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    "source_key": "britannica_1911",
    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:libertines:1a5fc2322504",
    "title": "LIBERTINES",
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    "verified_text": "libertines, synagogue of the, a section of the hellenistic jews who attacked stephen (acts vi. 9). the passage reads, [greek: tines ton ek tes sunagoges tes legomenes libertinon, kai kurenaion kai alexandreon, kai ton apo kilikias kai asias], and opinion is divided as to the number of synagogues here named. the probability is that there are three, corresponding to the geographical regions involved, (1) rome and italy, (2) n.e. africa, (3) asia minor. in this case \"the synagogue of the libertines\" is the assembly of \"the freedmen\" from rome, descendants of the jews enslaved by pompey after his conquest of judaea 63 b.c. if, however, we take [greek: libertinon kai kurenaion kai alexandreon] closely together, the first name must denote the people of some city or district. the obscure town libertum (inferred from the title episcopus libertinensis in connexion with the synod of carthage, a.d. 411) is less likely than the reading ([greek: libuon] or) [greek: libustinon] underlying certain armenian versions and syriac commentaries. the greek towns lying west from cyrene would naturally be called libyan. in any case the interesting point is that these returned jews, instead of being liberalized by their residence abroad, were more tenacious of judaism and more bitter against stephen than those who had never left judaea. liberty (lat. _libertas_, from _liber_, free), generally the state of freedom, especially opposed to subjection, imprisonment or slavery, or with such restricted or figurative meaning as the circumstances imply. the history of political liberty is in modern days identified practically with the progress of civilization. in a more particular sense, \"a liberty\" is the term for a franchise, a privilege or branch of the crown's prerogative granted to a subject, as, for example, that of executing legal process; hence the district over which the privilege extends. such liberties are exempt from the jurisdiction of the sheriff and have separate commissions of the peace, but for purposes of local government form part of the county in which they are situated. the exemption from the jurisdiction of the sheriff was recognized in england by the sheriffs act 1887, which provides that the sheriff of a county shall appoint a deputy at the expense of the lord of the liberty, such deputy to reside in or near the liberty. the deputy receives and opens in the sheriff's name all writs, the return or execution of which belongs to the bailiff of the liberty, and issues to the bailiff the warrant required for the due execution of such writs. the bailiff then becomes liable for non-execution, mis-execution or insufficient return of any writs, and in the case of non-return of any writ, if the sheriff returns that he has delivered the writ to a bailiff of a liberty, the sheriff will be ordered to execute the writ notwithstanding the liberty, and must cause the bailiff to attend before the high court of justice and answer why he did not execute the writ. in nautical phraseology various usages of the term are derived from its association with a sailor's leave on shore, e.g. liberty-man, liberty-day, liberty-ticket. _a history of modern liberty_, in eight volumes, of which the third appeared in 1906, has been written by james mackinnon; see also lord acton's lectures, and such works as j. s. mill's _on liberty_ and sir john seeley's _introduction to political science_.",
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