LINGARD

lingard, john (1771-1851), english historian, was born on the 5th of february 1771 at winchester, where his father, of an ancient lincolnshire peasant stock, had established himself as a carpenter. the boy's talents attracted attention, and in 1782 he was sent to the english college at douai, where he continued until shortly after the declaration of war by england (1793). he then lived as tutor in the family of lord stourton, but in october 1794 he settled along with seven other former members of the old douai college at crook hall near durham, where on the completion of his theological course he became vice-president of the reorganized seminary. in 1795 he was ordained priest, and soon afterwards undertook the charge of the chairs of natural and moral philosophy. in 1808 he accompanied the community of crook hall to the new college at ushaw, durham, but in 1811, after declining the presidency of the college at maynooth, he withdrew to the secluded mission at hornby in lancashire, where for the rest of his life he devoted himself to literary pursuits. in 1817 he visited rome, where he made researches in the vatican library. in 1821 pope pius vii. created him doctor of divinity and of canon and civil law; and in 1825 leo xii. is said to have made him cardinal _in petto_. he died at hornby on the 17th of july 1851. lingard wrote _the antiquities of the anglo-saxon church_ (1806), of which a third and greatly enlarged addition appeared in 1845 under the title _the history and antiquities of the anglo-saxon church; containing an account of its origin, government, doctrines, worship, revenues, and clerical and monastic institutions_; but the work with which his name is chiefly associated is _a history of england, from the first invasion by the romans to the commencement of the reign of william iii._, which appeared originally in 8 vols. at intervals between 1819 and 1830. three successive subsequent editions had the benefit of extensive revision by the author; a fifth edition in 10 vols. 8vo appeared in 1849, and a sixth, with life of the author by tierney prefixed to vol. x., in 1854-1855. soon after its appearance it was translated into french, german and italian. it is a work of ability and research; and, though cardinal wiseman's claim for its author that he was "the only impartial historian of our country" may be disregarded, the book remains interesting as representing the view taken of certain events in english history by a devout, but able and learned, roman catholic in the earlier part of the 19th century. lingayat (from _linga_, the emblem of siva), the name of a peculiar sect of siva worshippers in southern india, who call themselves _vira-saivas_ (see hinduism). they carry on the person a stone _linga_ (phallus) in a silver casket. the founder of the sect is said to have been basava, a brahman prime minister of a jain king in the 12th century. the lingayats are specially numerous in the kanarese country, and to them the kanarese language owes its cultivation as literature. their priests are called jangamas. in 1901 the total number of lingayats in all india was returned as more than 21⁄2 millions, mostly in mysore and the adjoining districts of bombay, madras and hyderabad.