work there as surgeon, lecturer and consulting surgeon. in 1881 he acted as honorary secretary-general of the international medical congress in london, and was knighted for his services. in 1883 he was elected member of the council of the college of surgeons, and in 1887 a member of the court of examiners; in 1893 he delivered the bradshaw lecture, and in 1896 was elected president, being re-elected to this office in 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900 (the centenary year of the college), an unprecedented record. in 1897 he was created a baronet, and appointed surgeon-in-ordinary to the prince of wales. in 1899 he was hunterian orator. in the same year he volunteered to go out to south africa as consulting surgeon to the forces, and from november 1899 to april 1900 he saw much active service both in cape colony and natal, his assistance being cordially acknowledged on his return. in 1901 he was appointed honorary serjeant-surgeon to the king. but during 1898 he had suffered from a prolonged illness, and he had perhaps put too much strain on his strength, for on the 4th of december 1901 he died somewhat suddenly at bath. besides treatises on _surgical operations_ and _antiseptic surgery_, and numerous contributions to the medical journals, maccormac was the author of _work under the red cross_ and of an interesting volume commemorating the centenary of the royal college of surgeons in 1900. the latter contains biographical notices of all the masters and presidents up to that date. mccormick, cyrus hall (1809-1884), american inventor of grain-harvesting machinery, was born at walnut grove, in what is now roane county, w. va., u.s.a., on the 15th of february 1809. his father was a farmer who had invented numerous labour-saving devices for farmwork, but after repeated efforts had failed in his attempts to construct a successful grain-cutting machine. in 1831, cyrus, then twenty-two years old, took up the problem, and after careful study constructed a machine which was successfully employed in the late harvest of 1831 and patented in 1834. the mccormick reaper after further improvements proved a complete success; and in 1847 the inventor removed to chicago, where he established large works for manufacturing his agricultural machines. william h. seward has said of mccormick's invention, that owing to it \"the line of civilization moves westward thirty miles each year.\" numerous prizes and medals were awarded for his reaper, and he was elected a corresponding member of the french academy of sciences, \"as having done more for the cause of agriculture than any other living man.\" he died in chicago on the 13th of may 1884. see herbert n. casson, _cyrus hall mccormick: his life and work_ (chicago, 1909). mccosh, james (1811-1894), scottish philosophical writer, was born of a covenanting family in ayrshire, on the 1st of april 1811. he studied at glasgow and edinburgh, receiving at the latter university his m.a., at the suggestion of sir william hamilton, for an essay on the stoic philosophy. he became a minister of the established church of scotland, first at arbroath and then at brechin, and took part in the free church movement of 1843. in 1852 he was appointed professor of logic and metaphysics in queen's college, belfast; and in 1868 was chosen president and professor of philosophy of the college of new jersey, at princeton. he resigned the presidency in 1888, but continued as lecturer on philosophy till his death on the 16th of november 1894. he was most successful in college administration, a good lecturer and an effective preacher. his general philosophical attitude and method were hamiltonian; he insisted on severing religious and philosophical data from merely physical, and though he added little to original thought, he clearly restated and vigorously used the conclusions of others. in his controversial writings he often failed to understand the real significance of the views which he attacked, and much of his criticism is superficial. his chief works are: _method of divine government, physical and moral_ (edinburgh, 1850, 5th ed., 1856, and frequently republished in new york); _the typical forms and special ends in creation_ (edinburgh, 1855; new editions, new york, 1867-1880); _intuitions of the mind inductively investigated_ (london and new york, 1860; 3rd rev. ed., 1872); _an examination of mr j. s. mill's philosophy_ (london and new york, 1866; enlarged 1871, several eds.); _philosophical papers_ containing (1) \"examination of sir w. hamilton's logic,\" (2) \"reply to mr mill's third edition,\" and (3) \"present state of moral philosophy in britain;\" _religious aspects of evolution_ (new york, 1888, 2nd ed., 1890). for a complete list of his writings see j. h. dulles, _mccosh bibliography_ (princeton, 1895). mccoy, sir frederick (1823-1899), british palaeontologist, the son of dr simon mccoy, was born in dublin in 1823, and was educated in that city for the medical profession. his interests, however, became early centred in natural history, and especially in geology, and at the age of eighteen he published a _catalogue of organic remains_ compiled from specimens exhibited in the rotunda at dublin (1841). he assisted sir r. j. griffith (q.v.) by studying the fossils of the carboniferous and silurian rocks of ireland, and they prepared a joint _synopsis of the silurian fossils of ireland_ (1846). in 1846 sedgwick secured his services, and for at least four years he devoted himself to the determination and arrangement of the fossils in the woodwardian museum at cambridge. sedgwick wrote of him as \"an excellent naturalist, an incomparable and most philosophical palaeontologist, and one of the steadiest and quickest workmen that ever undertook the arrangement of a museum\" (_life and letters of sedgwick_, ii. 194). together they prepared the important and now classic work entitled _a synopsis of the classification of the british palaeozoic rocks, with a systematic description of the british palaeozoic fossils in the geological museum of the university of cambridge_ (1855). meanwhile mccoy in 1850 had been appointed professor of geology in queen's college, belfast, and in 1854 he accepted the newly founded professorship of natural science in the university of melbourne. there he lectured for upwards of thirty years; he established the national museum of natural history and geology in melbourne, of which he was director; and becoming associated with the geological survey of victoria as palaeontologist, he issued a series of decades entitled _prodromus of the palaeontology of victoria_. he also issued the _prodromus of the zoology of victoria_. to local societies he contributed many papers, and he continued his active scientific work for fifty-eight years--his last contribution, \"note on a new australian pterygotus,\" being printed in the _geological magazine_ for may 1899. he was elected f.r.s. in 1880, and was one of the first to receive the hon. d.sc. from the university of cambridge. in 1886 he was made c.m.g., and in 1891 k.c.m.g. he died in melbourne on the 16th of may 1899. obituary (with bibliography) in _geol. mag._ 1899, p. 283.",
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