MARIE GALANTE

marie galante, an island in the french west indies. it lies in 15° 55 n. and 61° 17 w., 16 m. s.e. of guadeloupe, of which it is a dependency. it is nearly circular in shape and 55 sq. m. in area. a rocky limestone plateau, rising in the east to a height of 675 ft., occupies the centre of the island, and from it the land descends in a series of well-wooded terraces to the sea. the shores are rocky, there are no harbours, and the roadstead off grand bourg is difficult of access, owing to the surrounding reefs. the climate is healthy and the soil rich; sugar, coffee and cotton being the chief products. the largest town is grand bourg (pop. 6901) on the south-west coast. the island was discovered by columbus in 1493, and received its name from the vessel on which he was sailing. the french who settled here in 1648 suffered numerous attacks both from the dutch and the british, but since 1766, except for a short period of british rule in the early part of the 19th century, they have held undisturbed possession. marie leszczynska (1703-1768), queen consort of france, was born at breslau on the 23rd of june 1703, being the daughter of stanislas leszczynski (who in 1704 became king of poland) and of catherine opalinska. during a temporary flight from warsaw the child was lost, and eventually discovered in a stable; on another occasion she was for safety's sake hidden in an oven. in his exile stanislas found his chief consolation in superintending the education of his daughter. madame de prie first suggested the polish princess as a bride for louis duke of bourbon, but she was soon betrothed not to him but to louis xv., a step which was the outcome of the jealousies of the houses of conde and orleans, and was everywhere regarded as a _mesalliance_ for the french king. the marriage took place at fontainebleau on the 5th of september 1725. marie's one attempt to interfere in politics, an effort to prevent the disgrace of the duke of bourbon, was the beginning of her husband's alienation from her; and after the birth of her seventh child louise, marie was practically deserted by louis, who openly avowed his _liaison_ with louise de nesle, comtesse de mailly, who was replaced in turn by her sisters pauline marquise de vintimille, and marie anne, duchess de chateauroux, and these by madame de pompadour. in the meantime the queen saw her father stanislas established in lorraine, and the affectionate intimacy which she maintained with him was the chief consolation of her harassed life. after a momentary reconciliation with louis during his illness at metz in 1744, marie shut herself up more closely with her own circle of friends until her death at versailles on the 24th of june 1768. see v. des diguieres, _lettres inedites de le reine marie leczinska et de la duchesse de luynes au president henault_ (1886); marquise des reaux, _le roi stanislas et marie leczinska_ (1895); p. de raynal, _le mariage d'un roi_ (paris, 1887); h. gauthier villars, _le mariage de louis xv. d'apres des documents nouveaux_ (1900); p. de nolhac, _la reine marie leczinska_ (1900) and _louis xv. et marie leczynska_ (1900); p. boye, _lettres du roi stanislas a marie leszczynska 1754-1766_ (paris and nancy, 1901); and c. stryienski's book on marie josephs de saxe (_la mere des trois derniers bourbons_, paris, 1902). see also the memoirs of president henault and of the duc de luynes (ed. dussieux and soulie, 1860, &c.). marie louise (1791-1847), second wife of napoleon i., was the daughter of francis i., emperor of austria, and of the princess theresa of naples, and was born on the 12th of december 1791. her disposition, fresh and natural but lacking the qualities that make for distinction, gave no promise of eminence until reasons of state brought napoleon shortly after his divorce of josephine to sue for her hand (see napoleon and josephine). it is probable, though not quite certain, that the first suggestions as to this marriage alliance emanated secretly from the austrian chancellor, metternich. the prince de ligne claimed to have been instrumental in arranging it. in any case the proposal was well received at paris both by napoleon and by his ministers; and though there were difficulties respecting the divorce, of josephine, yet these were surmounted in a way satisfactory to the emperor and the prelates of austria. the marriage took place by proxy in the church of st augustine, vienna, on the 11th of march 1810. the new empress was escorted into france by queen caroline murat, for whom she soon conceived a feeling of distrust. the civil and religious contracts took place at paris early in april, and during the honeymoon, spent at the palace of compiegne, the emperor showed the greatest regard for his wife. "he is so evidently in love with her," wrote metternich "that he cannot conceal his feelings, and all his customary ways of life are subordinate to her wishes." his joy was complete when on the 20th of march 1811 she bore him a son who was destined to bear the empty titles of "king of rome" and "napoleon ii." the regard of napoleon for his consort was evidenced shortly before the birth of this prince, when he bade the physicians, if the lives of the mother and of the child could not both be saved, to spare her life. under marie louise the etiquette of the court of france became more stately and the ritual of religious ceremonies more elaborate. before the campaign of 1812 she accompanied the emperor to dresden; but after that scene of splendour misfortunes crowded upon napoleon. in january 1814 he appointed her to act as regent of france (with joseph bonaparte as lieutenant-general) during his absence in the field. at the time of napoleon's first abdication (april 11, 1814), joseph and jerome bonaparte tried to keep the empress under some measure of restraint at blois; but she succeeded in reaching her father the emperor francis while napoleon was on his way to elba. she, along with her son, was escorted into austria by count von neipperg, and refused to comply with the entreaties and commands of napoleon to proceed to elba; and her alienation from him was completed when he ventured to threaten her with a forcible abduction if she did not obey. during the hundred days she remained in austria and manifested no desire for the success of napoleon in france. at the congress of vienna the powers awarded to her and her son the duchies of parma, piacenza and guastalla, in conformity with the terms of the treaty of fontainebleau (march, 1814); in spite of the determined opposition of louis xviii. she gained this right for herself owing largely to the support of the emperor alexander, but she failed to make good the claims of her son to the inheritance (see napoleon ii.). she proceeded alone to parma, where she fell more and more under the influence of the count von neipperg, and had to acquiesce in the title "duke of reichstadt" accorded to her son. long before the tidings of the death of napoleon at st helena reached her she was living in intimate relations with neipperg at parma, and bore a son to him not long after that event. napoleon on the other hand spoke of her in his will with marked tenderness, and both excused and forgave her infidelity to him. thereafter neipperg became her morganatic husband; and they had other children. in 1832, at the time of the last illness of the duke of reichstadt, she visited him at vienna and was there at the time of his death; but in other respects she shook off all association with napoleon. her rule in parma, conjointly with neipperg, was characterized by a clemency and moderation which were lacking in the other italian states in that time of reaction. she preserved some of the napoleonic laws and institutions; in 1817 she established the equality of women in heritage, and ordered the compilation of a civil code which was promulgated in january 1820. the penal code of november 1821 abolished many odious customs and punishments of the old code, and allowed publicity in criminal trials. on the death of neipperg in 1829 his place was taken by baron werklein, whose influence was hostile to popular liberty. during the popular movements of 1831 marie louise had to take refuge with the austrian garrison at piacenza; on the restoration of her rule by the austrians its character deteriorated, parma becoming an outwork of the austrian empire. she died at vienna on the 18th of december 1847. see _correspondance de marie louise 1799-1847_ (vienna, 1887); j. a. baron von helfert, _marie louise_ (vienna, 1873); e. wertheimer, _die heirath der erzherzogin marie louise mit napoleon i._ (vienna, 1882); and _the duke of reichstadt_ (eng. ed., london, 1905). see also the _memoirs_ of bausset, mme durand meneval and metternich; and max billard, _the marriage ventures of marie louise_, english version by evelyn duchess of wellington (1910).