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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:louisburg:97fb42d5c0d8",
    "title": "LOUISBURG",
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    "verified_text": "louisburg, a town and port of entry of cape breton county, nova scotia, canada, on the sydney & louisburg railway, 39 m. from sydney. pop. (1901) 1588. under the french _regime_, louisburg was second only to quebec. a fortress was erected at enormous expense, and the city was the centre of the cod-fisheries. the fortress was, however, captured in 1745 by the american colonists, under sir william pepperrell (1696-1759), assisted by the british fleet, and again in 1758 by a british land and sea force under general jeffrey amherst (1717-1797) and admiral boscawen. the jealousy of the british settlement of halifax led to its almost utter destruction, and only a few case-mates now remain. under english rule a fishing village grew up on the other side of the harbour, and has now become the winter shipping port of the dominion coal company. the harbour is deep, spacious and open all the year round, though occasionally blocked by drift ice in the spring. louise [auguste wilhelmine amalie luise] (1776-1810), queen of prussia, was born on the 10th of march 1776 in hanover, where her father, prince charles of mecklenburg-strelitz, was field-marshal of the household brigade. her mother was a princess of hesse-darmstadt. in 1793 louise met at frankfort the crown prince of prussia, afterwards king frederick william iii., who was so fascinated by her beauty, and by the nobleness of her character, that he asked her to become his wife. they were married on the 24th of december of the same year. as queen of prussia she commanded universal respect and affection, and nothing in prussian history is more pathetic than the dignity and unflinching courage with which she bore the sufferings inflicted on her and her family during the war between prussia and france. after the battle of jena she went with her husband to konigsberg, and when the battles of eylau and friedland had placed prussia absolutely at the mercy of france, she made a personal appeal to napoleon at his headquarters in tilsit, but without success. early in 1808 she accompanied the king from memel to konigsberg, whence, towards the end of the year, she visited st petersburg, returning to berlin on the 23rd of december 1809. during the war napoleon attempted to destroy the queen's reputation, but the only effect of his charges in prussia was to make her more deeply beloved. on the 19th of july 1810 she died in her husband's arms, while visiting her father in strelitz. she was buried in the garden of the palace at charlottenburg, where a mausoleum, containing a fine recumbent statue by rauch, was built over her grave. in 1840 her husband was buried by her side. the louise foundation (luisenstift) for the education of girls was established in her honour, and in 1814 frederick william iii. instituted the order of louise (luisenorden). in 1880 a statue of queen louise was erected in the thiergarten at berlin. see f. adami, _luise, konigin von preussen_ (7th ed., 1875); e. engel, _konigin luise_ (1876); a. kluckhohn, _luise, konigin von preussen_ (1876); mommsen and treitschke, _konigin luise_ (1876); in english, hudson, _life and times of louisa, queen of prussia_ (1874); g. horn, _das buch von der konigin luise_ (berlin, 1883); a. lonke, _konigin luise von preussen_ (leipzig, 1903); h. von petersdorff, \"konigin luise,\" _frauenleben_, bd. i. (bielefeld, 1903, 2nd ed., 1904). louise of savoy (1476-1531), duchess of angouleme, mother of francis i. of france, was daughter of a cadet of the house of savoy, philip, count of bresse, afterwards duke of savoy. through her mother, marguerite de bourbon, she was niece of pierre de bourbon, sire de beaujeu, afterwards duke of bourbon. at the age of twelve she was married to charles of valois, count of angouleme, great-grandson of king charles v. the count died in 1496, leaving her the mother of two children, marguerite (b. 1492) and francis (b. 1494). the accession of louis xii., who was childless, made francis of angouleme the heir-presumptive to the throne of france. louise brought her children to the court, and received amboise as her residence. she lived henceforth in fear lest louis should have a son; and in consequence there was a secret rivalry between her and the queen, anne of brittany. finally, her son became king on the 1st of january 1515 by the death of louis xii. from him louise received the county of angouleme, which was erected into a duchy, the duchy of anjou, and the counties of maine and beaufort. she was then given the title of \"madame.\" from 1515 to her death, she took the chief share in the government. the part she played has been variously judged, and is not yet completely elucidated. it is certain that louise had a clear head, practical good sense and tenacity. in the critical situation after the battle of pavia (1525) she proved herself equal to the emergency, maintained order in the kingdom, and manoeuvred very skilfully to detach henry viii. of england from the imperial alliance. but she appears to have been passionate, exceedingly rapacious and ever careful of her own interest. in her malignant disputes with the constable de bourbon on the question of his wife's succession, she goaded him to extreme measures, and her rapacity showed itself also in her dealings with the _surintendant des finances_, j. de beaune, baron de samblancay (d. 1527), who diverted the money intended for the french soldiers in italy into the coffers of the queen, and suffered death in consequence. she died in 1531, and francis reunited to the crown her domains, which comprised the bourbonnais, beaujolais, auvergne, la marche, angoumois, maine and anjou. there is extant a _journal_ of louise of savoy, the authenticity of which seems certain. it consists of brief notes--generally very exact and sometimes ironical--which go as far as the year 1522. the only trustworthy text is that published by guichenon in his _histoire genealogique de la maison de savoie_ (ed. of 1778-1780, vol. iv.). see _poesies de francois i^er et de louise de savoie ..._, ed. by champollion-figeac (1847); de maulde, _louise de savoie et francois i^er_ (1895); g. jacqueton, _la politique exterieure de louise de savoie ..._ (1892); h. hauser, \"etude critique sur le journal de louise de savoie,\" in the _revue historique_, vol. 86 (1904).",
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