LUTTRELL

luttrell, henry (c. 1765-1851), english wit and writer of society verse, was the illegitimate son of henry lawes luttrell, 2nd earl of carhampton (1743-1821), a grandson of colonel henry luttrell (c. 1655-1717), who served james ii. in ireland in 1689 and 1690, and afterwards deserted him, being murdered in dublin in november 1717. colonel luttrell's son simon (1713-1787) was created earl of carhampton in 1785, and the latter's son was henry lawes luttrell. before succeeding to the peerage, the 2nd earl, then colonel luttrell, had won notoriety by opposing john wilkes at the middlesex election of 1769. he was beaten at the poll, but the house of commons declared that he and not wilkes had been elected. in 1796 he was made commander of the forces in ireland and in 1798 he became a general. being an irish peer, carhampton was able to sit in the english parliament until his death in april 1821. the earldom became extinct on the death of his brother john, the 3rd earl, in 1829. henry luttrell secured a seat in the irish parliament in 1798 and a post in the irish government, which he commuted for a pension. introduced into london society by the duchess of devonshire, his wit made him popular. soon he began to write verse, in which the foibles of fashionable people were outlined. in 1820 he published his _advice to julia_, of which a second edition, altered and amplified, appeared in 1823 as _letters to julia in rhyme_. this poem, suggested by the ode to lydia in the first book of horace's odes, was his most important work. his more serious literary contemporaries nicknamed it "letters of a dandy to a dolly." in 1827 in _crockford house_ he wrote a satire on the high play then in vogue. byron characterized him as "the best sayer of good things, and the most epigrammatic conversationist i ever met"; sir walter scott wrote of him as "the great london wit," and lady blessington described him as the one talker "who always makes me think." luttrell died in london on the 19th of december 1851. luttringhausen, a town of germany, in the prussian rhine province, 6 m. s.e. of elberfeld by rail. pop. (1905) 11,829. it is the seat of various iron and other metal industries, and has cloth and calico mills. lutzen, a town in prussian saxony, in the circle of merseburg (pop. in 1905, 3981), chiefly famous as the scene of a great battle fought on the 6/16th of november 1632 between the swedes, under king gustavus adolphus, and the imperialists, under wallenstein. on the 5/15th november, gustavus, with some 20,000 men, advanced from naumburg on the saale to meet a contingent of his german allies at grimma, s.e. of leipzig, but becoming aware of the presence of wallenstein's army near lutzen, and that it had been weakened by a large detachment sent away under pappenheim towards halle, he turned towards lutzen. wallenstein's posts at weissenfels and rippach prevented him from fighting his main battle the same evening, and the swedes went into camp near rippach, a little more than an hour's march from lutzen. wallenstein made ready to give battle on the following day and recalled pappenheim. the latter had taken a small castle, the reduction of which was one of the objects of his expedition, but his men had dispersed to plunder and could not be rallied before the following morning. gustavus had now to choose between proceeding to grimma and fighting wallenstein on the chance that pappenheim had not rejoined. he chose the latter. in the mist of the early morning wallenstein's army was formed in line of battle along the leipzig road with its right on lutzen. its left was not carried out as far as the flossgraben in order to leave room on that flank for pappenheim. his infantry was arranged in five huge oblongs, four of which (in lozenge formation) formed the centre and one the right wing at lutzen. these "battalias" had their angles strengthened in the old-fashioned way that had prevailed since marignan, with small outstanding bodies of musketeers, so that they resembled rectangular forts with bastions. on either side of this centre was the cavalry in two long lines, while in front of the centre and close to the right at lutzen were the two batteries of heavy artillery. lutzen was set on fire as a precaution. skirmishers lined the bank and the ditch of the leipzig road. the total strength of the imperial army was about 12,000 foot and 8000 horse. [illustration: battle of lutzen november 16th., 1632.] gustavus's hopes of an early decision were frustrated by the fog, which delayed the approach and deployment of the swedes. it was 8 a.m. before all was ready. the royal army was in two lines. the infantry in the centre was arrayed in the small and handy battalions then peculiar to gustavus's army, the horse on either wing extended from opposite lutzen to some distance beyond wallenstein's left, which pappenheim was to extend on his arrival. by the accident of the terrain, or perhaps, following the experience of breitenfeld (q.v.), by design, the right of the swedes was somewhat nearer to the enemy than the left. in front, near the centre, were the heavy guns and each infantry battalion had its own light artillery. the force of infantry and cavalry on either side was about equal, the swedes had perhaps rather less cavalry and rather more infantry, but their artillery was superior to wallenstein's. not until 11 was it possible to open fire, for want of a visible target, but about noon, after a preliminary cannonade, gustavus gave the word to advance. the king himself commanded the right wing, which had to wait until small bodies of infantry detached for the purpose had driven in the imperialist skirmish line, and had then to cross a ditch leading the horses. they were not charged by the imperialists at this moment, for pappenheim had not yet arrived, and the usual cavalry tactics of the day were founded on the pistol and not on the sword and the charging horse. gaining at last room to form, the swedes charged and routed the first line of the imperial cavalry but were stopped by the heavy squadrons of cuirassiers in second line, and at that moment gustavus galloped away to the centre where events had taken a serious turn. the swedish centre (infantry) had forced their way across the leipzig road and engaged wallenstein's living forts at close quarters. the "blue" brigade--gustavus's infantry wore distinctive colours--overran the battery of heavy guns, and the "swedish"[1] and "yellow" brigades engaged the left face of the imperialist lozenge with success. but a gap opened between the right of the infantry and the left of the cavalry and wallenstein's second line squadrons pressed into it. it was this which brought gustavus from the extreme right, and he was killed here in leading a counter charge. on the extreme left, meanwhile, the "green" brigade had come to close quarters with wallenstein's infantry and guns about lutzen, and the heavy artillery had gone forward to close range between the "green" and the "yellow" infantry. but the news of gustavus's death spread and the fire of the assault died out. wallenstein advanced in his turn, recaptured his guns and drove the swedes over the road. but the fiery duke bernhard of saxe-weimar took up the command and ordered a fresh advance. he was too good a soldier to waste his reserves and only brought up a few units of the second line to help the disordered brigades of the first. again the imperialists were driven in and their guns recaptured, this time all along the line. about three in the afternoon the swedes were slowly bearing back wallenstein's stubborn infantry when pappenheim appeared. the famous cavalry leader had brought on his mounted men ahead of the infantry and asking, "where is the king of sweden?" charged at once in the direction of the enemy's right. wallenstein thus gained time to reestablish his order, and once more the now exhausted brigades of the swedish first line were driven over the road. but pappenheim fell in the moment of victory and his death disheartened the imperialists almost as much as the fall of gustavus had disheartened the swedes. for the last time bernhard, wounded as he was, forced the swedish army to the attack. the three infantry brigades of his second line had not been engaged,[2] and as usual the last closed reserve, resolutely handled, carried the day. wallenstein's army gave way at all points and the swedes slept on the battlefield. the infantry of pappenheim's corps did not appear on the field until the battle was over. of the losses on either side no accurate statement can be given, but the swedish "green" and "yellow" brigades are said to have lost five-sixths of their numbers. near the spot where gustavus fell a granite boulder was placed in position on the day after the battle. a canopy of cast-iron was erected over this "schwedenstein" in 1832, and close by, a chapel, built by oskar ekman. a citizen of gothenburg (d. 1907), was dedicated on the 6th of november 1907. lutzen is famous also as the scene of a victory of napoleon over the russians and prussians on the 2nd of may 1813 (see napoleonic campaigns). this battle is often called gross gorschen. bibliography.--the foregoing account of gustavus's last victory is founded chiefly upon lieut.-colonel hon. e. noel's _gustaf adolf_ (london, 1904) and a paper by the same officer in the _journal of the united states institution of india_ (oct. 1908), which should be consulted for further details. footnotes: [1] so called as being the only brigade containing no foreign elements in the army. [2] they had, however, found detachments to reinforce the first line. lutzow, adolf, freiherr von (1782-1834), prussian lieutenant-general, entered the army in 1795, and eleven years later as a lieutenant took part in the disastrous battle of auerstadt. he achieved distinction in the siege of colberg, as the leader of a squadron of schill's volunteers. in 1808, as a major, he retired from the prussian army, indignant at the humiliating treaty of tilsit. he took part in the heroic venture of his old chief schill in 1809; wounded at dodendorf and left behind, he thereby escaped the fate of his comrades. in 1811 he was restored to the prussian army as major, and at the outbreak of the "war of liberation" received permission from scharnhorst to organize a "free corps" consisting of infantry, cavalry and tirolese marksmen, for operating in the french rear and rallying the smaller governments into the ranks of the allies. this corps played a marked part in the campaign of 1813. but lutzow was unable to coerce the minor states, and the wanderings of the corps had little military influence. at kitzen (near leipzig) the whole corps, warned too late of the armistice of poischwitz, was caught on the french side of the line of demarcation and, as a fighting force, annihilated. lutzow himself, wounded, cut his way out with the survivors, and immediately began reorganizing and recruiting. in the second part of the campaign the corps served in more regular warfare under wallmoden. lutzow and his men distinguished themselves at gadebusch (where korner fell) and gohrde (where lutzow himself, for the second time, received a severe wound at the head of the cavalry). sent next against denmark, and later employed at the siege of julich, lutzow in 1814 fell into the hands of the french. after the peace of 1814 the corps was dissolved, the infantry becoming the 25th regiment, the cavalry the 6th ulans. at ligny he led the 6th ulans to the charge, but they were broken by the french cavalry, and he finally remained in the hands of the enemy, escaping, however, on the day of waterloo. made colonel in this year, his subsequent promotions were: major-general 1822, and lieutenant-general (on retirement) 1830. he died in 1834. one of the last acts of his life for which lutzow is remembered is his challenge (which was ignored) to blucher, who had been ridden down in the rout of the 6th ulans at ligny, and had made, in his official report, comments thereon, which their colonel considered disparaging. see koberstein in _preussisches jahrbuch_, vol. xxiii (berlin, 1868), and _preussisches bilderbuch_ (leipzig, 1889); k. von lutzow, _adolf lutzows freikorps_ (berlin, 1884); fr. von jagwitz, _geschichte des lutzowschen freikorps_ (berlin, 1892); and the histories of the campaigns of 1813 and 1815. luxemburg, francois henri de montmorency-bouteville, duke of (1628-1695), marshal of france, the comrade and successor of the great conde, was born at paris on the 8th of january 1628. his father, the comte de montmorency-bouteville, had been executed six months before his birth for killing the marquis de beuvron in a duel, but his aunt, charlotte de montmorency, princess of conde, took charge of him and educated him with her son, the duc d'enghien. the young montmorency (or bouteville as he was then called) attached himself to his cousin, and shared his successes and reverses throughout the troubles of the fronde. he returned to france in 1659 and was pardoned, and conde, then much attached to the duchesse de chatillon, montmorency's sister, contrived the marriage of his adherent and cousin to the greatest heiress in france, madeleine de luxemburg-piney, princesse de tingry and heiress of the luxemburg dukedom (1661), after which he was created duc de luxembourg and peer of france. at the opening of the war of devolution (1667-68), conde, and consequently luxemburg, had no command, but during the second campaign he served as conde's lieutenant-general in the conquest of franche comte. during the four years of peace which followed luxemburg cultivated the favour of louvois, and in 1672 held a high command against the dutch. he defeated the prince of orange at woerden and ravaged holland, and in 1673 made his famous retreat from utrecht to maestricht with only 20,000 men in face of 70,000, an exploit which placed him in the first rank of generals. in 1674 he was made captain of the gardes du corps, and in 1675 marshal of france. in 1676 he was placed at the head of the army of the rhine, but failed to keep the duke of lorraine out of philipsburg; in 1677 he stormed valenciennes; and in 1678 he defeated the prince of orange, who attacked him at st denis after the signature of the peace of nijmwegen. his reputation was now high, and it is reputed that he quarrelled with louvois, who managed to involve him in the "affair of the poisons" (see la voisin, catherine) and get him sent to the bastille. rousset in his _histoire de louvois_ has shown that this quarrel is probably apocryphal. there is no doubt that luxemburg spent some months of 1680 in the bastille, but on his release took up his post at court as _capitaine des gardes_. when the war of 1690 broke out, the king and louvois recognized that luxemburg was the only general fit to cope with the prince of orange, and he was put in command of the army of flanders. on the 1st of july 1690 he won a great victory over the prince of waldeck at fleurus. in the following year he commanded the army which covered the king's siege of mons and defeated william iii. of england at leuze on september 18, 1691. again in the next campaign he covered the king's siege of namur, and defeated william at steenkirk (q.v.) on june 5, 1692; and on july 29, 1693, he won his greatest victory over his old adversary at neerwinden, after which he was called _le tapissier de notre dame_ from the number of captured colours that he sent to the cathedral. he was received with enthusiasm at paris by all but the king, who looked coldly on a relative and adherent of the condes. st simon describes in the first volume of his _memoirs_ how, instead of ranking as eighteenth peer of france according to his patent of 1661, he claimed through his wife to be duc de piney of an old creation of 1571, which would place him second on the roll. the affair is described with st simon's usual interest in the peerage, and was chiefly checked through his assiduity. in the campaign of 1694, luxemburg did little in flanders, except that he conducted a famous march from vignamont to tournay in face of the enemy. on his return to versailles for the winter he fell ill, and died on january 4, 1695. in his last moments he was attended by the famous jesuit priest bourdaloue, who said on his death, "i have not lived his life, but i would wish to die his death." luxemburg's morals were bad even in those times, and he had shown little sign of religious conviction. but as a general he was conde's grandest pupil. though slothful like conde in the management of a campaign, at the moment of battle he seemed seized with happy inspirations, against which no ardour of william's and no steadiness of dutch or english soldiers could stand. his death and catinat's disgrace close the second period of the military history of the reign of louis xiv., and catinat and luxemburg, though inferior to conde and turenne, were far superior to tallard and villeroi. he was distinguished for a pungent wit. one of his retorts referred to his deformity. "i never can beat that cursed humpback," william was reputed to have said of him. "how does he know i have a hump?" retorted luxemburg, "he has never seen my back." he left four sons, the youngest of whom was a marshal of france as marechal de montmorency. see, besides the various memoirs and histories of the time, beaurain's _histoire militaire du duc de luxembourg_ (hague and paris, 1756); _memoires pour servir a l'histoire du marechal duc de luxembourg_ (hague and paris, 1758); courcelles, _dictionnaire des generaux francais_ (paris, 1823), vol. viii. there are some interesting facts in desormeaux's _histoire de la maison de montmorency_ (1764), vols. iv. and v. camille rousset's _louvois_ and the recent biography of luxemburg by count de segur (1907) should also be studied.