LUYNES

luynes, a territorial name belonging to a noble french house. the family of albert, which sprang from thomas alberti (d. 1455), seigneur de boussargues, _bailli_ of viviers and valence, and _viguier_ of bagnols and pont st esprit in languedoc, acquired the estate of luynes (dep. of indre-et-loire) in the 16th century. honore d'albert (d. 1592), seigneur de luynes, was in the service of the three last valois kings and of henry iv., and became colonel of the french bands, commissary of artillery in languedoc and governor of beaucaire. he had three sons: charles (1578-1621), first duke of luynes, and favourite of louis xiii.; honore (1581-1649), seigneur de cadenet, who married charlotte eugenie d'ailly, countess of chaulnes, in 1619, and was created duke of chaulnes in 1621; and leon, seigneur de brantes, who became duke of luxemburg-piney by his marriage in 1620 with margaret charlotte of luxemburg. by her marriage with claude of lorraine, duke of chevreuse, marie de rohan, the widow of the first duke of luynes, acquired in 1655 the duchy of chevreuse, which she gave in 1663 to louis charles d'albert, her son by her first husband; and from that time the title of duke of chevreuse and duke of luynes was borne by the eldest sons of the family of luynes, which also inherited the title of duke of chaulnes on the extinction of the descendants of honore d'albert in 1698. the branch of the dukes of luxemburg-piney became extinct in 1697. charles (1578-1621), the first duke of luynes, was brought up at court and attended the dauphin, who later became louis xiii. the king shared his fondness for hunting and rapidly advanced him in favour. in 1615 he was appointed commander of the louvre and counsellor, and the following year grand falconer of france. he used his influence over the king in the court intrigues against the queen-mother marie de medici and her favourite concini. it was luynes who, with vitry, captain of the guard, arranged the plot that ended in concini's assassination (1617) and secured all the latter's possessions in italy and france. in the same year he was appointed captain of the bastille and lieutenant-general of normandy, and married marie de rohan, daughter of the duke of montbazon. he employed extreme measures against the pamphleteers of the time, but sought peace in italy and with the protestants. in 1619 he negotiated the treaty of angouleme by which marie de medici was accorded complete liberty. he was made governor of picardy in 1619; suppressed an uprising of nobles in 1620; and in 1621, with slight military ability or achievement, was appointed constable of france. his rapid rise to power made him a host of enemies, who looked upon him as but a second concini. in order to justify his newly-won laurels, luynes undertook an expedition against the protestants, but died of a fever in the midst of the campaign, at longueville in guienne, on the 15th of december 1621. his brother honore (1581-1649), first duke of chaulnes, was governor of picardy and marshal of france (1619), and defended his province successfully in 1625 and 1635. louis auguste d'albert d'ailly (1676-1744), duke of chaulnes, also became marshal of france (1741). louis joseph d'albert de luynes (1670-1750), prince of grimberghen, was in the service of the emperor charles vii., and became field-marshal and ambassador in france. several members of the family of albert were distinguished in letters and science. louis charles d'albert (1620-1690), duke of luynes, son of the constable, was an ascetic writer and friend of the jansenists; paul d'albert de luynes (1703-1788), cardinal and archbishop of sens, an astronomer; michel ferdinand d'albert d'ailly (1714-1769), duke of chaulnes, a writer on mathematical instruments, and his son marie joseph louis (1741-1793), a chemist; and honore theodore paul joseph (1802-1867), duke of luynes, a writer on archaeology. for the first duke see _recueil des pieces les plus curieuses qui ont este faites pendant le regne du connestable m. de luynes_ (2nd ed., 1624); le vassor, _histoire de louis xiii._ (paris, 1757); griffet, _histoire du regne de louis xiii., roi de france et de navarre_ (paris, 1758); v. cousin, "le duc et connetable de luynes," in _journal des savants_ (1861-1863); b. zeller, _etudes critiques sur le regne de louis xiii.: le connetable de luynes, montauban et la valteline_ (paris, 1879); e. pavie, _la guerre entre louis xiii. et marie de medicis_ (paris, 1899); lavisse, _histoire de france_, vi.^2, 141-216 (paris, 1905). luzan claramunt de suelves y gurrea, ignacio (1702-1754), spanish critic and poet, was born at saragossa on the 28th of march 1702. his youth was passed under the care of his uncle, and, after studying at milan, he graduated in philosophy at the university of catania. in 1723 he took minor orders, but abandoned his intention of entering the church and took up his residence at naples, where he read assiduously. business took him to spain in 1733, and he became known in madrid as a scholar with a tendency towards innovations in literature. _la poetica, o reglas de la poesia en general y de sus principales especies_ (1737) proved that this impression was correct. he at once took rank as the leader of the literary reformers, and his courteous determination earned him the respect of his opponents. in 1747 he was appointed secretary to the spanish embassy in paris and, on returning to madrid in 1750, was elected to the "academia poetica del buen gusto," where, on account of his travels, he was known by the sobriquet of _el peregrino_. he became master of the mint and treasurer of the royal library. he died at madrid, after a short illness, on the 19th of may 1754. luzan was not the pioneer of franco-italian theories in spain, but he was their most powerful exponent, and his _poetica_ is an admirable example of destructive criticism. the defects of lope de vega and calderon are indicated with vigilant severity, but on the constructive side luzan is notably weak, for he merely proposes to substitute one exhausted convention for another. the doctrine of the dramatic unities had not the saving virtues which he ascribed to it, and, though he succeeded in banishing the older dramatists from the boards, he and his school failed to produce a single piece of more than mediocre merit. his theories, derived chiefly from muratori, were ineffective in practice; but their ingenuity cannot be denied, and they acted as a stimulus to the partisans of the national tradition.