LORD

lord, john (1810-1894), american historical writer and lecturer, was born in portsmouth, new hampshire, on the 27th of december 1810. he was the nephew of nathan lord (1792-1870), president of dartmouth college from 1828 to 1863. he graduated at dartmouth in 1833, and at andover theological seminary in 1837. his course at the seminary was interrupted by a period of teaching--at windham, connecticut (1834), and at norwich (1834-1835)--and by a tour in 1836 through new york and ohio, in which he lectured on the dark ages. he was agent and lecturer for the american peace society (1837-1839), and for a brief time was a congregational pastor in turn at new marlboro and west stockbridge, massachusetts, and at utica, new york. about 1840 he became a professional lecturer on history. he lectured extensively for fifty years, especially in the united states and great britain, and introduced, with success, the mid-day lecture. he was lecturer on history in dartmouth from 1869 to 1876. he received, in 1864, the degree of ll.d. from the university of the city of new york. from 1854 he made his home in stamford, connecticut, where he died on the 15th of december 1894. his works include, besides several school and college histories, _the old roman world: the grandeur and failure of civilization_ (1867); _ancient states and empires_ (1869); _two german giants: frederick the great and bismarck_ (1885); and _beacon lights of history_ (8 vols., 1884-1896), his chief contribution to historical literature. see _the life of john lord_ (1896) by rev. alexander s. twombley, d. d. (in "beacon lights of history"), which is based chiefly upon lord's _reminiscences of fifty years in the lecture field_. lord (o. eng. _hlaford_, i.e. _hlafweard_, the warder or keeper of bread, _hlaf_, loaf; the word is not represented in any other teutonic language), in its primary sense, the head of a household, the master of those dependent on him for their daily bread, correlative to o. eng. _hlaf-aeta_, loaf-eater, servant; the word frequently occurs in this sense in the bible, cf. matt. xxiv. 45. as a term implying the ownership of property, "lord" survives in "lord of the manor" and "landlord." the chief applications are due to its use as the equivalent of lat. _dominus_, gr. [greek: kyrios] and fr. _seigneur_; thus in the old testament it represents _yahweh_, jehovah, and in the new testament [greek: kyrios], as a title of jesus christ. selden's words may be quoted for the more general meanings of "lord"; "the name dominus is ... to be thought of only as a distinguishing attribute of greatness and as our english word lord is; and that without any relation of it to an interest of property or to servitude, and only as it denotes such superiours as king or subjects of the greater nobility with us and men of special eminency in other states, known by the names of heeren, dons, sieurs, signiors, seigneurs ... and the like." it is thus not only a general word for a prince or sovereign, but also the common word for a feudal superior, and particularly of a feudal tenant holding directly of the king, a baron (q.v.), hence a peer of the realm, a member of the house of lords, constituted of the lords temporal and the lords spiritual; this is the chief modern usage. the prefix "lord" is ordinarily used as a less formal alternative to the full title, whether held by right or by courtesy, of marquess, earl or viscount, and is always so used in the case of a baron (which in english usage is generally confined to the holder of a foreign title). where the name is territorial, the "of" is dropped, thus, the marquess of a., but lord a. the younger sons of dukes and marquesses have, by courtesy, the title of lord prefixed to the christian and surname, e.g. lord john russell. in the case of bishops, the full and formal title of address is the lord bishop of a., whether he be a spiritual peer or not. many high officials of the british government have the word "lord" prefixed to their titles; some of them are treated in separate articles; for lord privy seal see privy seal. in certain cases the members of a board which has taken the place of an office of state are known as lords commissioners or, shortly, lords of the office in question, e.g. lords of the treasury, civil or naval lords of the admiralty. for lord lieutenant and lord mayor see lieutenant and mayor. as the proper form of address "my lord" is used not only to those members of the nobility to whom the title "lord" is applicable, and to bishops, but also to all judges of the high court in england, and of the scottish and irish superior courts, and to lord mayors and lord provosts (see also lady).