{
    "system": "GoGuides Verified Text",
    "api_version": "verified-text-v1",
    "status": "ok",
    "response_type": "verified_text_record",
    "source_key": "britannica_1911",
    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
    "license_code": "public_domain",
    "attribution": null,
    "license_url": null,
    "chunk_id": "1911:leo ix:782c677b1eb5",
    "title": "LEO IX.",
    "section": null,
    "hash_alg": "sha256",
    "hash_sha256": "74a8d159ed273142bdb5592d5b5a8c2c4b608b092c4cb5a40b9b51fc9a88a42e",
    "normalizer": {
        "name": "ggnorm",
        "version": "1.0"
    },
    "verified_text": "leo ix., pope from 1049 to 1054, was a native of upper alsace, where he was born on the 21st of june 1002. his proper name was bruno; the family to which he belonged was of noble rank, and through his father he was related to the emperor conrad ii. he was educated at toul, where he successively became canon and (1026) bishop; in the latter capacity he rendered important political services to his relative conrad ii., and afterwards to henry iii., and at the same time he became widely known as an earnest and reforming ecclesiastic by the zeal he showed in spreading the rule of the order of cluny. on the death of damasus ii., bruno was in december 1048, with the concurrence both of the emperor and of the roman delegates, selected his successor by an assembly at worms; he stipulated, however, as a condition of his acceptance that he should first proceed to rome and be canonically elected by the voice of clergy and people. setting out shortly after christmas, he had a meeting with abbot hugo of cluny at besancon, where he was joined by the young monk hildebrand, who afterwards became pope gregory vii.; arriving in pilgrim garb at rome in the following february, he was received with much cordiality, and at his consecration assumed the name of leo ix. one of his first public acts was to hold the well-known easter synod of 1049, at which celibacy of the clergy (down to the rank of subdeacon) was anew enjoined, and where he at least succeeded in making clear his own convictions against every kind of simony. the greater part of the year that followed was occupied in one of those progresses through italy, germany and france which form a marked feature in leo's pontificate. after presiding over a synod at pavia, he joined the emperor henry iii. in saxony, and accompanied him to cologne and aix-la-chapelle; to reims he also summoned a meeting of the higher clergy, by which several important reforming decrees were passed. at mainz also he held a council, at which the italian and french as well as the german clergy were represented, and ambassadors of the greek emperor were present; here too simony and the marriage of the clergy were the principal matters dealt with. after his return to rome he held (29th april 1050) another easter synod, which was occupied largely with the controversy about the teachings of berengarius of tours; in the same year he presided over provincial synods at salerno, siponto and vercelli, and in september revisited germany, returning to rome in time for a third easter synod, at which the question of the reordination of those who had been ordained by simonists was considered. in 1052 he joined the emperor at pressburg, and vainly sought to secure the submission of the hungarians; and at regensburg, bamberg and worms the papal presence was marked by various ecclesiastical solemnities. after a fourth easter synod in 1053 leo set out against the normans in the south with an army of italians and german volunteers, but his forces sustained a total defeat at astagnum near civitella (18th june 1053); on going out, however, from the city to meet the enemy he was received with every token of submission, relief from the pressure of his ban was implored and fidelity and homage were sworn. from june 1053 to march 1054 he was nevertheless detained at benevento in honourable captivity; he did not long survive his return to rome, where he died on the 19th of april 1054. he was succeeded by victor ii. leo x. [giovanni de' medici] (1475-1521), pope from the 11th of march 1513 to the 1st of december 1521, was the second son of lorenzo de' medici, called the magnificent, and was born at florence on the 11th of december 1475. destined from his birth for the church, he received the tonsure at the age of seven and was soon loaded with rich benefices and preferments. his father prevailed on innocent viii. to name him cardinal-deacon of sta maria in dominica in march 1489, although he was not allowed to wear the insignia or share in the deliberations of the college until three years later. meanwhile he received a careful education at lorenzo's brilliant humanistic court under such men as angelo poliziano, the classical scholar, pico della mirandola, the philosopher and theologian, the pious marsilio ficino who endeavoured to unite the platonic cult with christianity and the poet bernardo dovizio bibbiena. from 1489 to 1491 he studied theology and canon law at pisa under filippo decio and bartolomeo sozzini. on the 23rd of march 1492 he was formally admitted into the sacred college and took up his residence at rome, receiving a letter of advice from his father which ranks among the wisest of its kind. the death of lorenzo on the 8th of april, however, called the seventeen-year-old cardinal to florence. he participated in the conclave which followed the death of innocent viii. in july 1492 and opposed the election of cardinal borgia. he made his home with his elder brother piero at florence throughout the agitation of savonarola and the invasion of charles viii. of france, until the uprising of the florentines and the expulsion of the medici in november 1494. while piero found refuge at venice and urbino, cardinal giovanni travelled in germany, in the netherlands and in france. in may 1500 he returned to rome, where he was received with outward cordiality by alexander vi., and where he lived for several years immersed in art and literature. in 1503 he welcomed the accession of julius ii. to the pontificate; the death of piero de' medici in the same year made giovanni head of his family. on the 1st of october 1511 he was appointed papal legate of bologna and the romagna, and when the florentine republic declared in favour of the schismatic pisans julius ii. sent him against his native city at the head of the papal army. this and other attempts to regain political control of florence were frustrated, until a bloodless revolution permitted the return of the medici on the 14th of september 1512. giovanni's younger brother giuliano was placed at the head of the republic, but the cardinal actually managed the government. julius ii. died in february 1513, and the conclave, after a stormy seven day's session, united on cardinal de' medici as the candidate of the younger cardinals. he was ordained to the priesthood on the 15th of march, consecrated bishop on the 17th, and enthroned with the name of leo x. on the 19th. there is no evidence of simony in the conclave, and leo's election was hailed with delight by the romans on account of his reputation for liberality, kindliness and love of peace. following the example of many of his predecessors, he promptly repudiated his election \"capitulation\" as an infringement on the divinely bestowed prerogatives of the holy see. many problems confronted leo x. on his accession. he must preserve the papal conquests which he had inherited from alexander vi. and julius ii. he must minimize foreign influence, whether french, spanish or german, in italy. he must put an end to the pisan schism and settle the other troubles incident to the french invasion. he must restore the french church to catholic unity, abolish the pragmatic sanction of bourges, and bring to a successful close the lateran council convoked by his predecessor. he must stay the victorious advance of the turks. he must quiet the disagreeable wranglings of the german humanists. other problems connected with his family interests served to complicate the situation and eventually to prevent the successful consummation of many of his plans. at the very time of leo's accession louis xii. of france, in alliance with venice, was making a determined effort to regain the duchy of milan, and the pope, after fruitless endeavours to maintain peace, joined the league of mechlin on the 5th of april 1513 with the emperor maximilian i., ferdinand i. of spain and henry viii. of england. the french and venetians were at first successful, but on the 6th of june met overwhelming defeat at novara. the venetians continued the struggle until october. on the 19th of december the fifth lateran council, which had been reopened by leo in april, ratified the peace with louis xii. and registered the conclusion of the pisan schism. while the council was engaged in planning a crusade and in considering the reform of the clergy, a new crisis occurred between the pope and the king of france. francis i., who succeeded louis xii. on the 1st of january 1515, was an enthusiastic young prince, dominated by the ambition of recovering milan and naples. leo at once formed a new league with the emperor and the king of spain, and to ensure english support made wolsey a cardinal. francis entered italy in august and on the 14th of september won the battle of marignano. the pope in october signed an agreement binding him to withdraw his troops from parma and piacenza, which had been previously gained at the expense of the duchy of milan, on condition of french protection at rome and florence. the king of spain wrote to his ambassador at rome \"that his holiness had hitherto played a double game and that all his zeal to drive the french from italy had been only a mask\"; this reproach seemed to receive some confirmation when leo x. held a secret conference with francis at bologna in december 1515. the ostensible subjects under consideration were the establishment of peace between france, venice and the empire, with a view to an expedition against the turks, and the ecclesiastical affairs of france. precisely what was arranged is unknown. during these two or three years of incessant political intrigue and warfare it was not to be expected that the lateran council should accomplish much. its three main objects, the peace of christendom, the crusade and the reform of the church, could be secured only by general agreement among the powers, and leo or the council failed to secure such agreement. its most important achievements were the registration at its eleventh sitting (19th december 1516) of the abolition of the pragmatic sanction, which the popes since pius ii. had unanimously condemned, and the confirmation of the concordat between leo x. and francis i., which was destined to regulate the relations between the french church and the holy see until the revolution. leo closed the council on the 16th of march 1517. it had ended the schism, ratified the censorship of books introduced by alexander vi. and imposed tithes for a war against the turks. it raised no voice against the primacy of the pope. the year which marked the close of the lateran council was also signalized by leo's unholy war against the duke of urbino. the pope was naturally proud of his family and had practised nepotism from the outset. his cousin giulio, who subsequently became clement vii., he had made the most influential man in the curia, naming him archbishop of florence, cardinal and vice-chancellor of the holy see. leo had intended his younger brother giuliano and his nephew lorenzo for brilliant secular careers. he had named them roman patricians; the latter he had placed in charge of florence; the former, for whom he planned to carve out a kingdom in central italy of parma, piacenza, ferrara and urbino, he had taken with himself to rome and married to filiberta of savoy. the death of giuliano in march 1516, however, caused the pope to transfer his ambitions to lorenzo. at the very time (december 1516) that peace between france, spain, venice and the empire seemed to give some promise of a christendom united against the turk, leo was preparing an enterprise as unscrupulous as any of the similar exploits of cesare borgia. he obtained 150,000 ducats towards the expenses of the expedition from henry viii. of england, in return for which he entered the imperial league of spain and england against france. the war lasted from february to september 1517 and ended with the expulsion of the duke and the triumph of lorenzo; but it revived the nefarious policy of alexander vi., increased brigandage and anarchy in the states of the church, hindered the preparations for a crusade and wrecked the papal finances. guicciardini reckoned the cost of the war to leo at the prodigious sum of 800,000 ducats. the new duke of urbino was the lorenzo de' medici to whom machiavelli addressed _the prince_. his marriage in march 1518 was arranged by the pope with madeleine la tour d'auvergne, a royal princess of france, whose daughter was the catherine de' medici celebrated in french history. the war of urbino was further marked by a crisis in the relations between pope and cardinals. the sacred college had grown especially worldly and troublesome since the time of sixtus",
    "source_url": "https://archive.org/details/EB1911WMF",
    "observed_at": "2026-02-08 18:43:20",
    "integrity": {
        "hash_check": "match",
        "hash_scope": "full_normalized_text",
        "computed_sha256": "74a8d159ed273142bdb5592d5b5a8c2c4b608b092c4cb5a40b9b51fc9a88a42e"
    },
    "machine_use": {
        "read": true,
        "cite": true,
        "decision": "verified_public_domain_text"
    },
    "documentation": {
        "white_paper_url": "https://www.goguides.com/white-paper.php",
        "pdf_url": "https://www.goguides.com/whitepapers/goguides-ai-source-clearance-white-paper.pdf"
    }
}