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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:luristan:b6a51d5f6736",
    "title": "LURISTAN",
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    "verified_text": "luristan, in the wider sense (as its name implies) the \"land of the lurs,\" namely that part of western persia which is bounded by turkish territory on the west and extends for about 400 m. n.w.-s.e. from kermanshah to fars with a breadth of 100 to 140 m. it is chiefly mountainous, being intersected by numerous ranges running n.w.-s.e. the central range has many summits which are almost within the line of perpetual snow, rising to 13,000 ft. and more, and in it are the sources of persia's most important rivers, as the zayendeh-rud, jarahi, karun, diz, abi, kerkheh. between the higher ranges are many fertile plains and low hilly districts, well watered but comparatively little cultivated in consequence of intertribal feuds. the lurs are thought to be aboriginal persians with a mixture of semitic blood. their language is a dialect of persian and does not differ materially from kurdish. outwardly they are mussulmans of the shiah branch, but most of them show little veneration for either prophet or koran, and the religion of some of them seems to be a mixture of ali-illahism involving a belief in successive incarnations combined with mysterious, ancient, heathen rites. the northern part of luristan, which was formerly known as lurikuchik (little luristan), is inhabited by the feili lurs and these are divided into the pishkuh (cis-montane) lurs in the east and pushtkuh (ultra-montane) lurs in the west adjoining turkish territory. they number about 350,000. little luristan was governed by a race of independent princes of the khurshidi dynasty, and called atabegs, from 1155 to the beginning of the 17th century when the last atabeg, shah verdi khan, was removed by shah abbas i. and the government of the province given to husain khan, the chief of a rival tribe, with the title of vali in exchange for that of atabeg. the descendants of husain khan have retained the title but now govern only the pushtkuh lurs, to whom only the denomination of feili is at present applied. the southern part of luristan was formerly known as lur i buzurg (great luristan) and is composed of the bakhtiari division of the arabistan province and the districts of the mamasennis and kuhgilus which belong to fars. the bakhtiaris number about 200,000, the others 40,000. great luristan was an independent state under the fazlevieh atabegs from 1160 until 1424, and its capital was idaj, now represented by mounds and ruins at malamir 60 m. s.e. of shushter. lusatia (ger. _lausitz_), a name applied to two neighbouring districts in germany, upper and lower lusatia, belonging now mainly to prussia, but partly to saxony. the name is taken from the lusitzi, a slav tribe, who inhabited lower lusatia in the 9th and 10th centuries. in the earliest times lower lusatia reached from the black elster to the spree; its inhabitants, the lusitzi, were conquered by the german king, henry the fowler, and by the margrave gero in the 10th century. their land was formed into a separate march, which for about three centuries was sometimes attached to, and sometimes independent of, the margraviate of meissen, its rulers being occasionally called margraves of lusatia. in 1303 it was purchased by the margrave of brandenburg, and after other changes it fell in 1368 into the hands of the king of bohemia, the emperor charles iv., who already possessed upper lusatia. during the hussite wars its people remained loyal to the roman catholic church. in 1469 they recognized matthias corvinus, king of hungary, as their sovereign, but in 1490 they came again under the rule of the bohemian king. the district now known as upper lusatia was occupied by a slav tribe, the milzeni, who like the lusitzi, were subdued by henry the fowler early in the 10th century. for about three centuries it was called baudissin (bautzen), from the name of its principal fortress. in the 11th and 12th centuries it was connected at different periods with meissen, poland and bohemia. towards 1160 the emperor frederick i. granted it to ladislas, king of bohemia, and under this ruler and his immediate successors it was largely colonized by german immigrants. in 1253 it passed to the margrave of brandenburg, and about the same time it was divided into an eastern and a western part, baudissin proper and gorlitz. in 1319 the former was restored to bohemia, which also recovered gorlitz in 1329. during the 14th century the nobles and the townsmen began to take part in the government, and about this time upper lusatia was known as the district of the six towns (_sechsstadtelandes_), these being bautzen, gorlitz, zittau, lobau, lauban and kamenz. from 1377 to 1396 gorlitz was a separate duchy ruled by john, a son of the emperor charles iv., and, like lower lusatia, upper lusatia owned the authority of matthias corvinus from 1469 to 1490, both districts passing a little later with the kingdoms of hungary and bohemia to the german king, ferdinand i. the \"six towns\" were severely punished for their share in the war of the league of schmalkalden, and about this time the reformed teaching made very rapid progress in lusatia, the majority of the inhabitants becoming protestants. the name of lusatia hitherto confined to lower lusatia, was soon applied to both districts, the adjectives upper and lower being used to distinguish them. in 1620, early in the thirty years' war, the two lusatias were conquered by the elector of saxony, john george i., who was allowed to keep them as the price of his assistance to the emperor ferdinand i. in 1635 by the treaty of prague they were definitely transferred from bohemia to saxony, although the emperor as king of bohemia retained a certain supremacy for the purpose of guarding the rights and privileges of the roman catholics. they suffered much during the wars of the 18th century. by the peace of vienna (1815) the whole of lower lusatia and part of upper lusatia were transferred from saxony to prussia. the area of the part of upper lusatia retained by saxony was slightly increased in 1845; it is now about 960 sq. m. in 1900 lower lusatia contained 461,973 inhabitants, of whom 34,837 were wends; the portion of upper lusatia belonging to prussia had 305,080 inhabitants, of whom 24,361 were wends. there were 405,173 inhabitants, including 28,234 wends, in saxon upper lusatia. laws relating to this district, after passing through the saxon parliament must be submitted to the lusatian diet at bautzen. the chief towns of upper lusatia are bautzen, zittau, lobau, kamenz, gorlitz, rothenburg, hoyerswerda and lauban; in lower lusatia they are guben, kottbus, forst, lubben and spremberg. the principal rivers are the spree with its tributaries, the black elster and the neisse. upper lusatia is generally mountainous and picturesque, lower lusatia is flat and sandy. the chief industries are linen weaving, cloth making and coal mining. for the history of lusatia see the collections, _scriptores rerum lusaticarum antiqui et recentiores_, edited by c. g. hoffmann (4 vols., leipzig and bautzen, 1719); and _scriptores rerum lusaticarum_ (4 vols., gorlitz, 1839-1870). see also w. lippert, _wettiner und wittelsbacher sowie die niederlausitz im 14 jahrhundert_ (dresden, 1894); t. scheltz, _gesamtgeschichte der ober- und niederlausitz_, band i. (halle, 1847), band ii. (gorlitz, 1882); j. g. worbs, _urkundenbuch zur geschichte des markgraftums niederlausitz_ (lubben 1897); and j. a. e. kohler, _die geschichte der oberlausitz_ (gorlitz, 1867).",
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