LAMPREY

lamprey, a fish belonging to the family _petromyzontidae_ (from [greek: petros] and [greek: myzo], literally, stone-suckers), which with the hag-fishes or _myxinidae_ forms a distinct subclass of fishes, the _cyclostomata_, distinguished by the low organization of their skeleton, which is cartilaginous, without vertebral segmentation, without ribs or real jaws, and without limbs. the lampreys are readily recognized by their long, eel-like, scaleless body, terminating anteriorly in the circular, suctorial mouth characteristic of the whole sub-class. on each side, behind the head, there is a row of seven branchial openings, through which the water is conveyed to and from the gills. by means of their mouth they fasten to stones, boats, &c., as well as to other fishes, their object being to obtain a resting-place on the former, whilst they attach themselves to the latter to derive nourishment from them. the inner surface of their cup-shaped mouth is armed with pointed teeth, with which they perforate the integuments of the fish attacked, scraping off particles of the flesh and sucking the blood. mackerel, cod, pollack and flat-fishes are the kinds most frequently attacked by them in the sea; of river-fish the migratory _salmonidae_ and the shad are sometimes found with the marks of the teeth of the lamprey, or with the fish actually attached to them. about fifteen species are known from the coasts and rivers of the temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. in great britain and europe generally three species occur, viz. the large spotted sea-lamprey (_petromyzon marinus_), the river-lamprey or lampern (_p. fluviatilis_), and the small lampern or "pride" or "sand-piper" (_p. branchialis_). the first two are migratory, entering rivers in the spring to spawn; of the river-lamprey, however, specimens are met with in fresh water all the year round. in north america about ten species of lamprey occur, while in south america and australasia still others are found. lampreys, especially the sea-lamprey, are esteemed as food, formerly more so than at present; but their flesh is not easy of digestion. henry i. of england is said to have fallen a victim to this, his favourite dish. the species of greatest use is the river-lamprey, which as bait is preferred to all others in the cod and turbot fisheries of the north sea. yarrell states that formerly the thames alone supplied from 1,000,000 to 1,200,000 lamperns annually, but their number has so much fallen off that, for instance, in 1876 only 40,000 were sold to the cod-fishers. that year, however, was an unusually bad year; the lamperns, from their scarcity, fetched £8, 10s. a thousand, whilst in ordinary years £5 is considered a fair price. the season for catching lamperns closes in the thames about the middle of march. the origin of the name lamprey is obscure; it is an adaptation of fr. _lamproie_, med. lat. _lampreda_; this has been taken as a variant of another med. lat. form _lampetra_, which occurs in ichthyological works of the middle ages; the derivation from _lambere petras_, to lick stones, is a specimen of etymological ingenuity. the development of lampreys has received much attention on the part of naturalists, since aug. muller discovered that they undergo a metamorphosis, and that the minute worm-like lamperns previously known under the name of _ammocoetes_, and abundant in the sand and mud of many streams, were nothing but the undeveloped young of the river-lampreys and small lamperns. see cyclostomata. lamprophyres (from gr. [greek: lampros], bright, and the terminal part of the word porphyry, meaning rocks containing bright porphyritic crystals), a group of rocks containing phenocrysts, usually of biotite and hornblende (with bright cleavage surfaces), often also of olivine and augite, but not of felspar. they are thus distinguished from the porphyries and porphyrites in which the felspar has crystallized in two generations. they are essentially "dike rocks," occurring as dikes and thin sills, and are also found as marginal facies of plutonic intrusions. they furnish a good example of the correlation which often exists between petrographical types and their mode of occurrence, showing the importance of physical conditions in determining the mineralogical and structural characters of rocks. they are usually dark in colour, owing to the abundance of ferro-magnesian silicates, of relatively high specific gravity and liable to decomposition. for these reasons they have been defined as a _melanocrate_ series (rich in the dark minerals); and they are often accompanied by a complementary _leucocrate_ series (rich in the white minerals felspar and quartz) such as aplites, porphyries and felsites. both have been produced by differentiation of a parent magma, and if the two complementary sets of rocks could be mixed in the right proportions, it is presumed that a mass of similar chemical composition to the parent magma would be produced. both in the hand specimens and in microscopic slides of lamprophyric rocks biotite and hornblende are usually conspicuous. though black by reflected light they are brown by transmitted light and highly pleochroic. in some cases they are yellow-brown, in other cases chestnut-brown and reddish brown; in the same rock the two minerals have strikingly similar colour and pleochroism. augite, when it occurs, is sometimes green, at other times purple. felspar is restricted to the ground mass; quartz occurs sometimes but is scarce. although porphyritic structure is almost universal, it is sometimes not very marked. the large biotites and hornblendes are not sharply distinct from those of intermediate size, which in turn graduate into the small crystals of the same minerals in the ground mass. as a rule all the ingredients have rather perfect crystalline forms (except quartz), hence these rocks have been called "panidiomorphic." in many lamprophyres the pale quartz and felspathic ingredients tend to occur in rounded spots, or _ocelli_, in which there has been progressive crystallization from the margins towards the centre. these spots may consist of radiate or brush-like felspars (with some mica and hornblende) or of quartz and felspar. a central area of quartz or of analcite probably represents an original miarolitic cavity infilled at a later period. there are two great groups of lamprophyres differing in composition while retaining the general features of the class. one of these accompanies intrusions of granite and diorite and includes the minettes, kersantites, vogesites and spessartites. the other is found in association with nepheline syenites, essexites and teschenites, and is exemplified by camptonites, monchiquites and alnoites. the complementary facies of the first group is the aplites, porphyrites and felsites; that of the second group includes bostonites, tinguaites and other rocks. the _granito-dioritic-lamprophyres_ (the first of these two groups) are found in many districts where granites and diorites occur, e.g. the scottish highlands and southern uplands, the lake district, ireland, the vosges, black forest, harz, &c. as a rule they do not proceed directly from the granite, but form separate dikes which may be later than, and consequently may cut, the granites and diorites. in other districts where granites are abundant no rocks of this class are known. it is rare to find only one member of the group present, but minettes, vogesites, kersantites, &c., all appear and there are usually transitional forms. for this reason these rock species must not be regarded as sharply distinct from one another. the group as a whole is a well-characterized one and shows few transitions to porphyries, porphyrites and other dike types; its subdivisions, however, tend to merge into one another and especially when they are weathered are hard to differentiate. the presence or absence of the four dominant minerals, orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite and hornblende, determines the species. minettes contain biotite and orthoclase; kersantites, biotite and plagioclase. vogesites contain hornblende and orthoclase; spessartites, hornblende and plagioclase. each variety of lamprophyre may and often does contain all four minerals but is named according to the two which preponderate. these rocks contain also iron oxides (usually titaniferous), apatite, sometimes sphene, augite and olivine. the hornblende and biotite are brown or greenish brown, and as a rule their crystals even when small are very perfect and give the micro-sections an easily recognizable character. green hornblende occurs in some of these rocks. the augite builds eumorphic crystals of pale green colour, often zonal and readily weathering. olivine in the fresh state is rare; it forms rounded, corroded grains; in many cases it is decomposed to green or colourless hornblende in radiating nests (pilite). the plagioclase occurs as small rectangular crystals; orthoclase may have similar shapes or may be fibrous and grouped in sheaflike aggregates which are narrow in the middle and spread out towards both ends. if quartz is present it is the last product of crystallization and the only mineral devoid of idiomorphism; it fills up the spaces between the other ingredients of the rock. as all lamprophyres are prone to alteration by weathering a great abundance of secondary minerals is usually found in them; the principal are calcite and other carbonates, limonite, chlorite, quartz and kaolin. ocellar structure is common; the ocelli consist mainly of orthoclase and quartz, and may be a quarter of an inch in diameter. another feature of these rocks is the presence of large foreign crystals or xenocrysts of felspar and of quartz. their forms are rounded, indicating partial resorption by the solvent action of the lamprophyric magma; and the quartz may be surrounded by corrosion borders of minerals such as augite and hornblende produced where the magma is attacking the crystal. these crystals are of doubtful origin; they are often of considerable size and may be conspicuous in hand-specimens of the rocks. it is supposed that they did not crystallize in the lamprophyre dike but in some way were caught up by it. other enclosures, more certainly of foreign origin, are often seen, such as quartzite, schists, garnetiferous rocks, granite, &c. these may be baked and altered or in other cases partly dissolved. cordierite may be formed either in the enclosure or in the lamprophyre, where it takes the shape of hexagonal prisms which in polarized light break up into six sectors, triangular in shape, diverging from the centre of the crystal. the second group of lamprophyric dike rocks (_the camptonite, monchiquite, alnoite series_) is much less common than those above described. as a rule they occur together, and there are transitions between the different sub-groups as in the granito-dioritic lamprophyres. in sweden, brazil, portugal, norway, the north of scotland, bohemia, arkansas and other places this assemblage of rock types has been met with, always presenting nearly identical features. in most cases, though not in all, they have a close association with nepheline or leucite syenites and similar rocks rich in alkalies. this indicates a genetic affinity like that which exists between the granites and the minettes, &c., and further proof of this connexion is furnished by the occasional occurrence in those lamprophyres of leucite, hauyne and other felspathoid minerals. the camptonites (called after campton, new hampshire) are dark brown, nearly black rocks often with large hornblende phenocrysts. their essential minerals in thin section are hornblende of a strong reddish-brown colour; augite purple, pleochroic and rich in titanium, olivine and plagioclase felspar. they have the porphyritic and panidiomorphic structures described in the rocks of the previous group, and like them also have an ocellar character, often very conspicuous under the microscope. the accessory minerals are biotite, apatite, iron oxides and analcite. they decompose readily and are then filled with carbonates. many of these rocks prove on analysis to be exceedingly rich in titanium; they may contain 4 or 5% of titanium dioxide. the monchiquites (called after the serra de monchique, portugal) are fine-grained and devoid of felspar. their essential constituents are olivine and purplish augite. brown hornblende, like that of the camptonites, occurs in many of them. an interstitial substance is present, which may sometimes be a brown glass, but at other times is colourless and is believed by some petrographers to be primary crystalline analcite. they would define the monchiquites as rocks consisting of olivine, augite and analcite; others regard the analcite as secondary, and consider the base as essentially glassy. some monchiquites contain hauyne; while in others small leucites are found. ocellar structure is occasionally present, though less marked than in the camptonites. a special group of monchiquites rich in deep brown biotite has been called fourchites (after the fourche mountains, arkansas). the alnoites (called after the island of alno in norway) are rare rocks found in norway, montreal and other parts of north america and in the north of scotland. they contain olivine, augite, brown biotite and melilite. they are free from felspar, and contain very low percentages of silica. the chemical composition of some of these rocks will be indicated by the analyses of certain well-known examples. +--------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ | | sio2 | tio2 | al2o3 | fe2o3 | feo | mgo | cao | na2o | k2o | +--------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ | i.[1]| 52.70 | 1.71 | 15.07 | 8.41 | ... | 7.23 | 5.33 | 3.12 | 4.81 | | ii. | 52.12 | 1.20 | 13.52 | 2.56 | 4.53 | 6.36 | 5.78 | 2.34 | 5.36 | | iii. | 45.15 | ... | 15.39 | 2.76 | 5.64 | 6.38 | 8.83 | 2.67 | 2.77 | | iv. | 54.67 | ... | 12.68 | 11.68 | 2.13 | 6.11 | 4.96 | 3.85 | 3.65 | | v. | 41.96 | 4.15 | 15.36 | 3.27 | 9.89 | 5.01 | 9.47 | 5.15 | 0.19 | | vi. | 43.74 | 2.80 | 14.82 | 2.40 | 7.52 | 6.98 |10.81 | 3.06 | 2.90 | | vii. | 29.25 | 2.54 | 8.80 | 3.92 | 5.42 |17.66 |17.86 | 0.77 | 2.45 | +--------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+ in addition to the oxides given these rocks contain small quantities of water (combined and hygroscopic), co2, s, mno, p2o5, ca2o3, &c. (j. s. f.) footnote: [1] i. minette (weiler, alsace). ii. kersantite (neubrunn, thuringia). iii. vogesite (castle mountain, montana). iv. spessartite (waldmichael, spessart). v. camptonite (campton falls). vi. monchiquite (ria do ouro, serra de tingua). vii. alnoite (alno, sweden).