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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:liverpool:ff89f34353aa",
    "title": "LIVERPOOL",
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    "verified_text": "liverpool, earls of) to join in a scheme for turning an old friend out of the india office. though his relations with pitt began to be somewhat strained towards the end, he left office on the minister's death on the 21st of january 1806. canning, who delivered the eulogy of pitt in the house of commons on the 3rd of february, refused to take office in fox's ministry of \"all the talents.\" attempts were made to secure him, and he was offered the leadership of the house of commons, under the supervision of fox, an absurd proposal which he had the good sense to decline. after the death of fox, and the dismissal by the king of lord grenville's ministry, he joined the administration of the duke of portland as secretary of state for foreign affairs. he held the office from the 25th of march 1807 till the 9th of september 1809. during these two years he had a large share in the vigorous policy which defeated the secret articles of the treaty of tilsit by the seizure of the danish fleet. as foreign secretary it fell to him to defend the ministry when it was attacked in parliament. he refused to tell how he became aware of the secret articles, and the mystery has never been fully solved. he threw himself eagerly into the prosecution of the war in spain, yet his tenure of office ended in resignation in circumstances which left him under deep discredit. he became entangled in what can only be called two intrigues. in view of the failing health of the duke of portland he told his colleague, spencer perceval, chancellor of the exchequer, that a new prime minister must be found, that he must be in the house of commons, that the choice lay between them, adding that he might not be prepared to serve as subordinate. in april of 1809 he had told the duke of portland that lord castlereagh, secretary for the colonies and war, was in his opinion unfit for his post, and must be removed to another office. the duke, a sickly and vacillating man, said nothing to castlereagh, and took no steps, and canning did not enlighten his colleague. when he found that no measures were being taken to make a change of office, canning resigned on the 7th of september. castlereagh then learnt the truth, and after resigning sent canning a challenge on the 19th of september. in the duel on putney heath which followed canning was wounded in the thigh. his apologists have endeavoured to defend him against the charge of double dealing, but there can be no question that castlereagh had just ground to be angry. public opinion was strong against canning, and in the house of commons he was looked upon with distrust. for twelve years he remained out of office or in inferior places. his ability made it impossible that he should be obscure. in 1810 he was a member of the bullion committee, and his speeches on the report showed his mastery of the subject. it was no doubt his reputation for economic knowledge which chiefly recommended him to the electors of liverpool in 1812. he had been elected for tralee in 1803, for newtown (hants) in 1806 and for harwich in 1807. but in parliament he had lost all influence, and is described as wandering about neglected and avoided. in 1812 he committed the serious mistake of accepting a well-paid ornamental mission to lisbon, which he was about to visit for the health of his eldest son. he remained abroad for eighteen months. in 1816 he submitted to enter office as president of the board of control in lord liverpool's cabinet, in which castlereagh, to whom he had now become reconciled, was secretary of state for foreign affairs. in 1820 he resigned his post in order to avoid taking any part in the proceedings against queen caroline, the wife of george iv. canning's return to great office and influence dates from the suicide of castlereagh in 1822. he had accepted the governor-generalship of india, which would have implied his retirement from public life at home, and refused to remain unless he was promised \"the whole inheritance\" of castlereagh,--the foreign office and the leadership of the house of commons. his terms were accepted, and he took office in september 1822. he held the office from that date till april 1827, when he became prime minister in succession to lord liverpool, whose health had broken down. even before this he was the real director of the policy of the cabinet--as castlereagh had been from 1812 to 1822. it may be noted that he resigned his seat for liverpool in 1823, and was elected for harwich, which he left for newport in 1826. few english public men have represented so many constituencies. his fame as a statesman is based mainly on the foreign policy which he pursued in those years--the policy of non-intervention, and of the patronage, if not the actual support, of national and liberal movements in europe (see the historical articles under europe, spain, portugal,",
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