LOWELL

lowell, abbott lawrence (1856- ), american educationalist, was born in boston, massachusetts on the 13th of december 1856, the great-grandson of john lowell, the "columella of new england," and on his mother's side, a grandson of abbott lawrence. he graduated at harvard college in 1877, with highest honours in mathematics; graduated at the harvard law school in 1880; and practised law in 1880-1897 in partnership with his cousin, francis cabot lowell (b. 1855), with whom he wrote _transfer of stock in corporations_ (1884). in 1897 he became lecturer and in 1898 professor of government at harvard, and in 1909 succeeded charles william eliot as president of the university. in the same year he was president of the american political science association. in 1900 he had succeeded his father, augustus lowell (1830-1901), as financial head of the lowell institute of boston. he wrote _essays on government_ (1889), _governments and parties in continental europe_ (2 vols., 1896), _colonial civil service_ (1900; with an account by h. morse stephens of the east india college at haileybury), and _the government of england_ (2 vols., 1908). his brother, percival lowell (1855- ), the well-known astronomer, graduated at harvard in 1876, lived much in japan between 1883 and 1893, and in 1894 established at flagstaff, arizona, the lowell observatory, of whose _annals_ (from 1898) he was editor. in 1902 he became non-resident professor of astronomy at the massachusetts institute of technology. he wrote several books on the far east, including _choson_ (1885), _the soul of the far east_ (1886), _noto, an unexplored corner of japan_ (1891), and _occult japan_ (1895), but he is best known for his studies of the planet mars--he wrote _mars_ (1895), _mars and its canals_ (1907), and _mars, the abode of life_ (1908)--and his contention that the "canals" of mars are a sign of life and civilization on that planet (see mars). he published _the evolution of worlds_ in 1909.