MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum, the term given to a monument erected to receive the remains of a deceased person, which may sometimes take the form of a sepulchral chapel. the term _cenotaph_ ([greek: kenos], empty, [greek: taphos], tomb) is employed for a similar monument where the body is not buried in the structure. the term "mausoleum" originated with the magnificent monument erected by queen artemisia in 353 b.c. in memory of her husband king mausolus, of which the remains were brought to england in 1859 by sir charles newton and placed in the british museum. the tombs of augustus and of hadrian in rome are perhaps the largest monuments of the kind ever erected. mausolus (more correctly maussollus), satrap and practically ruler of caria (377-353 b.c.). the part he took in the revolt against artaxerxes mnemon, his conquest of a great part of lycia, ionia and of several of the greek islands, his co-operation with the rhodians and their allies in the war against athens, and the removal of his capital from mylasa, the ancient seat of the carian kings, to halicarnassus are the leading facts of his history. he is best known from the tomb erected for him by his widow artemisia. the architects satyrus and pythis, and the sculptors scopas, leochares, bryaxis and timotheus, finished the work after her death. (see halicarnassus.) an inscription discovered at mylasa (bockh, _inscr. gr._ ii. 2691 _c._) details the punishment of certain conspirators who had made an attempt upon his life at a festival in a temple at labranda in 353. see diod. sic. xv. 90, 3, xvi. 7, 4, 36, 2; demosthenes, _de rhodiorum libertate_; j. b. bury, _hist. of greece_ (1902), ii. 271; w. judeich, _kleinasiatische studien_ (marburg, 1892), pp. 226-256, and authorities under halicarnassus.