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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:louis i:01dc9107e024",
    "title": "LOUIS I.",
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    "verified_text": "louis i., king of bavaria (1786-1868), son of the then prince, afterwards duke and elector, max joseph of zweibrucken and his wife princess augusta of hesse-darmstadt ( -1796), was born at strassburg on the 25th of august 1786. he received a careful education at home, afterwards (in 1803) going to the bavarian national university of landshut and to gottingen. as a young man he was drawn into the romantic movement then at its height; but both the classics and contemporary classical poetry took hold upon his receptive mind (he visited goethe in 1827). he had himself strong artistic tendencies, though his numerous poems show but little proof of this, and as a patron of the arts he proved himself as great as any who had ever occupied a german, throne, and more than a mere dilettante. his first visit to italy, in 1804, had an important influence upon this side of his development. but even in italy the crown prince (his father had become elector in 1799 and king of bavaria in 1805) did not forget his nationality. he soon made himself leader of the small anti-french party in bavaria. napoleon sought in vain to win him over, and louis fell more and more out of favour with him. napoleon was even reported to have said: \"qui m'empeche de laisser fusiller ce prince?\" their relations continued to be strained, although in the campaigns of 1807 and 1809, in which bavaria was among the allies of france, louis won his laurels in the field. the crown prince was also averse from a napoleonic marriage, and preferred to marry (october 12, 1810) the princess therese of saxe-hildburghausen (1792-1854). three daughters and four sons were born of this marriage, one of whom succeeded him as maximilian ii., while another, luitpold, became prince regent of bavaria on the death of louis ii. during the time that he was crown prince louis resided chiefly at innsbruck or salzburg as governor of the circle of the inn and salzach. in 1815 he attended the congress of vienna, where he was especially occupied in endeavouring to obtain the restoration of alsace and lorraine to germany; and later in the year he was with the allies in paris, using his influence to secure the return of the art treasures carried off by the french. after 1815 also the crown prince maintained his anti-french attitude, and it was mainly his influence that in 1817 secured the fall of montgelas, the minister with french sympathies. opposed to absolutism, louis took great interest in the work of organizing the bavarian constitution (1818) and defended it against metternich and the carlsbad decrees (1819); he was also one of the most zealous of the ardent philhellenes in germany at the time. he succeeded to the crown of bavaria on the 12th of october 1825, and at once embarked upon a moderate constitutional policy, in which he found himself in general agreement with the parliament. although he displayed a loyal attachment to the catholic church, especially owing to his artistic sympathies, he none the less opposed all its more exaggerated pretensions, especially as represented by the jesuits, whom he condemned as un-german. in the year of his accession he abolished an old edict concerning the censorship. he also furthered in many ways the internal administration of the state, and especially that of the finances. his personal tastes, apart from his activities as a maecenas, being economical, he endeavoured also to limit public expenditure, in a way which was not always a benefit to the country. bavaria's power of self-defence especially was weakened by his economies and by his lack of interest in the military aspect of things. he was a warm friend of learning, and in 1826 transferred the university of landshut to munich, where he placed it under his special protection. prominent scholars were summoned to it, mostly belonging to the romantic school, such as goerres, schubert and schelling, though others were not discouraged. in the course of his visits to italy he formed friendships with famous artists such as thorwaldsen and cornelius. he was especially anxious to obtain works of art, mainly sculpture, for the famous munich collections which he started, and in this he had the advantage of the assistance of the painter martin wagner. he also set on foot movements for excavation and the collection of works of art in greece, with excellent results. under the influence of the july revolution of 1830, however, he also began to be drawn into the current of reaction; and though he still declared himself openly against absolutism, and never took up such a hostile attitude towards constitutional ideas as his brother-in-law king frederick william iv., he allowed the reactionary system of surveillance which commended itself to the german confederation after 1830 to be introduced into bavaria (see bavaria: _history_). he continued, on the other hand, to do much for the economic development of the country. as a follower of the ideas of friedrich list, he furthered the foundation of the zollverein in the year 1833 and the making of canals. railways he looked upon as a \"necessary evil.\" in external politics peace was maintained on the whole after 1825. temporary diplomatic complications arose between bavaria and baden in connexion with louis's favourite project of winning back the part then belonging to baden of the old palatinate, the land of his birth, which was always very dear to him. of european importance was his enthusiasm for the liberation of greece from the rule of turkey. not only did he erect the _propylaen_ at munich in her honour, but he also helped her in the most generous way both with money and diplomatic resources. and after his second son otto had become king of greece in 1832, greek affairs became from time to time the central point of his foreign policy. in 1835 he made a visit to greece, partly political, partly inspired by his old interest in art. but his son proved unequal to his task, and in 1862 was forced to abdicate (see",
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