LOUVET DE COUVRAI

louvet de couvrai, jean baptiste (1760-1797), french writer and politician, was born in paris on the 12th of june 1760, the son of a stationer. he became a bookseller's clerk, and first attracted attention with a not very moral novel called _les amours du chevalier de faublas_ (paris, 1787-1789). the character of the heroine of this book, lodoiska, was taken from the wife of a jeweller in the palais royal, with whom he had formed a _liaison_. she was divorced from her husband in 1792 and married louvet in 1793. his second novel, _emilie de varmont_, was intended to prove the utility and necessity of divorce and of the marriage of priests, questions raised by the revolution. indeed all his works were directed to the ends of the revolution. he attempted to have one of his unpublished plays, _l'anobli conspirateur_, performed at the theatre francais, and records naively that one of its managers, m. d'orfeuil, listened to the reading of the first three acts "with mortal impatience," exclaiming at last: "i should need cannon in order to put that piece on the stage." a "sort of farce" at the expense of the army of the _emigres, la grande revue des armees noire el blanche_, had, however, better success: it ran for twenty-five nights. louvet was, however, first brought into notice as a politician by his _paris justifie_, in reply to a "truly incendiary" pamphlet in which mounier, after the removal of the king to paris in october 1789, had attacked the capital, "at that time blameless," and argued that the court should be established elsewhere. this led to louvet's election to the jacobin club, for which, as he writes bitterly in his memoirs, the qualifications were then "a genuine _civisme_ and some talent." a self-styled _philosophe_ of the true revolutionary type, he now threw himself ardently into the campaign against "despotism" and "reaction," i.e. against the moderate constitutional royalty advocated by lafayette, the abbe maury and other "machiavellians." on the 25th of december 1791 he presented at the bar of the assembly his _petition contre les princes_, which had "a prodigious success in the senate and the empire." elected deputy to the assembly for the department of loiret, he made his first speech in january 1792. he attached himself to the girondists, whose vague deism, sentimental humanitarianism and ardent republicanism he fully shared, and from march to november 1792 he published, at roland's expense, a bi-weekly _journal-affiche_, of which the title, _la sentinelle_, proclaimed its mission to be to "enlighten the people on all the plots" at a time when, austria having declared war, the court was "visibly betraying our armies." on the 10th of august he became editor of the _journal des debats_, and in this capacity, as well as in the assembly, made himself conspicuous by his attacks on robespierre, marat and the other montagnards, whom he declares he would have succeeded in bringing to justice in september but for the poor support he received from the girondist leaders. it is more probable, however, that his ill-balanced invective contributed to their ruin and his own; for him robespierre was a "royalist," marat "the principal agent of england," the montagnards orleanists in masquerade. his courageous attitude at the trial of louis xvi., when he supported the "appeal to the people," only served still further to discredit the girondists. he defended them, however, to the last with great courage, if with little discretion; and after the crisis of the 31st of may 1793 he shared the perils of the party who fled from paris (see girondists). his wife, "lodoiska," who had actively cooperated in his propaganda, was also in danger. after the fall of robespierre, he was recalled to the convention, when he was instrumental in bringing carrier and the others responsible for the _noyades_ of nantes to justice. his influence was now considerable; he was elected a member of the committee of the constitution, president of the assembly, and member of the committee of public safety, against the overgrown power of which he had in earlier days protested. his hatred of the mountain had not made him reactionary; he was soon regarded as one of the mainstays of the "jacobins," and _la sentinelle_ reappeared, under his auspices, preaching union among republicans. under the directory (1795) he was elected a member of the council of five hundred, of which he was secretary, and also a member of the institute. meanwhile he had returned to his old trade and set up a bookseller's shop in the palais royal. but, in spite of the fact that he had once more denounced the jacobins in _la sentinelle_, his name had become identified with all that the combative spirits of the _jeunesse doree_ most disliked; his shop was attacked by the "young men" with cries of "_a bas la loupe, a bas la belle lodoiska, a bas les gardes du corps de louvet!_" he and his wife were insulted in the streets and the theatres: "_a bas les louvets et les louvetants!_" and he was compelled to leave paris. the directory appointed him to the consulship at palermo, but he died on the 25th of august 1797 before taking up his post. in 1795 louvet published a portion of his memoirs under the title of _quelques notices pour l'histoire et le recit de mes perils depuis le 31 mai 1793_. they were mainly written in the various hiding-places in which louvet took refuge, and they give a vivid picture of the sufferings of the proscribed girondists. they form an invaluable document for the study of the psychology of the revolution; for in spite of their considerable literary art, they are artless in their revelation of the mental and moral state of their author, a characteristic type of the honest, sentimental, somewhat hysterical and wholly unbalanced minds nurtured on the abstractions of the _philosophes_. the first complete edition of the _memoires de louvet de couvrai_, edited, with preface, notes and tables, by f. a. aulard, was published at paris in 1889.