MACDONOUGH

macdonough, thomas (1786-1825), american sailor, was born in the state of delaware, his father being an officer of the continental army, and entered the united states navy in 1800. during his long service as a lieutenant he took part in the bombardment of tripoli, and on a subsequent occasion showed great firmness in resisting the seizure of a seaman as an alleged deserter from the british navy, his ship at the time lying under the guns of gibraltar. when war with england broke out, in 1812, he was ordered to cruise in the lakes between canada and the united states, with his headquarters on lake champlain. he was instrumental in saving new york and vermont from invasion by his brilliant victory of lake champlain gained, on the 11th of september 1814, with a flotilla of 14 vessels carrying 86 guns, over captain george downie's 16 vessels and 92 guns. for this important achievement new york and vermont granted him estates, whilst congress gave him a gold medal. macdowell, edward alexander (1861-1908), american musical composer, was born in new york city on the 18th of december 1861. his father, an irishman of belfast, had emigrated to america shortly before the boy's birth. he had a varied education in music, first under spanish-american teachers, and then in europe, at paris (debussy being a fellow pupil), stuttgart, wiesbaden and weimar, where he was chiefly influenced by joachim, raff and liszt. from 1879 to 1887 he lived in germany, teaching and studying, and also appearing as solo pianist at important concerts. in 1884 he married marian nevins, of new york. in 1888 he returned to america, and settled in boston till in 1896 he was made professor of music at columbia university, new york. he resigned this post in 1904, and in 1905 overwork and insomnia resulted in a complete cerebral collapse. he died on the 24th of january 1908. macdowell's work gives him perhaps the highest place among american composers. deeply influenced by modern french models and by german romanticism, full of poetry and "atmosphere," and founded on the "programme," idea of composition, it is essentially creative in the spirit of a searcher after delicate truths of artistic expression. his employment of touches of american folk-song, suggested by indian themes, is characteristic. this is notably the case with his orchestral _indian suite_ (1896) and _woodland sketches_ for the piano. his first concerto, in a minor, for piano and orchestra, and first pianoforte suite, were performed at weimar in 1882. his works include orchestral suites and "poems," songs, choruses, and various pieces for pianoforte, his own instrument; they are numbered from _op._ 9 to _op._ 62, his first eight numbered works being destroyed by him. see lawrence gilman, _edward macdowell_ (1906). mcdowell, irvin (1818-1885), american soldier, was born in columbus, ohio, on the 15th of october 1818. he was educated in france, and graduated at the u. s. military academy in 1838. from 1841 to 1845 he was instructor, and later adjutant, at west point. he won the brevet of captain in the mexican war, at the battle of buena vista, and served as adjutant-general, chiefly at washington, until 1861, being promoted major in 1856. in 1858-1859 he visited europe. whilst occupied in mustering volunteers at the capital, he was made brigadier-general in may 1861, and placed in command during the premature virginian campaign of july, which ended in the defeat at bull run. under mcclellan he became a corps commander and major-general of volunteers (march 1862). when the peninsular campaign began mcdowell's corps was detained against mcclellan's wishes, sent away to join in the fruitless chase of "stonewall" jackson in the shenandoah valley, and eventually came under the command of general pope, taking part in the disastrous campaign of second bull run. involved in pope's disgrace, mcdowell was relieved of duty in the field (sept. 1862), and served on the pacific coast 1864-68. he became, on meade's death in november 1872, major-general of regulars (a rank which he already held by brevet), and commanded successively the department of the east, the division of the south, and the division of the pacific until his retirement in 1882. the latter years of his life were spent in california, and he died at san francisco on the 4th of may 1885. as a commander he was uniformly unfortunate. undoubtedly he was a faithful, unselfish and energetic soldier, in patriotic sympathy with the administration, and capable of great achievements. it was his misfortune to be associated with the first great disaster to the union cause, to play the part of d'erlon at quatre-bras between the armies of banks and mcclellan, and finally to be involved in the catastrophe of pope's campaign. that he was perhaps too ready to accept great risks at the instance of his superiors is the only just criticism to which his military character was open.