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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:le creusot:37580407e35b",
    "title": "LE CREUSOT",
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    "verified_text": "le creusot, a town of east-central france in the department of saone-et-loire, 55 m. s.w. of dijon on the paris-lyon railway. pop. (1906), town, 22,535; commune, 33,437. situated at the foot of lofty hills in a district rich in coal and iron, it has the most extensive iron works in france. the coal bed of le creusot was discovered in the 13th century; but it was not till 1774 that the first workshops were founded there. the royal crystal works were transferred from sevres to le creusot in 1787, but this industry came to an end in 1831. meanwhile two or three enterprises for the manufacture of metal had ended in failure, and it was only in 1836 that the foundation of iron works by adolphe and eugene schneider definitely inaugurated the industrial prosperity of the place. the works supplied large quantities of war material to the french armies during the crimean and franco-german wars. since that time they have continuously enlarged the scope of their operations, which now embrace the manufacture of steel, armour-plate, guns, ordnance-stores, locomotives, electrical machinery and engineering material of every description. a network of railways about 37 m. in length connects the various branches of the works with each other and with the neighbouring canal du centre. special attention is paid to the welfare of the workers who, not including the miners, number about 12,000, and good schools have been established. in 1897 the ordnance-manufacture of the societe des forges et chantiers de la mediterranee at havre was acquired by the company, which also has important branches at chalon-sur-saone, where ship-building and bridge-construction is carried on, and at cette (herault). lectern (through o. fr. _leitrun_, from late lat. _lectrum_, or _lectrinum_, _legere_, to read; the french equivalent is _lutrin_; ital. _leggio_; ger. _lesepult_), in the furniture of certain christian churches, a reading-desk, used more especially for the reading of the lessons and in the anglican church practically confined to that purpose. in the early christian church this was done from the ambo (q.v.), but in the 15th century, when the books were often of great size, it became necessary to provide a lectern to hold them. these were either in wood or metal, and many fine examples still exist; one at detling in wood, in which there are shelves on all four sides to hold books, is perhaps the most elaborate. brass lecterns, as in the colleges of oxford and cambridge, are common; in the usual type the book is supported on the outspread wings of an eagle or pelican, which is raised on a moulded stem, carried on three projecting ledges or feet with lions on them. in the example in norwich cathedral, the pelican supporting the book stands on a rock enclosed with a rich cresting of gothic tabernacle work; the central stem or pillar, on which this rests, is supported by miniature projecting buttresses, standing on a moulded base with lions on it.",
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