MARMONTEL

marmontel, jean francois (1723-1799), french writer, was born of poor parents at bort, in cantal, on the 11th of july 1723. after studying with the jesuits at mauriac, he taught in their colleges at clermont and toulouse; and in 1745, acting on the advice of voltaire, he set out for paris to try for literary honours. from 1748 to 1753 he wrote a succession of tragedies which,[1] though only moderately successful on the stage, secured the admission of the author to literary and fashionable circles. he wrote for the _encyclopedie_ a series of articles evincing considerable critical power and insight, which in their collected form, under the title _elements de litterature_, still rank among the french classics. he also wrote several comic operas, the two best of which probably are _sylvain_ (1770) and _zemire et azore_ (1771). in the gluck-piccini controversy he was an eager partisan of piccini with whom he collaborated in _didon_ (1783) and _penelope_ (1785). in 1758 he gained the patronage of madame de pompadour, who obtained for him a place as a civil servant, and the management of the official journal _le mercure_, in which he had already begun the famous series of _contes moraux_. the merit of these tales lies partly in the delicate finish of the style, but mainly in the graphic and charming pictures of french society under louis xv. the author was elected to the french academy in 1763. in 1767 he published a romance, _belisaire_, now remarkable only on account of a chapter on religious toleration which incurred the censure of the sorbonne and the archbishop of paris. marmontel retorted in _les incas_ (1778) by tracing the cruelties in spanish america to the religious fanaticism of the invaders. he was appointed historiographer of france (1771), secretary to the academy (1783), and professor of history in the lycee (1786). in his character of historiographer marmontel wrote a history of the regency (1788) which is of little value. reduced to poverty by the revolution, marmontel in 1792 retired during the terror to evreux, and soon after to a cottage at abloville in the department of eure. to that retreat we owe his _memoires d'un pere_ (4 vols., 1804) giving a picturesque review of his whole life, a literary history of two important reigns, a great gallery of portraits extending from the venerable massillon, whom more than half a century previously he had seen at clermont, to mirabeau. the book was nominally written for the instruction of his children. it contains an exquisitely drawn picture of his own childhood in the limousin; its value for the literary historian is very great. marmontel lived for some time under the roof of mme geoffrin, and was present at her famous dinners given to artists; he was, indeed, an _habitue_ of most of the houses where the encyclopaedists met. he had thus at his command the best material for his portraits, and made good use of his opportunities. after a short stay in paris when elected in 1797 to the conseil des anciens, he died on the 31st of december 1799 at abloville. see sainte-beuve, _causeries du lundi_, iv.; morellet, _eloge_ (1805). footnote: [1] _denys le tyran_ (1748); _aristomene_ (1749); _cleopatre_ (1750); _heraclides_ (1752); _egyptus_ (1753). marmora (anc. _proconnesus_), an island in the sea of the same name. originally settled by greeks from miletus in the 8th century b.c., proconnesus was annexed by its powerful neighbour cyzicus in 362. the island has at all times been noted for its quarries of white marble which supplied the material for several famous buildings of antiquity (e.g. the palace of mausolus at halicarnassus). see c. texier, _asie mineure_ (paris, 1839-1849); m. i. gedeon, [greek: proikonnesos] (constantinople, 1895); an exhaustive monograph by f. w. hasluek in _journ. hell. stud._, xxix., 1909.