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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:macaronics:a25ab7369f4b",
    "title": "MACARONICS",
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    "verified_text": "macaronics, a species of burlesque poetry, in which words from a modern vernacular, with latin endings, are introduced into latin verse, so as to produce a ridiculous effect. sometimes greek is used instead of latin. tisi degli odassi issued a _carmen macaronicum de patavinis_ in 1490. the real founder of the practice, however, was teofilo folengo (1491-1544), whose mock-heroic _liber macaronices_ appeared in 1517. folengo (q.v.) was a benedictine monk, who escaped from his monastery and wandered through italy, living a dissolute life, and supporting himself by his absurd verses, which he described as an attempt to produce in literature something like macaroni, a gross, rude and rustic mixture of flour, cheese and butter. he wrote under the pseudonym of merlinus coccaius, and his poem is an elaborate burlesque epic, in twenty-five books, or _macaronea_; it is an extraordinary medley of chivalrous feats, ridiculous and squalid adventures, and satirical allegory. its effect upon the mind of rabelais was so extraordinary that no examination of _pantagruel_ can be complete without a reference to it (cf. _gargantua_, i. 19). it was immediately imitated in italy by a number of minor poets; and in france a writer whose real name was antoine de la sable, but who called himself antonius de arena (d. 1544), published at avignon in 1573 a _meygra entrepriza_, which was a burlesque account of charles v.'s disastrous campaign in provence. folengo in italy and arena in france are considered as the macaronic classics. in the 17th century, joannes caecilius frey (1580-1631) published a _recitus veritabilis_, on a skirmish between the vine-growers of rueil and the bowmen of paris. great popularity was achieved later still by an anonymous macaronic, entitled _funestissimus trepassus micheli morini_, who died by falling off the branch of an elm-tree:-- de branche in brancham degringolat, et faciens pouf ex ormo cadit, et clunes obvertit olympo. moliere employed macaronic verse in the ceremonial scene with the doctors in _le malade imaginaire_. works in macaronic prose are rarer. an _anti-clopinus_ by antony hotman may be mentioned and the amusing _epistolae obscurorum virorum_ (1515). macaronic prose was not unknown as an artifice of serious oratory, and abounds (e.g.) in the sermons of michel menot (1440-1518), who says of the prodigal son, _emit sibi pulcheras caligas d'ecarlate, bien tirees_. the use of true macaronics has never been frequent in great britain, where the only prominent example of it is the _polemo-middinia_ ascribed to william drummond of hawthornden. this short epic was probably composed early in the 17th century, but was not published until 1684. the _polemo-middinia_ follows the example set by arena, and describes with burlesque solemnity a quarrel between two villages on the firth of forth. drummond shows great ingenuity in the tacking on of latin terminations to his lowland scots vernacular:-- lifeguardamque sibi saevas vocat improba lassas, maggaeam, magis doctam milkare cowaeas, et doctam sweepare flooras, et sternere beddas, quaeque novit spinnare, et longas ducere threedas. there is a certain macaronic character about many poems of skelton and dunbar, as well as the famous _barnabae itinerarium_ (1638) of richard brathwait (1588-1673), but these cannot be considered legitimate specimens of the type as laid down by folengo. see ch. nodier, _du langage factice appele macaronique_ (1834); genthe, _histoire de la poesie macaronique_ (1831). (e. g.) macarsca (serbo-croatian, _makarska_), the chief town of an administrative district in dalmatia, austria; situated opposite to the island of brazza, about 32 m. s.e. of spalato. pop. (1900), of town 1805; of commune, 11,016, chiefly serbo-croatian. macarsca is a port of call for the austrian lloyd steamers, and has a brisk trade in wine, grain and fruit. under the name of _mocrum_, macarsca was a thriving roman city, and a bishopric until 639, when it was destroyed by the avars. in the 10th century it is mentioned by constantine porphyrogenitus as a city of the pagan narentines. its bishopric was revived in 1320, but the bishops resided at almissa. in 1481 the city was purchased from the duke of herzegovina by venice; in 1499 it was conquered by the turks; and in 1646, after a successful revolt, it again welcomed the sovereignty of venice. the see of macarsca was merged in that of spalato in 1830.",
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