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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:lanterns of the dead:2669105456bb",
    "title": "LANTERNS OF THE DEAD",
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    "verified_text": "lanterns of the dead, the architectural name for the small towers in stone, found chiefly in the centre and west of france, pierced with small openings at the top, where a light was exhibited at night to indicate the position of a cemetery. these towers were usually circular, with a small entrance in the lower part giving access to the interior, so as to raise the lamps by a pulley to the required height. one of the most perfect in france is that at cellefrouin (charente), which consists of a series of eight attached semicircular shafts, raised on a pedestal, and is crowned with a conical roof decorated with fir cones; it has only one aperture, towards the main road. other examples exist at ciron (indre) and antigny (vienne). [illustration: lantern of the dead at cellefrouin (charente).] lanthanum [symbol la, atomic weight 139.0 (o = 16)] one of the metals of the cerium group of rare earths. its name is derived from the gr. [greek: lanthanein], to lie hidden. it was first isolated in 1839 by c. g. mosander from the \"cerium\" of j. berzelius. it is found in the minerals gadolinite, cerite, samarskite and fergusonite, and is usually obtained from cerite. for details of the complex process for the separation of the lanthanum salts from cerite, see r. bunsen (_pogg. ann._, 1875, 155, p. 377); p. t. cleve (_bull. de la soc. chim._, 1874, 21, p. 196); and a. v. welsbach (_monats. f. chem._, 1884, 5, p. 508). the metal was obtained by mosander on heating its chloride with potassium, and by w. f. hillebrand and t. norton (_pogg. ann._, 1875, 156, p. 466) on electrolysis of the fused chloride, while c. winkler (_ber._, 1890, 23, p. 78) prepared it by heating the oxide with a mixture of magnesium and magnesia. muthmann and weiss (_ann._, 1904, 331, p. 1) obtained it by electrolysing the anhydrous chloride. it may be readily hammered, but cannot be drawn. its specific gravity is 6.1545, and it melts at 810°. it decomposes cold water slowly, but hot water violently. it burns in air, and also in chlorine and bromine, and is readily oxidized by nitric acid. _lanthanum oxide_, la2o3, is a white powder obtained by burning the metal in oxygen, or by ignition of the carbonate, nitrate or sulphate. it combines with water with evolution of heat, and on heating with magnesium powder in an atmosphere of hydrogen forms a hydride of probable composition la2h3 (c. winkler, _ber._ 1891, 24, p. 890). _lanthanum hydroxide_, la(oh)3, is a white amorphous powder formed by precipitating lanthanum salts by potassium hydroxide. it decomposes ammonium salts. _lanthanum chloride_, lacl3, is obtained in the anhydrous condition by heating lanthanum ammonium chloride or, according to c. matignon (_compt. rend._, 1905, 40, p. 1181), by the action of chlorine or hydrochloric acid on the residue obtained by evaporating the oxide with hydrochloric acid. it forms a deliquescent crystalline mass. by evaporation of a solution of lanthanum oxide in hydrochloric acid to the consistency of a syrup, and allowing the solution to stand, large colourless crystals of a hydrated chloride of the composition 2lacl3·15h2o are obtained. _lanthanum sulphide_, la2s3, is a yellow powder, obtained when the oxide is heated in the vapour of carbon bisulphide. it is decomposed by water, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. _lanthanum sulphate_, la2(so4)3·9h2o, forms six-sided prisms, isomorphous with those of the corresponding cerium salt. by careful heating it may be made to yield the anhydrous salt. _lanthanum nitrate_, la(no3)3·6h2o, is obtained by dissolving the oxide in nitric acid. it crystallizes in plates, and is soluble in water and alcohol. _lanthanum carbide_, lac2, is prepared by heating the oxide with carbon in the electric furnace (h. moissan, _compt. rend._, 1896, 123, p. 148). it is decomposed by water with the formation of acetylene, methane, ethylene, &c. _lanthanum carbonate_, la2co3·8h2o, occurs as the rare mineral lanthanite, forming greyish-white, pink or yellowish rhombic prisms. the atomic weight of lanthanum has been determined by b. brauner (_proc. chem. soc._, 1901, 17, p. 63) by ignition of lanthanum sulphate at 500° c., the value obtained being 139 (o = 16). lanuvium (more frequently _lanivium_ in imperial times, mod. _civita lavinia_), an ancient city of latium, some 19 m. s.e. of rome, a little s.w. of the via appia. it was situated on an isolated hill projecting s. from the main mass of the alban hills, and commanding an extensive view over the low country between it and the sea. it was one of the members of the latin league, and remained independent until conquered by rome in 338 b.c. at first it did not enjoy the right of roman citizenship, but acquired it later; and even in imperial times its chief magistrate and municipal council kept the titles of _dictator_ and _senatus_ respectively. it was especially famous for its rich and much venerated temple of juno sospes, from which octavian borrowed money in 31 b.c., and the possessions of which extended as far as the sea-coast (t. ashby in _melanges de l'ecole francaise_, 1905, 203). it possessed many other temples, repaired by antoninus pius, who was born close by, as was also commodus. remains of the ancient theatre and of the city walls exist in the modern village, and above it is an area surrounded by a portico, in _opus reticulatum_, upon the north side of which is a rectangular building in _opus quadratum_, probably connected with the temple of juno. here archaic decorative terra-cottas were discovered in excavations carried on by lord savile. the acropolis of the primitive city was probably on the highest point above the temple to the north. the neighbourhood, which is now covered with vineyards, contains remains of many roman villas, one of which is traditionally attributed to antoninus pius. see _notizie degli scavi, passim._ (t. as.)",
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